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巨爵座：修订间差异

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4.5视星等的[[巨爵座β]]是[[聯星|联星系]]，由光谱等级分别是A1III和DA1.4的白巨星与[[白矮星]]组成<ref name="Holberg2013">{{cite journal | title = Where are all the Sirius-like binary systems? | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 435 | issue = 3 | page = 2077 | year = 2013 | last1 = Holberg | first1 = J. B. | last2 = Oswalt | first2 = T. D. | last3 = Sion | first3 = E. M. | last4 = Barstow | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Burleigh | first5 = M. R. | bibcode = 2013MNRAS.435.2077H | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stt1433 | arxiv = 1307.8047}}</ref>，距太阳296±8光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2beta">{{cite DR2|3537996837843690496}}</ref>。联星系中的白矮星远比主恒星小，即便用[[哈勃空间望远镜]]也无法分开观测<ref name="HST">{{cite journal | title = Resolving Sirius-like binaries with the Hubble Space Telescope | last1 = Barstow | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Bond | first2 = Howard E. | last3 = Burleigh | first3 = M. R. | last4 = Holberg | first4 = J. B. | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 322 | issue = 4 | pages = 891–900 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04203.x | bibcode = 2001MNRAS.322..891B | arxiv = astro-ph/0010645}}</ref>。翼宿二是[[雙星]]，可用小型业余望远镜分辨<ref name="Monsk2010">{{cite book | title = Go-To Telescopes Under Suburban Skies | series = The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series | first = Neale | last = Monks | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | location = New York, New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4419-6851-7 | url = https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=waO6tUtfblsC&pg=PA113&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q&f=false | access-date = 2021-04-14 | page = 113}}</ref>。其中主星是光谱等级A7V的[[A型主序星|白主序星]]，估计有1.81倍太阳质量<ref name="DeRosa2014">{{cite journal | last1 = De Rosa | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Patience | first2 = J. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = P. A. | last4 = Schneider | first4 = A. | last5 = Wiktorowicz | first5 = S. J. | last6 = Vigan | first6 = A. | last7 = Marois | first7 = C. | last8 = Song | first8 = I. | last9 = MacIntosh | first9 = B. | last10 = Graham | first10 = J. R. | last11 = Doyon | first11 = R. | last12 = Bessell | first12 = M. S. | last13 = Thomas | first13 = S. | last14 = Lai | first14 = O. | title = The VAST Survey – III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 437 | issue = 2 | page = 1216 | year = 2013 | bibcode = 2014MNRAS.437.1216D | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stt1932 | arxiv = 1311.7141}}</ref>，从星只有9.6视星等和75%太阳质量<ref name="DeRosa2014"/>，很可能是[[橙矮星]]，两星相互围绕旋转的轨道周期至少有1150年<ref name="kalergamma">{{cite web | last = Kaler | first = James B. (Jim) | date = 2011-04-15 | access-date = 2021-04-14 | url = http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gammacrt.html | title = Gamma Crateris | work = Stars | dead-url = no | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20201105145914/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gammacrt.html | publisher = University of Illinois | archive-date = 2020-11-05}}</ref>。双星距太阳85.6±0.8光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2gamma">{{cite DR2|3546521385853638912}}</ref>。
4.5视星等的[[巨爵座β]]是[[聯星|联星系]]，由光谱等级分别是A1III和DA1.4的白巨星与[[白矮星]]组成<ref name="Holberg2013">{{cite journal | title = Where are all the Sirius-like binary systems? | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 435 | issue = 3 | page = 2077 | year = 2013 | last1 = Holberg | first1 = J. B. | last2 = Oswalt | first2 = T. D. | last3 = Sion | first3 = E. M. | last4 = Barstow | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Burleigh | first5 = M. R. | bibcode = 2013MNRAS.435.2077H | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stt1433 | arxiv = 1307.8047}}</ref>，距太阳296±8光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2beta">{{cite DR2|3537996837843690496}}</ref>。联星系中的白矮星远比主恒星小，即便用[[哈勃空间望远镜]]也无法分开观测<ref name="HST">{{cite journal | title = Resolving Sirius-like binaries with the Hubble Space Telescope | last1 = Barstow | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Bond | first2 = Howard E. | last3 = Burleigh | first3 = M. R. | last4 = Holberg | first4 = J. B. | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 322 | issue = 4 | pages = 891–900 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04203.x | bibcode = 2001MNRAS.322..891B | arxiv = astro-ph/0010645}}</ref>。翼宿二是[[雙星]]，可用小型业余望远镜分辨<ref name="Monsk2010">{{cite book | title = Go-To Telescopes Under Suburban Skies | series = The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series | first = Neale | last = Monks | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | location = New York, New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4419-6851-7 | url = https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=waO6tUtfblsC&pg=PA113&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q&f=false | access-date = 2021-04-14 | page = 113}}</ref>。其中主星是光谱等级A7V的[[A型主序星|白主序星]]，估计有1.81倍太阳质量<ref name="DeRosa2014">{{cite journal | last1 = De Rosa | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Patience | first2 = J. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = P. A. | last4 = Schneider | first4 = A. | last5 = Wiktorowicz | first5 = S. J. | last6 = Vigan | first6 = A. | last7 = Marois | first7 = C. | last8 = Song | first8 = I. | last9 = MacIntosh | first9 = B. | last10 = Graham | first10 = J. R. | last11 = Doyon | first11 = R. | last12 = Bessell | first12 = M. S. | last13 = Thomas | first13 = S. | last14 = Lai | first14 = O. | title = The VAST Survey – III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 437 | issue = 2 | page = 1216 | year = 2013 | bibcode = 2014MNRAS.437.1216D | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stt1932 | arxiv = 1311.7141}}</ref>，从星只有9.6视星等和75%太阳质量<ref name="DeRosa2014"/>，很可能是[[橙矮星]]，两星相互围绕旋转的轨道周期至少有1150年<ref name="kalergamma">{{cite web | last = Kaler | first = James B. (Jim) | date = 2011-04-15 | access-date = 2021-04-14 | url = http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gammacrt.html | title = Gamma Crateris | work = Stars | dead-url = no | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20201105145914/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gammacrt.html | publisher = University of Illinois | archive-date = 2020-11-05}}</ref>。双星距太阳85.6±0.8光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2gamma">{{cite DR2|3546521385853638912}}</ref>。


[[翼宿十]]与[[翼宿三]]代表杯子边缘<ref name="condos97" />，其中翼宿十是巨爵座肉眼可见的最大恒星<ref name="bagnall">{{cite book | last = Bagnall | first = Philip M. | title = The Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know about the Constellations | publisher = Springer | location = New York, New York | year = 2012 | page = 181 | url = https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA181&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-1-4614-0830-7 | access-date = 2021-04-14}}</ref>，已[[恆星演化|演化]]成光谱等级K5 III的K型巨星<ref name="Houk1999">{{cite journal | title=Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD Stars | last1 = Houk | first1 = N. | last2=Swift | first2=C. | journal=Michigan Spectral Survey | volume=5 | year=1999 | bibcode=1999MSS...C05....0H }}</ref>，质量和太阳差不多但已膨胀到44.7倍太阳半径<ref name="Setiawan2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Setiawan | first1 = J. | last2 = Pasquini | first2 = L. | last3 = da Silva | first3 = L. | last4 = Hatzes | first4 = A. P. | last5 = von der Lühe | first5 = O. | last6 = Girardi | first6 = L. | last7 = de Medeiros | first7 = J. R. | last8 = Guenther | first8 = E. | title = Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 421 | pages = 241–254 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1 | bibcode = 2004A&A...421..241S}}</ref>，光度更达391倍<ref name="Mcdonald">{{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = I. | last2 = Zijlstra | first2 = A. A. | last3 = Boyer | first3 = M. L. | year = 2012 | title = Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos Stars | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 427 | issue = 1 | pages = 343–357 | bibcode = 2012MNRAS.427..343M | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x | arxiv = 1208.2037}} [http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/MNRAS/427/343 线上数据]（需提供[[依巴谷卫星]]编码）</ref>，与太阳相距366±8光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2eps">{{cite DR2|3589693744276900224}}</ref>。翼宿三也是联星系，距太阳326±9光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2zeta">{{cite DR2|3544125550016418048}}</ref>。4.95视星等的主星已演化到巨星阶段，光谱等级G8 III<ref name="houk1978">{{cite book | last1 = Houk | first1 = Nancy | last2 = Smith-Moore | first2 = M. | title = Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars | volume = 4 | location = Ann Arbor | year = 1978 | publisher = Dept. of Astronomy, University of Michigan | bibcode = 1988mcts.book.....H }}</ref>，属于利用核心含氦聚变产生能量的[[紅群聚]]星<ref name="Alves2000">{{cite journal | last = Alves | first = David R. | title = K-Band calibration of the red clump luminosity | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 539 | issue = 2 | pages = 732–741 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1086/309278 | bibcode = 2000ApJ...539..732A | arxiv = astro-ph/0003329}}</ref>，已膨胀到13倍太阳半径<ref name="CADARS">{{cite journal | last1 = Pasinetti-Fracassini | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Pastori | first2 = L. | last3 = Covino | first3 = S. | last4 = Pozzi | first4 = A. | title = Catalogue of Stellar Diameters (CADARS) | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 367 | issue = 2 | pages = 521–524 | date = 2001-02 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20000451 | bibcode = 2001A&A...367..521P | arxiv = astro-ph/0012289}}</ref>，光度157倍<ref name="Mcdonald" />。从星亮度7.84视星等<ref name="WDSC2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Mason | first1 = B. D. | last2 = Wycoff | first2 = G. L. | last3 = Hartkopf | first3 = W. I. | last4 = Douglass | first4 = G. G. | last5 = Worley | first5 = C. E. | title = The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog | year = 2014 | bibcode = 2001AJ....122.3466M | url = http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds | doi = 10.1086/323920 | volume=122 | issue=6 | journal=The Astronomical Journal | pages=3466–3671 | access-date = 2021-04-14}}</ref>。科学家确认翼宿三属[[天狼星|天狼星超星系团]]<ref name="Eggen1998">{{cite journal | title = The Sirius Supercluster and missing mass near the Sun | last = Eggen | first = Olin J. | journal = The Astronomical Journal | volume = 116 | issue = 2 | pages = 782–788 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1086/300465 | bibcode = 1998AJ....116..782E}}</ref>，而且有可能属[[大熊座移動星群]]，该星群包含的恒星可能源自同一[[疏散星团]]，太空走向类似<ref name="King2003" />。
[[翼宿十]]与[[翼宿三]]代表杯子边缘<ref name="condos97" />，其中翼宿十是巨爵座肉眼可见的最大恒星<ref name="bagnall">{{cite book | last = Bagnall | first = Philip M. | title = The Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know about the Constellations | publisher = Springer | location = New York, New York | year = 2012 | page = 181 | url = https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA181&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-1-4614-0830-7 | access-date = 2021-04-14}}</ref>，已[[恆星演化|演化]]成光谱等级K5 III的K型巨星<ref name="Houk1999">{{cite journal | title=Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD Stars | last1 = Houk | first1 = N. | last2=Swift | first2=C. | journal=Michigan Spectral Survey | volume=5 | year=1999 | bibcode=1999MSS...C05....0H }}</ref>，质量和太阳差不多但已膨胀到44.7倍太阳半径<ref name="Setiawan2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Setiawan | first1 = J. | last2 = Pasquini | first2 = L. | last3 = da Silva | first3 = L. | last4 = Hatzes | first4 = A. P. | last5 = von der Lühe | first5 = O. | last6 = Girardi | first6 = L. | last7 = de Medeiros | first7 = J. R. | last8 = Guenther | first8 = E. | title = Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 421 | pages = 241–254 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1 | bibcode = 2004A&A...421..241S}}</ref>，光度更达391倍<ref name="Mcdonald">{{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = I. | last2 = Zijlstra | first2 = A. A. | last3 = Boyer | first3 = M. L. | year = 2012 | title = Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos Stars | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 427 | issue = 1 | pages = 343–357 | bibcode = 2012MNRAS.427..343M | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x | arxiv = 1208.2037}} [http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/MNRAS/427/343 线上数据]（需提供[[依巴谷卫星]]编码）</ref>，与太阳相距366±8光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2eps">{{cite DR2|3589693744276900224}}</ref>。翼宿三也是联星系，距太阳326±9光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2zeta">{{cite DR2|3544125550016418048}}</ref>。4.95视星等的主星已演化到巨星阶段，光谱等级G8 III<ref name="houk1978">{{cite book | last1 = Houk | first1 = Nancy | last2 = Smith-Moore | first2 = M. | title = Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars | volume = 4 | location = Ann Arbor | year = 1978 | publisher = Dept. of Astronomy, University of Michigan | bibcode = 1988mcts.book.....H }}</ref>，属于利用核心含氦聚变产生能量的[[紅群聚]]星<ref name="Alves2000">{{cite journal | last = Alves | first = David R. | title = K-Band calibration of the red clump luminosity | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 539 | issue = 2 | pages = 732–741 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1086/309278 | bibcode = 2000ApJ...539..732A | arxiv = astro-ph/0003329}}</ref>，已膨胀到13倍太阳半径<ref name="CADARS">{{cite journal | last1 = Pasinetti-Fracassini | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Pastori | first2 = L. | last3 = Covino | first3 = S. | last4 = Pozzi | first4 = A. | title = Catalogue of Stellar Diameters (CADARS) | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 367 | issue = 2 | pages = 521–524 | date = 2001-02 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20000451 | bibcode = 2001A&A...367..521P | arxiv = astro-ph/0012289}}</ref>，光度157倍<ref name="Mcdonald" />。从星亮度7.84视星等<ref name="WDSC2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Mason | first1 = B. D. | last2 = Wycoff | first2 = G. L. | last3 = Hartkopf | first3 = W. I. | last4 = Douglass | first4 = G. G. | last5 = Worley | first5 = C. E. | title = The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog | year = 2014 | dead-url = no | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20210304050734/http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds | archive-date = 2021-03-04 | bibcode = 2001AJ....122.3466M | url = http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds | doi = 10.1086/323920 | volume=122 | issue=6 | journal=The Astronomical Journal | pages=3466–3671 | access-date = 2021-04-14}}</ref>。科学家确认翼宿三属[[天狼星|天狼星超星系团]]<ref name="Eggen1998">{{cite journal | title = The Sirius Supercluster and missing mass near the Sun | last = Eggen | first = Olin J. | journal = The Astronomical Journal | volume = 116 | issue = 2 | pages = 782–788 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1086/300465 | bibcode = 1998AJ....116..782E}}</ref>，而且有可能属[[大熊座移動星群]]，该星群包含的恒星可能源自同一[[疏散星团]]，太空走向类似<ref name="King2003" />。

变星是业余天文学家的热门观测目标，他们的观测对人类理解恒星行为贡献很大<ref>{{cite web | last = Tooke | first = Owen | title = Variables: What Are They and Why Observe Them? | access-date = 2021-04-14 | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20210409112350/https://www.aavso.org/variables-what-are-they-why-observe-them | url = https://www.aavso.org/variables-what-are-they-why-observe-them | website = AAVSO | archive-date = 2021-04-09 | dead-url = no}}</ref>。翼宿一附近的红色星体巨爵座R是SRB类[[半規則變星]]<ref name="arnold"/>，光谱等级M7，亮度以160天周期在9.8到11.2视星等范围变化<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Samus' | first1 = N. N. | last2 = Kazarovets | first2 = E. V. | last3 = Durlevich | first3 = O. V. | last4 = Kireeva | first4 = N. N. | last5 = Pastukhova | first5 = E. N. | title = General catalogue of variable stars: Version GCVS 5.1 | journal = Astronomy Reports | date = 2017-01-01 | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–88 | doi = 10.1134/S1063772917010085 | access-date = 2021-04-14 | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20200729023311/http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=R+Crt | dead-url = no | url = http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=R+Crt | issn = 1063-7729 | archive-date = 2020-07-29 | bibcode = 2017ARep...61...80S}}</ref>，距太阳770±40光年<ref name="Gaia-DR2r">{{cite DR2|3553091380145741440}}</ref>。


=== 流星雨 ===
=== 流星雨 ===

2021年4月14日 (三) 06:15的版本

巨爵座
Crater
星座
Crater
縮寫Crt
所有格Crateris
象徵物the 杯子
赤經11h
赤緯−16°
面積282平方度 (第53)
主要恆星4
拜耳/佛氏
恆星		12
有行星的恆星7
亮度3m以上的恆星0
距離在10秒差距（32.62光年）內的恆星0
最亮星翼宿七 (3.57m)
最近的恆星LHS 2358
(34.86 ly, 10.69 pc)
梅西爾天體0
流星雨翼宿六流星雨
鄰接星座狮子座
六分仪座
长蛇座
乌鸦座
室女座
可以看見的緯度範圍： +65°至−90°之間
最適合觀賞的月份：四月

巨爵座是南天小星座，拉丁语原名“Crater”源自希腊语“krater”，指用来倒葡萄酒的杯子。巨爵座隶属二世纪天文学家克劳狄乌斯·托勒密排列的48星座，代表的杯子与天神阿波罗有关，放在长蛇座代表的水蛇后背。

巨爵座没有恒星亮度高于三等星，最亮的翼宿七和翼宿一分别是3.56与4.07视星等，都是老化橙巨星，温度低于太阳但体积更大。巨爵座β是白巨星和白矮星组成的联星系。七个恒星系内发现系外行星。巨爵座还有巨爵座2与NGC 3981等少量知名星系，以及著名类星体RX J1131。

神话

1825年星图卡片《乌拉尼亚之镜》，贯穿左右最显眼的是长蛇座，巨爵座是蛇背中间金色且两边都有把手的杯子

据公元前至少1100年的巴比伦星表记载，今巨爵座范围恒星可能同乌鸦座恒星一起组成巴比伦人的乌鸦座。英国科学家约翰·罗杰斯（John H. Rogers）认为，巨爵座附近的长蛇座在古巴伦规范星表《纲要》代表冥界之神宁吉兹济达（𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕）。他推断长蛇座旁边的巨爵座与乌鸦座都是死亡的象征，代表冥界之门。[1]密特拉教的符号和标志里也有巨爵座与乌鸦座，估计该教源于中东，后传入古希腊和罗马[2]。

据希腊神话所述，阿波罗派手下乌鸦去取水，但乌鸦在路上发现无花果后等待果实成熟再吃掉，因此延误行程。乌鸦用杯取水后顺便带回水蛇，谎称是水蛇喝掉水导致延误。[3]但阿波罗看出乌鸦的欺骗，愤怒之下把杯子、蛇和乌鸦都朝天上一扔[4]。三者都变成天上星座，而且是所在位置正好确保乌鸦没法儿从杯里喝水，以此警告不要得罪神明[3]。

菲拉尔克斯对巨爵座起源提出不同说法，据称特洛伊附近城池伊莱莎（Eleusa）瘟疫肆虐，统治者德米芬（Demiphon）得到谕示每年需献祭少女一名。德米芬宣布抽签决定献祭人选，但没有把自家女儿的名字列入。贵族马修斯修斯拒绝接受，结果女儿被德米芬献祭。马修斯修斯事后杀害德米芬的女儿，把血混入葡萄酒装在杯里让德米芬饮用。东窗事发后德米芬下令把马修斯修斯和杯子扔进大海，巨爵座便代表杯子。[3]

1632至1633年馬什哈德出产玛努切赫尔地球仪上的巨爵座，瑞典阿迪尔诺收藏

巨爵座恒星在中国古代天文学属南方朱雀[5]，与长蛇座部分恒星组成朱雀的翅膀翼宿，代表第27个月宫。翼宿还代表英勇的弓箭手，弓由长蛇座恒星组成。[6]社會群島居民把巨爵座称为“Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara”，意为“洗去罪孽的海洋漩涡”[7]。

简介

巨爵座覆盖282.4平方度夜空，占0.685%，在88个现代星座排第53[8]，北挨狮子座与室女座、东临乌鸦座、南面和西侧是长蛇座，西北靠六分仪座。1922年，国际天文联会确定以三字母缩写“Crt”代指巨爵座。[9]比利时天文学家尤金·德爾波特1930年正式划分星座边界，巨爵座呈六条边组成的多边形（见文首信息框）。星座在赤道坐標系統的赤经位于10h 51m 14s到11h 56m 24s范围，赤纬在−6.66°至−25.20°之间。[10]星座位于南天球，只能在北緯65度線以南观察[8][注 1]。

显著特点

恒星

巨爵座可用肉眼观测
主条目：巨爵座恒星列表

德国天体制图师約翰·拜耳用希腊字母Α到Λ为星座大部分明亮恒星命名。约翰·波德为部分恒星新增信号，但后世留用的只有巨爵座ψ。約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德用佛蘭斯蒂德命名法为31颗巨爵座及附近的长蛇座恒星编号组成巨爵长蛇座，大部分恒星属长蛇座范围。[11]巨爵座最亮的翼宿七、翼宿一和翼宿二组成三角形，位于长蛇座亮星翼宿五附近[12]。巨爵座共有33颗恒星亮度不低于6.5视星等[注 2][8]。

3.56视星等的翼宿七是巨爵座最亮恒星，离地163±4光年[14]，是光谱等级K0III的橙巨星，有1.0至1.4倍太阳质量。该星年代久远，已经冷却并膨胀到22.44±0.28倍太阳半径，但辐射量达171.4±9.0倍太陽光度，外层有效溫度4408±57开尔文[15]。翼宿一又称“阿尔克斯”（Alkes），意指“杯子”[16][注 3]，代表巨爵座的杯底[3]，是4.07视星等的橙色星体[17]，距地球141±2光年[18]。估计该星质量为太阳1.75±0.24倍，已经耗尽核心的氢并肿胀到13.2±0.55太阳直径[19]，光度69倍，有效温度约4600开尔文[20]。

4.5视星等的巨爵座β是联星系，由光谱等级分别是A1III和DA1.4的白巨星与白矮星组成[21]，距太阳296±8光年[22]。联星系中的白矮星远比主恒星小，即便用哈勃空间望远镜也无法分开观测[23]。翼宿二是雙星，可用小型业余望远镜分辨[24]。其中主星是光谱等级A7V的白主序星，估计有1.81倍太阳质量[25]，从星只有9.6视星等和75%太阳质量[25]，很可能是橙矮星，两星相互围绕旋转的轨道周期至少有1150年[26]。双星距太阳85.6±0.8光年[27]。

翼宿十与翼宿三代表杯子边缘[3]，其中翼宿十是巨爵座肉眼可见的最大恒星[28]，已演化成光谱等级K5 III的K型巨星[29]，质量和太阳差不多但已膨胀到44.7倍太阳半径[30]，光度更达391倍[31]，与太阳相距366±8光年[32]。翼宿三也是联星系，距太阳326±9光年[33]。4.95视星等的主星已演化到巨星阶段，光谱等级G8 III[34]，属于利用核心含氦聚变产生能量的紅群聚星[35]，已膨胀到13倍太阳半径[36]，光度157倍[31]。从星亮度7.84视星等[37]。科学家确认翼宿三属天狼星超星系团[38]，而且有可能属大熊座移動星群，该星群包含的恒星可能源自同一疏散星团，太空走向类似[39]。

变星是业余天文学家的热门观测目标，他们的观测对人类理解恒星行为贡献很大[40]。翼宿一附近的红色星体巨爵座R是SRB类半規則變星[12]，光谱等级M7，亮度以160天周期在9.8到11.2视星等范围变化[41]，距太阳770±40光年[42]。

流星雨

翼宿六流星雨较为黯淡，在1月11至22日出现，16至17日达到顶峰[43]。

注释

  1. ^ 技术上来说北纬65到83度间也能看到部分巨爵座，但只高于地平线几度的恒星无论通过何等手段都无法观测[8]。
  2. ^ 6.5视星等是肉眼在城乡结合位置理想夜空条件下能看到的光线最微弱天体[13]。
  3. ^ 源自阿拉伯语“الكأس‎”（alka's‎）[16]。

参考资料

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外部链接

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：巨爵座
巨爵座恒星
恒星
(列表)
B
變星
Flamsteed
星系
NGC
其他
星系群
 
 
NQ1
NQ2
NQ3
NQ4
SQ1
SQ2
SQ3
SQ4
 
黃道
大熊
幻之水
拉卡伊
拜耳
武仙
獵戶
英仙
星座歷史

天球赤道座標：星圖 11h 00m 00s，−16° 00′ 00″

规范控制数据库：各地 編輯維基數據鏈接
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=巨爵座&oldid=65196633”