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陰道上皮：修订间差异

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'''陰道上皮'''（vaginal epithelium）是[[阴道]]中的[[腺|腺體]]內層，其中包括多層的（鱗狀）細胞<ref>最多可達26層，參見Pathology, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical; Mayeaux, E. J.; Cox, J. Thomas (2011-12-28). Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. {{isbn|9781451153835}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868922790|title=Immunology of the female genital tract|last=E R|first=Weissenbacher|publisher=|year=|isbn=9783642149054|location=Heidelberg|pages=16|oclc=868922790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8DxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=vaginal+rugae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDwJjtiKnZAhVEcq0KHbZxDPQQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=vaginal%20rugae&f=false|title=Atlas of Human Reproduction: By Scanning Electron Microscopy | vauthors = Hafez ES, Kenemans P |date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401181402}}</ref>，屬於[[上皮組織]]。基底膜在基底層（上皮的第一層）內，中間層在基底層上，表面層是上皮的最外層。由管腔往外的陰道壁第一層是由[[複層扁平上皮]]的[[黏膜]]組成，其下有[[结缔组织]]的{{link-en|固有層|lamina propria}}。接下來有一層[[平滑肌，在縱向纖維內部具有圓形纖維束。最後是结缔组织形成的最外層，稱為{{link-en|外膜|adventitia}}。有些教科書會列為四層，將黏膜的二個子層（固有層及上皮）分為二層計算<ref name="Brown"/><ref name="Arulkumaran"/><!--。Anatomists have described the epithelium as consisting of as many as 40 distinct layers.--><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8DxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=vaginal+rugae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDwJjtiKnZAhVEcq0KHbZxDPQQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=vaginal%20rugae&f=false|title=Atlas of Human Reproduction: By Scanning Electron Microscopy | vauthors= Hafez ES, Kenemans P | date = 2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=|isbn=9789401181402|location=|pages=1–6}}</ref>。上皮細胞上的黏液是由子宮頸以及子宮所分泌的<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzKzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes 2017: Anatomy|last=|first=|date=|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2017|isbn=9781506209463|location=|pages=185|language=en}}</ref>。上皮皺褶形成了複雜的表面，其表面積達到360&nbsp;cm<sup>2</sup><ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J | title = The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 618–23 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24661416 | doi = 10.1111/aji.12230 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aji.12230/abstract | pmc = 4024347 }}</ref>。因為陰道上皮表面面積大，因此有些藥物可以由[[阴道内给药|陰道給藥]]，透過上皮吸收。
'''陰道上皮'''（vaginal epithelium）是[[阴道]]中的[[腺|腺體]]內層，其中包括多層的（鱗狀）細胞<ref>最多可達26層，參見Pathology, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical; Mayeaux, E. J.; Cox, J. Thomas (2011-12-28). Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. {{isbn|9781451153835}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868922790|title=Immunology of the female genital tract|last=E R|first=Weissenbacher|publisher=|year=|isbn=9783642149054|location=Heidelberg|pages=16|oclc=868922790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8DxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=vaginal+rugae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDwJjtiKnZAhVEcq0KHbZxDPQQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=vaginal%20rugae&f=false|title=Atlas of Human Reproduction: By Scanning Electron Microscopy | vauthors = Hafez ES, Kenemans P |date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401181402}}</ref>，屬於[[上皮組織]]。基底膜在基底層（上皮的第一層）內，中間層在基底層上，表面層是上皮的最外層。由管腔往外的陰道壁第一層是由[[複層扁平上皮]]的[[黏膜]]組成，其下有[[结缔组织]]的{{link-en|固有層|lamina propria}}。接下來有一層[[平滑肌，在縱向纖維內部具有圓形纖維束。最後是结缔组织形成的最外層，稱為{{link-en|外膜|adventitia}}。有些教科書會列為四層，將黏膜的二個子層（固有層及上皮）分為二層計算<ref name="Brown">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Laurence| name-list-format = vanc |title=Pathology of the Vulva and Vagina|accessdate=February 21, 2014|year=2012|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|isbn=978-0857297570|pages=6–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2CMHoVR9wC&pg=PA6}}</ref><ref name="Arulkumaran"/><!--。Anatomists have described the epithelium as consisting of as many as 40 distinct layers.--><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8DxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=vaginal+rugae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDwJjtiKnZAhVEcq0KHbZxDPQQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=vaginal%20rugae&f=false|title=Atlas of Human Reproduction: By Scanning Electron Microscopy | vauthors= Hafez ES, Kenemans P | date = 2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=|isbn=9789401181402|location=|pages=1–6}}</ref>。上皮細胞上的黏液是由子宮頸以及子宮所分泌的<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzKzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes 2017: Anatomy|last=|first=|date=|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2017|isbn=9781506209463|location=|pages=185|language=en}}</ref>。上皮皺褶形成了複雜的表面，其表面積達到360&nbsp;cm<sup>2</sup><ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J | title = The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 618–23 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24661416 | doi = 10.1111/aji.12230 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aji.12230/abstract | pmc = 4024347 }}</ref>。因為陰道上皮表面面積大，因此有些藥物可以由[[阴道内给药|陰道給藥]]，透過上皮吸收。


在生殖週期中，陰道上皮會有正常的週期性變化，是因為[[雌激素]]造成的，隨著激素濃度的上昇，陰道上皮會增殖，細胞的層數也會增加<ref name="Nauth22">{{cite book | first1 = Hans Friedrich | last1 = Nauth | name-list-format = vanc | title = Gynäkologische Zytodiagnostik|edition= 2nd | publisher =Georg Thieme| location =Stuttgart|year=2014| page = 22 | isbn=978-3-13-131092-7 | language=de }}</ref><ref name="Knörr">{{citation/core|Surname1=Karl Knörr, Henriette Knörr-Gärtner, Fritz K. Beller, Christian Lauritzen|Title=Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion| edition = 3rd | publisher = Springer| location =Berlin|year=2013| pages = 24–25 |isbn=978-3-642-95584-6|language=de }}</ref>，當細胞增殖及成熟時，部份細胞會角化<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J | title = The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 618–23 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24661416 | doi = 10.1111/aji.12230 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aji.12230/abstract | pmc = 4024347 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lEtAxpNLewC&pg=SA2-PA29-IA2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas|last=Pathology|first=American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical|last2=Mayeaux|first2=E. J.|last3=Cox|first3=J. Thomas | name-list-format = vanc |date=2011-12-28|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451153835}}</ref>。女性生殖系統的其他組織和器官也會因為激素而變化，不過陰道上皮的變化靈敏度最高，其結構也是雌激素濃度的指標<ref name="Knörr" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/vc/index.html|title=Vaginal Cytology: Introduction and Index|website=www.vivo.colostate.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref>。在陰道上皮中也有一些[[朗格汉斯细胞]]及[[黑素細胞]]<ref name=":3" />。[[子宮頸]]上皮和陰道上皮相鄰，有相同的結構以及機能<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blaskewicz CD, Pudney J, Anderson DJ | title = Structure and function of intercellular junctions in human cervical and vaginal mucosal epithelia | journal = Biology of Reproduction | volume = 85 | issue = 1 | pages = 97–104 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21471299 | doi = 10.1095/biolreprod.110.090423 | url = https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article/85/1/97/2530426 | pmc = 3123383 }}</ref>。陰道上皮可以分為幾層，包括{{link-en|基底層|Stratum basale|基底細胞}}、旁基底細胞、淺表{{le|鱗狀細胞|squamous cell|鱗狀扁平細胞}}及中間層細胞<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40yVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=DC Dutta's Textbook of Gynecology|last=Dutta|first=D. C.|last2=Konar|first2=Hiralal| name-list-format = vanc |date=2014-04-30|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789351520689}}</ref><ref name="Mayeaux">{{cite book|title=Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas | vauthors = Mayeaux EJ, Cox TJ |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2011|isbn=145115383X|page=|accessdate=2017-12-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lEtAxpNLewC&pg=SA2-PA29-IA2&dq=}}</ref><ref name=":11" />。淺表細胞會不斷的脫落，基底細胞會取代[[角質層]]死亡脫落的細胞<ref name="Beckmann">{{cite book |vauthors=Beckmann CR |title=Obstetrics and Gynecology|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=0781788072|pages=241–245|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0flWgd3OJLEC&pg=PA241}}</ref><ref name="Blaustein2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuKGMxGRKa8C|title=Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract|publisher=Springer|year=2002 | veditors = Kurman RJ |edition=5th|page=154}}</ref><ref name="Robboy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab545XL-MBEC&pg=PA112|title=Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract|author=Stanley J. Robboy|first=|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2009|isbn=0443074771|location=|page=111|pages=|accessdate=2014-11-05}}</ref>。在基底細胞下有[[顆粒層]]及{{link-en|棘層|stratum spinosum}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkox3JS83k8C&pg=PA604&lpg=PA604&dq=Stratum+spinosum+vagina&source=bl&ots=zffHY9hhRi&sig=QBtc7aVJxHuIxYTKHyMyJ2OGibk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja6_bIzIXYAhWlUd8KHUzHD9I4ChDoAQgmMAA#v=onepage&q=Stratum%20spinosum%20vagina&f=false|title=Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology|last=Haschek|first=Wanda M.|last2=Rousseaux|first2=Colin G.|last3=Wallig|first3=Matthew A. | name-list-format = vanc |date=2009-11-23|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080919324}}</ref>。和體內其他的上皮細胞相比，陰道上皮的糖原濃度較體內其他的上皮細胞要高<ref name="Blaustein2002b">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuKGMxGRKa8C|title=Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract|publisher=Springer|year=2002 | veditors = Kurman RJ | edition = 5th | page = 154 }}</ref>。細胞表面的圖案是圓形的，以縱向排列<ref name=":8" />。子宮上皮細胞和陰道上皮有一些類似的特徵<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yarbrough|first=Victoria L.|last2=Winkle|first2=Sean|last3=Herbst-Kralovetz|first3=Melissa M.|date=2015-05-01|title=Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications (review)|url=http://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/21/3/353/675538/Antimicrobial-peptides-in-the-female-reproductive|journal=Human Reproduction Update|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=353–377|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu065|issn=1355-4786|via=}}</ref>。
在生殖週期中，陰道上皮會有正常的週期性變化，是因為[[雌激素]]造成的，隨著激素濃度的上昇，陰道上皮會增殖，細胞的層數也會增加<ref name="Nauth22">{{cite book | first1 = Hans Friedrich | last1 = Nauth | name-list-format = vanc | title = Gynäkologische Zytodiagnostik|edition= 2nd | publisher =Georg Thieme| location =Stuttgart|year=2014| page = 22 | isbn=978-3-13-131092-7 | language=de }}</ref><ref name="Knörr">{{citation/core|Surname1=Karl Knörr, Henriette Knörr-Gärtner, Fritz K. Beller, Christian Lauritzen|Title=Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion| edition = 3rd | publisher = Springer| location =Berlin|year=2013| pages = 24–25 |isbn=978-3-642-95584-6|language=de }}</ref>，當細胞增殖及成熟時，部份細胞會角化<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J | title = The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 618–23 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24661416 | doi = 10.1111/aji.12230 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aji.12230/abstract | pmc = 4024347 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lEtAxpNLewC&pg=SA2-PA29-IA2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas|last=Pathology|first=American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical|last2=Mayeaux|first2=E. J.|last3=Cox|first3=J. Thomas | name-list-format = vanc |date=2011-12-28|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451153835}}</ref>。女性生殖系統的其他組織和器官也會因為激素而變化，不過陰道上皮的變化靈敏度最高，其結構也是雌激素濃度的指標<ref name="Knörr" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/vc/index.html|title=Vaginal Cytology: Introduction and Index|website=www.vivo.colostate.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref>。在陰道上皮中也有一些[[朗格汉斯细胞]]及[[黑素細胞]]<ref name=":3" />。[[子宮頸]]上皮和陰道上皮相鄰，有相同的結構以及機能<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blaskewicz CD, Pudney J, Anderson DJ | title = Structure and function of intercellular junctions in human cervical and vaginal mucosal epithelia | journal = Biology of Reproduction | volume = 85 | issue = 1 | pages = 97–104 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21471299 | doi = 10.1095/biolreprod.110.090423 | url = https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article/85/1/97/2530426 | pmc = 3123383 }}</ref>。陰道上皮可以分為幾層，包括{{link-en|基底層|Stratum basale|基底細胞}}、旁基底細胞、淺表{{le|鱗狀細胞|squamous cell|鱗狀扁平細胞}}及中間層細胞<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40yVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=DC Dutta's Textbook of Gynecology|last=Dutta|first=D. C.|last2=Konar|first2=Hiralal| name-list-format = vanc |date=2014-04-30|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789351520689}}</ref><ref name="Mayeaux">{{cite book|title=Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas | vauthors = Mayeaux EJ, Cox TJ |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2011|isbn=145115383X|page=|accessdate=2017-12-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lEtAxpNLewC&pg=SA2-PA29-IA2&dq=}}</ref><ref name=":11" />。淺表細胞會不斷的脫落，基底細胞會取代[[角質層]]死亡脫落的細胞<ref name="Beckmann">{{cite book |vauthors=Beckmann CR |title=Obstetrics and Gynecology|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=0781788072|pages=241–245|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0flWgd3OJLEC&pg=PA241}}</ref><ref name="Blaustein2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuKGMxGRKa8C|title=Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract|publisher=Springer|year=2002 | veditors = Kurman RJ |edition=5th|page=154}}</ref><ref name="Robboy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab545XL-MBEC&pg=PA112|title=Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract|author=Stanley J. Robboy|first=|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2009|isbn=0443074771|location=|page=111|pages=|accessdate=2014-11-05}}</ref>。在基底細胞下有[[顆粒層]]及{{link-en|棘層|stratum spinosum}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkox3JS83k8C&pg=PA604&lpg=PA604&dq=Stratum+spinosum+vagina&source=bl&ots=zffHY9hhRi&sig=QBtc7aVJxHuIxYTKHyMyJ2OGibk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja6_bIzIXYAhWlUd8KHUzHD9I4ChDoAQgmMAA#v=onepage&q=Stratum%20spinosum%20vagina&f=false|title=Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology|last=Haschek|first=Wanda M.|last2=Rousseaux|first2=Colin G.|last3=Wallig|first3=Matthew A. | name-list-format = vanc |date=2009-11-23|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080919324}}</ref>。和體內其他的上皮細胞相比，陰道上皮的糖原濃度較體內其他的上皮細胞要高<ref name="Blaustein2002b">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuKGMxGRKa8C|title=Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract|publisher=Springer|year=2002 | veditors = Kurman RJ | edition = 5th | page = 154 }}</ref>。細胞表面的圖案是圓形的，以縱向排列<ref name=":8" />。子宮上皮細胞和陰道上皮有一些類似的特徵<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yarbrough|first=Victoria L.|last2=Winkle|first2=Sean|last3=Herbst-Kralovetz|first3=Melissa M.|date=2015-05-01|title=Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications (review)|url=http://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/21/3/353/675538/Antimicrobial-peptides-in-the-female-reproductive|journal=Human Reproduction Update|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=353–377|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu065|issn=1355-4786|via=}}</ref>。

2020年5月5日 (二) 01:40的版本

陰道上皮
圖的上方是陰道上皮，其中包括很多由扁平細胞組成的分層
基本信息
屬於陰道
《解剖學術語》

陰道上皮（vaginal epithelium）是阴道中的腺體內層，其中包括多層的（鱗狀）細胞[1][2][3]，屬於上皮組織。基底膜在基底層（上皮的第一層）內，中間層在基底層上，表面層是上皮的最外層。由管腔往外的陰道壁第一層是由複層扁平上皮的黏膜組成，其下有结缔组织的固有層（英语：lamina propria）。接下來有一層[[平滑肌，在縱向纖維內部具有圓形纖維束。最後是结缔组织形成的最外層，稱為外膜。有些教科書會列為四層，將黏膜的二個子層（固有層及上皮）分為二層計算[4][5][6]。上皮細胞上的黏液是由子宮頸以及子宮所分泌的[7]。上皮皺褶形成了複雜的表面，其表面積達到360 cm2[8]。因為陰道上皮表面面積大，因此有些藥物可以由陰道給藥，透過上皮吸收。

在生殖週期中，陰道上皮會有正常的週期性變化，是因為雌激素造成的，隨著激素濃度的上昇，陰道上皮會增殖，細胞的層數也會增加[9][10]，當細胞增殖及成熟時，部份細胞會角化[8][11]。女性生殖系統的其他組織和器官也會因為激素而變化，不過陰道上皮的變化靈敏度最高，其結構也是雌激素濃度的指標[10][11][12]。在陰道上皮中也有一些朗格汉斯细胞及黑素細胞[11]。子宮頸上皮和陰道上皮相鄰，有相同的結構以及機能[13]。陰道上皮可以分為幾層，包括基底細胞、旁基底細胞、淺表鱗狀扁平細胞（英语：squamous cell）及中間層細胞[14][15][7]。淺表細胞會不斷的脫落，基底細胞會取代角質層死亡脫落的細胞[16][17][18]。在基底細胞下有顆粒層及棘層（英语：stratum spinosum）[19]。和體內其他的上皮細胞相比，陰道上皮的糖原濃度較體內其他的上皮細胞要高[20]。細胞表面的圖案是圓形的，以縱向排列[6]。子宮上皮細胞和陰道上皮有一些類似的特徵[21]。

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ 最多可達26層，參見Pathology, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical; Mayeaux, E. J.; Cox, J. Thomas (2011-12-28). Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781451153835.
  2. ^ E R, Weissenbacher. Immunology of the female genital tract. Heidelberg. : 16. ISBN 9783642149054. OCLC 868922790. 
  3. ^ Hafez ES, Kenemans P. Atlas of Human Reproduction: By Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06. ISBN 9789401181402. 
  4. ^ Brown L. Pathology of the Vulva and Vagina. Springer Science+Business Media. 2012: 6–7 [February 21, 2014]. ISBN 978-0857297570. 
  5. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Arulkumaran的参考文献提供内容
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Hafez ES, Kenemans P. Atlas of Human Reproduction: By Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06: 1–6. ISBN 9789401181402. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes 2017: Anatomy. Simon and Schuster. 2017: 185. ISBN 9781506209463 （英语）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J. The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. June 2014, 71 (6): 618–23. PMC 4024347 可免费查阅. PMID 24661416. doi:10.1111/aji.12230. 
  9. ^ Nauth HF. Gynäkologische Zytodiagnostik 2nd. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme. 2014: 22. ISBN 978-3-13-131092-7 （德语）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Karl Knörr, Henriette Knörr-Gärtner, Fritz K. Beller, Christian Lauritzen, Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion （德文） 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Pathology AS, Mayeaux EJ, Cox JT. Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011-12-28. ISBN 9781451153835. 
  12. ^ Vaginal Cytology: Introduction and Index. www.vivo.colostate.edu. [2018-02-06] （英语）. 
  13. ^ Blaskewicz CD, Pudney J, Anderson DJ. Structure and function of intercellular junctions in human cervical and vaginal mucosal epithelia. Biology of Reproduction. July 2011, 85 (1): 97–104. PMC 3123383 可免费查阅. PMID 21471299. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.090423. 
  14. ^ Dutta DC, Konar H. DC Dutta's Textbook of Gynecology. JP Medical Ltd. 2014-04-30. ISBN 9789351520689. 
  15. ^ Mayeaux EJ, Cox TJ. Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011 [2017-12-11]. ISBN 145115383X. 
  16. ^ Beckmann CR. Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010: 241–245. ISBN 0781788072. 
  17. ^ Kurman RJ (编). Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract 5th. Springer. 2002: 154. 
  18. ^ Stanley J. Robboy. Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2009: 111 [2014-11-05]. ISBN 0443074771. 
  19. ^ Haschek WM, Rousseaux CG, Wallig MA. Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology. Academic Press. 2009-11-23. ISBN 9780080919324. 
  20. ^ Kurman RJ (编). Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract 5th. Springer. 2002: 154. 
  21. ^ Yarbrough, Victoria L.; Winkle, Sean; Herbst-Kralovetz, Melissa M. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications (review). Human Reproduction Update. 2015-05-01, 21 (3): 353–377. ISSN 1355-4786. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu065 （英语）. 

外部連結

上皮細胞
被覆上皮
單層
複層
腺/
腺上皮
分類
機制
局泌腺（局部分泌腺）（小汗腺） · 大汗腺 · 全泌腺（全部分泌腺）（皮脂腺、瞼板腺）
形狀
分泌
組成
特化結構
遊離面
側面
基底面
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=陰道上皮&oldid=59508160”