自閉症光譜的共伴疾病：修订间差异

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2019年6月4日 (二) 12:33的版本

自閉症光譜疾患（包含亞斯伯格症候群）為起始於兒童且持續到成人時期的发展障碍。該疾患主要影響了三個與人類成長相關的重要領域：溝通、社交互動、侷限的行為/思考模式。^[1] 當前已知X染色體易裂症和癫痫為與自閉症光譜疾患有關/共伴的疾病。

在醫學中的精神醫學領域，共病指的是有一個或多個次要疾病與主要疾病共伴存在甚至加成至主要症狀中。大約10–15%的自閉症光譜患者帶有根據孟德尔定律由單純一個基因所決定的疾病、染色體異常（英语：chromosome abnormality）、或其他基因病症。^[2] 已知ASD與數個基因病症（英语：genetic disorder）有關^[3]，可能是數個基因因素疊加後的結果。^[4]

區分ASD和ASD的鑑別診斷很具有挑戰性，因為ASD常常與其他病症的症狀重疊，且ASD的特徵多元，使得傳統的診斷步驟不見得有用。^[5]^[6]

共伴疾病

焦慮症

注意力不足過動症

躁鬱症

消化道症狀

發展協調障礙

癲癇

X染色體易裂症

性別焦虑

性别焦虑是对经历与性别认同相关的不适感的人（如跨性别者）的诊断。^[7]自闭症患者更容易产生性别焦虑。^[8]^[9]^[10]

智能障礙

學習障礙

神經發炎和免疫系統疾病

非言語的學習疾病

強迫症

妥瑞氏症

感官統合障礙

结节性硬化症

廣泛性發展障礙

^[11]

睡眠障礙

其他心理上的病症

恐懼症、憂鬱症和其他精神病理學的疾病也常被用來形容有ASD的人，然而這部分截至2007年，尚未有系統性回顧文獻加以證實。^[12]

憂鬱症在ASD身上的表現取決於其認知功能，低認知功能的ASD孩童，若同時罹患憂鬱症，憂鬱症通常以行為問題表現；高功能自閉症兒童且同時罹患憂鬱症者，其憂鬱症表現通常較偏向典型的憂鬱症症狀。^[5]

憂鬱症被認為更常發展、出現在高功能自閉症患者的青春期，這是因為他們可能已經成長到足以發現他們自己與其他人的不同之處。^[13]

參見

自閉症與工作記憶的關係（英语：Autism and working memory）

文獻

^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2000.
^ Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B. Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nat Rev Genet. 2001, 2 (12): 943–55. PMID 11733747. doi:10.1038/35103559.
^ Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E. Childhood autism and associated comorbidities. Brain Dev (Review). 2007, 29 (5): 257–72. PMID 17084999. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003.
^ Cuthbert, Bruce. Overlap Blurs Diagnostic Categories – NIH-funded Study. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/. NIMH. March 1, 2013 [May 26, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-10）. National Institutes of Health-funded researchers discovered that people with disorders traditionally thought to be distinct – autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia – were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Johnny L. Matson; Peter Sturmey (编). International Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. New York: Springer. 2011: 53–74.
^ Underwood L, McCarthy J, Tsakanikos E. Mental health of adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Curr Opin Psychiatry (Review). September 2010, 23 (5): 421–6. PMID 20613532. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833cfc18.
^ Gender Dysphoria (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing. [April 13, 2016].
^ Gender Identity Issues Linked to Autism, ADHD. MedScape. [May 8, 2016].
^ Glidden, Derek; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Jones, Bethany A.; Arcelus, Jon. Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systemic Review of the Literature. Sexual Medicine Reviews. 2016, 4 (1): 3–14 [May 8, 2016]. PMID 27872002. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003.
^ doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9
{{cite doi}}已停用，请参见{{cite journal}}。
^ Harrison JE, Bolton, PF. Annotation: Tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1997, 38 (6): 603–614. PMID 9315970. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01687.x.
^ Matson JL, Nebel-Schwalm MS. Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Res Dev Disabil. 2007, 28 (4): 341–52. PMID 16765022. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004.
^ Mash EJ, Barkley RA. Child Psychopathology. New York: The Guilford Press. 2003: 409–454.

[DSM-IV-TR_developmental_disorder-1] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2000.

[Folstein_affection-2] Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B. Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nat Rev Genet. 2001, 2 (12): 943–55. PMID 11733747. doi:10.1038/35103559.

[Zafeiriou_affecting-3] Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E. Childhood autism and associated comorbidities. Brain Dev (Review). 2007, 29 (5): 257–72. PMID 17084999. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003.

[affection-4] Cuthbert, Bruce. Overlap Blurs Diagnostic Categories – NIH-funded Study. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/. NIMH. March 1, 2013 [May 26, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-10）. National Institutes of Health-funded researchers discovered that people with disorders traditionally thought to be distinct – autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia – were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells.

[trait-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Johnny L. Matson; Peter Sturmey (编). International Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. New York: Springer. 2011: 53–74.

[6] Underwood L, McCarthy J, Tsakanikos E. Mental health of adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Curr Opin Psychiatry (Review). September 2010, 23 (5): 421–6. PMID 20613532. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833cfc18.

[DSM-5_fact_sheet-7] Gender Dysphoria (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing. [April 13, 2016].

[8] Gender Identity Issues Linked to Autism, ADHD. MedScape. [May 8, 2016].

[9] Glidden, Derek; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Jones, Bethany A.; Arcelus, Jon. Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systemic Review of the Literature. Sexual Medicine Reviews. 2016, 4 (1): 3–14 [May 8, 2016]. PMID 27872002. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003.

[10] :10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9
{{cite doi}}已停用，请参见{{cite journal}}。

[autism-prevalence-11] Harrison JE, Bolton, PF. Annotation: Tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1997, 38 (6): 603–614. PMID 9315970. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01687.x.

[12] Matson JL, Nebel-Schwalm MS. Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Res Dev Disabil. 2007, 28 (4): 341–52. PMID 16765022. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004.

[MashBarkley2003-13] Mash EJ, Barkley RA. Child Psychopathology. New York: The Guilford Press. 2003: 409–454.

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@@ 第34行： / 第34行： @@
 ===性別焦虑===
-[[性别焦虑]]是对经历与性别认同相关的不适感的人（如[[跨性别者]]）的诊断。<ref name="DSM-5 fact sheet">{{cite web|title=Gender Dysphoria|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|accessdate=April 13, 2016|url=http://www.dsm5.org/documents/gender%20dysphoria%20fact%20sheet.pdf}}</ref>自闭症患者更容易产生性别焦虑。<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Identity Issues Linked to Autism, ADHD|publisher=MedScape|accessdate=May 8, 2016|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822077}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systemic Review of the Literature|accessdate=May 8, 2016|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2050052115000049 | doi=10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003|pmid=27872002|volume=4|issue=1|journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews|pages=3–14|year=2016|last1=Glidden|first1=Derek|last2=Bouman|first2=Walter Pierre|last3=Jones|first3=Bethany A.|last4=Arcelus|first4=Jon}}</ref><ref>de Vries, A.L.C., Noens, I.L.J., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. et al. J Autism Dev Disord (2010) 40: 930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9</ref>
+[[性别焦虑]]是对经历与性别认同相关的不适感的人（如[[跨性别者]]）的诊断。<ref name="DSM-5 fact sheet">{{cite web|title=Gender Dysphoria|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|accessdate=April 13, 2016|url=http://www.dsm5.org/documents/gender%20dysphoria%20fact%20sheet.pdf}}</ref>自闭症患者更容易产生性别焦虑。<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Identity Issues Linked to Autism, ADHD|publisher=MedScape|accessdate=May 8, 2016|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822077}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systemic Review of the Literature|accessdate=May 8, 2016|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2050052115000049 | doi=10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003|pmid=27872002|volume=4|issue=1|journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews|pages=3–14|year=2016|last1=Glidden|first1=Derek|last2=Bouman|first2=Walter Pierre|last3=Jones|first3=Bethany A.|last4=Arcelus|first4=Jon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite doi|10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9}}</ref>
 ===智能障礙===