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美国国立卫生研究院（英語：National Institutes of Health，缩写NIH）是美国联邦行政部门美国卫生及公共服务部下辖的负责生物医学研究的科研单位[1]。研究院包含有27个独立的研究所或研究中心（IC），各从事不同方向的生物医学研究。It also includes the Office of the Director, which sets policies and coordinates activities of the 27 ICs.[2]
研究所
[编辑]| 名称 | 缩写 | 职能 | 建立时间[3] | 资产（百万美元）[4][5] | 网站 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 美国国家癌症研究所 | NCI | 旨在消除癌症造成的痛苦和死亡的研究。 | 1937 | $5,081.8 | www.cancer.gov |
| 美國國家過敏和傳染病研究所 | NIAID | 研究目标包括努力理解、治疗并最终预防感染性、免疫性和过敏性疾病。NIAID资助的流感基因组测序计划是一项合作项目，旨在增加流感的基因组知识库，帮助研究人员了解流感病毒是如何进化、传播和致病的。[6] | 1948 | $4,512.9 | www.niaid.nih.gov |
| 国家牙科和颅面研究所 | NIDCR | 主持和支持旨在了解、治疗和最终预防传染性和遗传性颅面部口腔疾病和紊乱的国家研究项目。 | 1948 | $404.8 | nidcr.nih.gov |
| 国家糖尿病与消化和肾脏疾病研究所[a] | NIDDK | 主持和支持糖尿病、內分泌与代謝疾病、胃肠道疾病和营养、肾脏、泌尿和血液疾病方面的国家项目，并为其提供指导。 | 1950 | $1,771.4 | www.niddk.nih.gov |
| 国家心肺血液研究所 | NHLBI | Provides leadership for a national program in diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lung, and blood; blood resources; and sleep disorders. Also has administrative responsibility for the NIH Women's Health Initiative. | 1948 | $3,035.1 | www.nhlbi.nih.gov |
| 国家心理健康研究所 | NIMH | Understanding, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses through basic research on the brain and behavior, and through clinical, epidemiological, and services research. | 1949 | $1,512.4 | nimh.nih.gov |
| 国家神经病学和中风研究所 | NINDS | 支持和开展关于正常和患病神经系统的基础和临床神经科学研究，促进基础和临床神经科学研究人员的培训，并寻求更好地理解、诊断、治疗和预防神经疾病。 | 1950 | $1,656.3 | ninds.nih.gov |
| 国家医学图书馆 | NLM | NLM collects, organizes, and makes available biomedical science information to investigators, educators, and practitioners and carries out programs designed to strengthen medical library services in the United States. The NLM established the 美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）which is a central repository of biological information and includes the PubMed literature database and the gene database GenBank. The NCBI is one of the largest components of the NLM. | 1956 | $341.1 | www.nlm.nih.gov |
| 国家儿童健康与人类发育研究所 | NICHD | NICHD研究生育、怀孕、生长、发育和医疗康复，以促进儿童健康的各个方面。 | 1962 | $1,305.6 | www.nichd.nih.gov |
| 国家普通医学研究所 | NIGMS | NIGMS supports basic biomedical research not targeted to specific diseases, funds studies on genes, proteins, and cells, supports research training programs that produce the next generation of biomedical scientists, has special programs to encourage underrepresented minorities to pursue biomedical research careers. | 1962 | $2,439.4 | nigms.nih.gov |
| 国家眼科研究所 | NEI | 开展和支持有助于预防和治疗眼部疾病和其它视觉障碍的研究。 | 1968 | $698.1 | nei.nih.gov |
| 国家环境卫生科学研究所 | NIEHS | 研究环境暴露、遗传易感性和年龄如何相互影响个体健康。 | 1969 | $675.8 | niehs.nih.gov |
| 国家酒精滥用和酒精中毒研究所 | NIAAA | 重点研究缓解酒精中毒和与酒精相关疾病的治疗和预防。 | 1970 | $456.0 | niaaa.nih.gov |
| 国家药物滥用研究所 | NIDA | 开展药物滥用、成瘾方面的预防、治疗和政策方面的研究。 | 1974 | $1,050.9 | nida.nih.gov |
| 国家老龄研究所 | NIA | NIA undertakes research on the biomedical, social, and behavioral aspects of the aging process, prevention of age-related diseases and disabilities, promotion of better quality of life for all older Americans. | 1974 | $1,518.4 | nia.nih.gov |
| 国家关节炎、肌肉骨骼和皮肤疾病研究所 | NIAMS | NIAMS supports research into causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research, and the dissemination of information on research progress in these diseases. | 1986 | $528.1 | niams.nih.gov |
| 国家护理研究所 | NINR | NINR supports clinical and basic research to establish a scientific basis for the care of individuals across the life span. | 1986 | $142.7 | www.ninr.nih.gov |
| 国家耳聋和其他传播障碍研究所 | NIDCD | Conducts and supports biomedical research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. | 1988 | $412.4 | www.nidcd.nih.gov |
| 国家人类基因组研究所 | NHGRI | NIH为支持人类基因组计划而建立的机构，NHGRI提供的院内研究项目负责开发和实施理解、诊断和治疗遗传疾病的技术。 | 1989 | $505.6 | www.genome.gov |
| 国家生物医学成像和生物工程研究所 | NIBIB | Promotes fundamental discoveries, design and development, and translation and assessment of technological capabilities in biomedical imaging and bioengineering, enabled by relevant areas of information science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science, and computer sciences. | 2000 | $338.4 | www.nibib.nih.gov |
| 国家少数民族健康与健康差异研究所[b] | NIMHD | Promotes minority health, conducts and supports research, training, research infrastructure, fosters emerging programs, disseminates information, and reaches out to minority and other health disparity communities. | 1993 | $272.5 | nimhd.nih.gov |
- ^ Previously the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1981–1986); National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (1972–1981); and National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (1950–1972).[7]
- ^ Renamed in 2010; previously the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD), established 2000. NCMHD was preceded by the Office of Research on Minority Health (ORMH), legislatively established in 1993. The earlier Office of Minority Programs (OMP) had been created in 1990 at the request of the Secretary Health and Human Services.[8]
NIH中心
[编辑]In addition to being divided by research area, NIH has many operating groups called centers operating across all of the Institutes.
| Name | Acronym | Description | Est.[3] | Budget (mil) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center for Scientific Review | CSR | The CSR is the focal point at NIH for the conduct of initial peer review of grant and fellowship applications, implements ways to conduct referral and review. | 1946 | $BUDGET | www.csr.nih.gov |
| Clinical Center | CC | The clinical research facility of the National Institutes of Health; provides patient care, services, and environment needed to initiate and support conduct of and training in clinical research. | 1953 | $BUDGET | clinicalcenter.nih.gov |
| National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences | NCATS | NCATS aims to catalyze the generation of innovative methods and technologies that will enhance the development, testing and implementation of diagnostics and therapeutics across a wide range of human diseases and conditions. | 2011 | $643.1 | ncats.nih.gov |
| Center for Information Technology[a] | CIT | The CIT incorporates computers into the biomedical programs and administrative procedures of the NIH by conducting computational biosciences research, developing computer systems, and providing computer facilities. | 1964 | $BUDGET | cit.nih.gov |
| John E. Fogarty International Center | FIC | FIC promotes and supports scientific research and training internationally to reduce disparities in global health. | 1968 | $68.6 | www.fic.nih.gov |
| National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health[b] | NCCIH | NCCIH explores complementary and alternative medical practices in the context of rigorous science, training researchers, and disseminating authoritative information. | 1999 | $127.6 | nccih.nih.gov |
| National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research | NCMRR | NCMRR fosters development of scientific knowledge needed to enhance the health, productivity, independence, and quality-of-life of people with physical disabilities. | 1991 | $BUDGET | nichd.nih.gov/ncmrr |
| 国家研究资源中心[c] | NCRR | NCRR为实验室科学家和研究人员提供治疗疾病的设施和工具 | 1990（2011年撤销） | www.ncrr.nih.gov |
- ^ Formed in March 1998 by combining the Division of Computer Research and Technology (DCRT), the Office of Information Resources Management (OIRM), and the Telecommunications Branch.[9]
- ^ Until 2015, called the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). NCCAM was preceded by the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM), established in 1992.[10]
- ^ Merger of the Division of Research Resources and the Division of Research Services
Office of the Director
[编辑]The Office of the Director is the central office at NIH. The OD is responsible for setting policy for NIH and for planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all the NIH components. Program offices in the Office of the Director are responsible for stimulating specific areas of research throughout NIH and for planning and supporting research and related activities. Current program areas are: minority health, women's health, AIDS research, disease prevention, and behavioral and social sciences research.[11] In July 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Dr. Francis S. Collins, M.D., PhD, to be the Director of the NIH. On August 7, 2009, the US Senate confirmed Dr. Collins by unanimous vote.
Program offices within the Office of the Director fund research through the institutes:
| Full name | Acronym | RoleRes | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives | DPCPSI | plans and implements trans-NIH initiatives supported by the NIH Common Fund and coordinates research related to AIDS, behavioral and social sciences, women's health, disease prevention, and research infrastructure. DPCPSI was formally established within the Office of the Director as part of implementing the requirements of the NIH Reform Act of 2006.[12] | dpcpsi |
| Office of Extramural Research | OER | provides guidance to institutes in research and training programs conducted through extramural programs (that is, grant, contract, or cooperative agreement programs).[13] | grants |
| Office of Intramural Research | OIR | coordinates research conducted directly by NIH personnel through intramural programs.[13] | oir |
| Office of Management | OM | responsible for management and financial functions of the NIH.[14] | om |
| Office of Administration | OA | advises the NIH Director and staff on administration and management; develops and implements policies, and provides oversight in the areas of information resources management, management assessment, grant administration and contract management, procurement, and logistics | |
| Office of AIDS Research | OAR | formulates scientific policy for, and recommends allocation of research resources for AIDS research at NIH. OAR is housed within DPCPSI.[15] | www |
| Office of Biotechnology Activities | OBA | "monitors scientific progress in human genetics research in order to anticipate future developments, including ethical, legal, and social concerns, in basic and clinical research involving Recombinant DNA, Genetic Technologies, and Xenotransplantation"[16] | osp |
| Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research | OBSSR | advises the NIH Director and other key officials on matters relating to research on the role of human behavior in the development of health, prevention of disease, and therapeutic intervention. OBSSR is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH).[15] | obssr |
| Office of Communications and Public Liaison | OCPL | advises the Director and communicates information about NIH policies, programs, and research results to the general public[17] | www |
| Office of Community Liaison | OCL | advises the Director, plans, directs and oversees activities to promote collaboration between NIH and its community, and ensures effective communication on policy and programs involving the community | ocl |
| Office of Dietary Supplements | ODS | ODS is housed within DPCPSI. “The mission of ODS is to strengthen knowledge and understanding of dietary supplements by evaluating scientific information, stimulating and supporting research, disseminating research results, and educating the public to foster an enhanced quality of life and health for the U.S. population.”[15] ODS was created in 1995 as authorized by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (美國聯邦公法第103–417號, DSHEA).[18] | ods |
| Office of Disease Prevention | ODP | coordinates NIH activities regarding the application of research to disease prevention, nutrition and medical practice. The ODP is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH).[15] | prevention |
| Office of Intramural Training and Education | OITE | provides a comprehensive guide to postdoctoral training opportunities available at the NIH | www |
| Office of Evaluation, Performance, and Reporting | OEPR | provides resources and coordination to better capture, communicate, and enhance the value of NIH research through strategic planning, performance monitoring, evaluation, and reporting. OEPR is housed within DPCPSI | dpcpsi |
| Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion | EDI | advises the Director and NIH staff on matters related to equal employment opportunity programs and policies.[15] | edi |
| Office of Financial Management | OFM | advises the NIH Director and staff and provides leadership and direction for NIH financial management activities; develops policies and instructions for budget preparation and presentation and administers allocation of funds and manages a system of fund and budgetary controls.[15] | ofm |
| Office of Human Resources | OHR | advises the NIH Director and staff on human resource management; directs central human resource management services; and provides NIH leadership and planning on human resource program development.[15] | hr |
| Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis | OLPA | provides legislative analysis, policy development, and liaison with the United States Congress.[19] | olpa |
| Office of Portfolio Analysis | OPA | OPA is an interdisciplinary team that impacts NIH-supported research by enabling NIH decision makers and research administrators to evaluate and prioritize current and emerging areas of research that will advance NIH's mission. OPA is housed within DPCPSI. | dpcpsi |
| Office of Research Infrastructure Programs | ORIP | advances the NIH mission by supporting research infrastructure and research-related resource programs. OAR is housed within DPCPSI. | orip |
| Office of Research on Women's Health | ORWH | serves as a focal point for women's health research at the NIH. The ORWH promotes, stimulates, and supports efforts to improve the health of women through biomedical and behavioral research. ORWH works in partnership with the NIH institutes and centers to ensure that women's health research is part of the scientific framework at NIH and throughout the scientific community. This office is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH).[15] | orwh |
| Office of Strategic Coordination | OSC | oversees the NIH Common Fund. OSC is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). All NIH Institutes and Centers are involved with OSC in the design, implementation, and evaluation of Common Fund programs.[15] | commonfund |
| Office of Technology Transfer | OTT | manages the wide range of NIH and FDA intramural inventions as mandated by the Federal Technology Transfer Act and related legislation. The mission of the NIH OTT is to improve public health through the management of inventions made by NIH and FDA scientists and the development of intellectual property policies for NIH's intramural and extramural research programs. In doing so, OTT serves a leading role in public sector biomedical technology transfer policy and practice. | www |
| Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office | SGMRO | since October 2016 the SGMRO, housed within the Office of the Director, has coordinated NIH-supported activities on SGM health related research projects within and outside of the NIH Institutes. They are the umbrella for all research projects covering the LGBTI communities recognized health disparity- now coded as a Sexual & Gender Minority population.[20] | dpcpsi |
| Tribal Health Research Office | THRO | THRO is housed within DPCPSI. Established in 2015, the office was created in recognition of the importance of ensuring meaningful input and collaboration with tribal Nations on NIH programs and policies.[21] | dpcpsi |
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Who We Are. National Institutes of Health (NIH). [January 21, 2017].
- ^ Organization. National Institutes of Health (NIH). January 22, 2016.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices. National Institutes of Health. January 18, 2017.
- ^ https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3020/text
- ^ NIH — Office of Budget —404: File Not Found (PDF). officeofbudget.od.nih.gov.
- ^ Influenza Genome Sequencing Project. NIAID: Division of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. [May 25, 2011]. （原始内容存档于July 13, 2007）.
- ^ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. October 25, 2016.
- ^ National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. May 26, 2016.
- ^ Center for Information Technology (CIT). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. March 16, 2016.
- ^ National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. March 17, 2016.
- ^ NIH – Office of the Director. Nih.gov. May 23, 2011 [May 25, 2011].
- ^ NIH Reform Act of 2006, 美國聯邦公法第109–482號，H.R. 6164，120 Stat. 3675，2007年1月15日頒佈.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Research, Funding and Coordination. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. September 16, 2016.
- ^ Administration and Services. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. October 5, 2016.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Office of the Director, NIH. The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. January 18, 2017.
- ^ About OBA. （原始内容存档于May 15, 2008）.
- ^ Communications. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. October 5, 2016.
- ^ About ODS: Mission, Origin, Mandate. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. [March 20, 2013].
- ^ Policy. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. January 26, 2016.
- ^ Director's Message. NIMHD. [2018-07-31] （英语）.
- ^ https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/thro. 缺少或
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