華德福教育

華德福教育（也稱之為史代納教育）是一種人性化的教育方法，以自然教育為主，它基於創立人智學的奧地利哲學家魯道夫·斯坦納的一種教育哲學理念。第一所華德福學校創立於1919年，是位於德國斯圖爾特的華德福阿斯托里亞捲菸廠為員工子弟建立的一所學校。2017年，全球75個國家建立了1139所獨立的、1857所幼兒園^[1] 、530所特殊教育中心^[2] 。同時還有很多基於華德福教育理念的公立學校^[3]、特許學校和在家教育^[4]。

華德福教學法將兒童的成長分成三個階段，每個階段大約7年。早期教育注重於實踐和手工活動並提供利於創新性玩耍的環境。在小學，重點是發展小學生的藝術才能和社會技能，培育創新和分析理解能力。中學注重於發展批判性思維和培育理想。這種教育模式始終強調想像力在學習過程中的重要性，並且將價值觀融合在學術、實踐和藝術追求中。

華德福教育哲學的首要目標是給青少年提供其發展自由精神、道德責任和具備高級社交能力的個人綜合素質所需要的基礎。華德福教師使用形成性評價（定性）而不是總結性評價（定量）的方式來評估學生成績，尤其在青春期的前幾年，學校擁有高度的自主權，自主決定課程結構和自行管理事務。

華德福教育是全球最大的另類教育運動^[5]。在華德福學校大量存在的中歐地區，華德福課程已經是一種被廣泛接受的另類教育法^[6]^[7]。華德福教育還在歐洲影響着主流教育^[8]，在歐洲國家有大量的華德福學校和教師培訓項目。華德福公立學校在英語國家是有爭議的，主要是其宗教和心靈內容在課程中的地位，科學課程中有些內容是否是偽科學或者是在推廣順勢療法。但華德福教育運動推進者表示這些懷疑是沒有根據的。

興起和歷史[編輯]

華德福教育的創始人是魯道夫·斯坦納，曾經做過家庭教師和柏林職業技術學校^[10]的講師^[11]。他在公開演講中闡述了自己的教育觀念，並總結提煉後在1907年在《兒童教育》上發表了一篇文章，第一次提出了兒童成長三個階段的概念。他的這種教育理念深受在19世紀末的主流教育理念赫爾巴特教育法的影響。

第一所基於這種理念的學校在1919年成立，是由德國企業家，時任史特加華德福-阿斯多里亞捲菸廠經理依米爾·默特為他工廠的職工子弟而建立的。這是華德福學校名稱的來歷，現在作為推廣這種教育方式團體的名稱和標誌。這所學校很快吸引了非華德福捲菸廠職工子弟前來就學^[12] ，而使其快速發展。它也是德國第一所綜合學校，接納所有適齡兒童^[13]。為了適應當時德國的教育法規，讓學校能夠很快被大眾所接受，早期的華德福學校偏離了斯坦納的教學思想，但是卻實現他的一個目標：讓學生能夠在華德福教育和傳統學校教育中能夠快速和自由轉換。華德福學校一直都是男女同校的學校^[14]^[15]。

華德福學校開始在其他地方建立起來：漢堡、海牙、巴塞爾。在1922年斯坦納在英國牛津大學做了一場關於教育的演講後^[16]，華德福教育開始在英國傳播。英國第一所華德福學校建立於1925年，現在叫做米高·霍爾學校；美國的第一所華德福學校建立於1928年，叫做紐約華德福-史代納學校。在1930年代，大量受到華德福學校啟發或者是參照華德福教育理念的學校在德國、瑞士、新西蘭、挪威、奧地利、匈牙利、美國、英國建立起來。雖然在二戰期間，因和納粹政治衝突而導致歐洲大量的華德福學校被關閉，但是英國的學校和少數荷蘭的學校沒有受到影響，被關閉的學校也在二戰後重開^[17]。1970年代到1980年代華德福學校在世界上快速發展，僅僅在北美，1967-68年只有9所華德福學校在美國^[18]和1所在加拿大，^[19]發展到今天有兩百多所在美國和二十多所在加拿大^[20] 現有33所在英國和4所在愛爾蘭^[21]

在蘇聯解體後，華德福學校開始在中東歐不斷發展，最近幾年，許多華德福學校在亞洲建立起來，尤其是在中國。^[22] ^[23] 全球現有一千多所獨立的華德福學校。

華德福學校在世界分佈情況

洲	學校數量	國家數
非洲	22	5
亞洲	61	13
歐洲	734	40
北美洲	190	2
大洋洲	60	3
南美洲	58	6
中美洲	15	6
總數	1139	75

參考[編輯]

^ Directory of Waldorf and Rudolf Steiner Schools, Kindergartens and Teacher Training Centers worldwide (PDF). [2017-08-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-12）.
^ （德語） Anthroposophical centers for curative education （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "Currently, there are about 530 international curative education and social therapy centers, more than 60 training centers and 30 associations in more than 40 countries."
^ J. Vasagard, "A different class: the expansion of Steiner schools" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Guardian 25 May 2012
^ M. L. Stevens, "The Normalisation of Homeschooling in the USA", Evaluation & Research in Education Volume 17, Issue 2–3, 2003 , pp. 90–100
^ McGavin, Harvey. Making room for Rudolf. TES. 11 May 2008 [November 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-26）.
^ Gruber, Karl Heinz. Impact of Plowden in Germany and Austria. Oxford Review of Education. 1987, 13 (1): 63. Catholic or Protestant private schools hardly differ from the state schools, but the anthroposophical Rudolf Steiner or Waldorf schools enjoy enormous popularity. Not following the state school curriculum these (costly) private establishments put more emphasis on individual interests, creative expression and parental involvement. However, there are only few Waldorf schools (sic) and they seem to be a domain of the affluent, education-conscious middle class.
^ "The Free Waldorf School inspired by Steiner has not stirred comparable discussion or controversy....those interested in the Waldorf School today, be they pedagogically enthusiastic parents, educational scholars, or politicians responsible for education, generally tend to view this school form first and foremost as a representative of internationally recognized models of applied classic reform pedagogy." Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner, p. 140-141
^ Gordon, Anne Miles; Kathryn Williams Browne. Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education 8th Edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2010: 14. ISBN 978-0495808176. This system has influenced mainstream education in Europe, and its international reputation is felt in North America today.
^ Data drawn from Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, 2 volumes, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht Verlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-55452-4; Dirk Randall, "Empirische Forschung und Waldorfpädogogik", in H. Paschen (ed.) Erziehungswissenschaftliche Zugänge zur Waldorfpädagogik, 2010 Berlin: Springer 978-3-531-17397-9; "Introduction", Deeper insights in education: the Waldorf approach, Rudolf Steiner Press (December 1983) 978-0880100670. p. vii; L. M. Klasse, Die Waldorfschule und die Grundlagen der Waldorfpädagogik Rudolf Steiners, GRIN Verlag, 2007; Ogletree E J "The Waldorf Schools: An International School System." Headmaster U.S.A., pp8-10 Dec 1979; Heiner Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner, Translated by Janet Duke and Daniel Balestrini, Continuum Library of Educational Thought, v. 11, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8264-8419-2.
^ Jacobs, Nicholas. The German Social Democratic Party School in Berlin, 1906–1914. History Workshop. Spring 1978, 5: 179–187.
^ Zander, Helmut. Anthroposophie in Deutschland. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2007.
^ Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A documentary biography, Henry Goulden Ltd, ISBN 978-0-904822-02-1, pp. 121–126 (German edition Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag ISBN 978-3-499-50079-4).
^ Heiner Ullrich. Inge Hansen-Schaberg, Bruno Schonig , 編. Basiswissen Pädagogik. Reformpädagogische Schulkonzepte Band 6: Waldorf-Pädagogik. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren. 2002. ISBN 3-89676503-5.
^ Barnes, Henry. An Introduction to Waldorf Education. Teachers College Record. 1980, 81 (3): 323–336.
^ Reinsmith, William A. The Whole in Every Part: Steiner and Waldorf Schooling. The Educational Forum. 31 March 1990, 54 (1): 79–91. doi:10.1080/00131728909335521.
^ Paull, John (2011) Rudolf Steiner and the Oxford Conference: The Birth of Waldorf Education in Britain （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3(1): 53–66.
^ P. Bruce Uhrmacher. Uncommon Schooling: A Historical Look at Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy, and Waldorf Education. Curriculum Inquiry. 1995, 25 (4): 381–406 [2018-04-02]. doi:10.2307/1180016. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-26）.
^ The schools founded by 1967 were: Detroit Waldorf School, Green Meadow Waldorf School, High Mowing School, Highland Hall Waldorf School, Honolulu Waldorf School, Kimberton Waldorf School, Rudolf Steiner School of New York City, Sacramento Waldorf School, Waldorf School of Garden City.AWSNA list of schools with dates of founding （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ 成立於1968年，多倫多華德福學校 Toronto Waldorf School 是加拿大第一所華德福學校。[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ Waldorf Schools in Canada 存档副本. [2014-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-04）.
^ Steiner Waldorf Schools Foundation, List of Steiner schools [www.steinerwaldorf.org/_listofsteinerschools.html]
^ Connor, Neil (March 12, 2012). "China Starts to Question Strict Schooling Methods" [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ Lin Qi and Guo Shuhan (2011-06-23). "Educating the Whole Child", China Daily [3] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

外部連結[編輯]

Regional associations of schools

Association of Waldorf Schools of North America（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Steiner Waldorf Schools Fellowship (UK)（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Steiner Education Australia（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[schulliste-1] Directory of Waldorf and Rudolf Steiner Schools, Kindergartens and Teacher Training Centers worldwide (PDF). [2017-08-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-12）.

[2] （德語） Anthroposophical centers for curative education （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "Currently, there are about 530 international curative education and social therapy centers, more than 60 training centers and 30 associations in more than 40 countries."

[3] J. Vasagard, "A different class: the expansion of Steiner schools" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Guardian 25 May 2012

[4] M. L. Stevens, "The Normalisation of Homeschooling in the USA", Evaluation & Research in Education Volume 17, Issue 2–3, 2003 , pp. 90–100

[5] McGavin, Harvey. Making room for Rudolf. TES. 11 May 2008 [November 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-26）.

[gruber-6] Gruber, Karl Heinz. Impact of Plowden in Germany and Austria. Oxford Review of Education. 1987, 13 (1): 63. Catholic or Protestant private schools hardly differ from the state schools, but the anthroposophical Rudolf Steiner or Waldorf schools enjoy enormous popularity. Not following the state school curriculum these (costly) private establishments put more emphasis on individual interests, creative expression and parental involvement. However, there are only few Waldorf schools (sic) and they seem to be a domain of the affluent, education-conscious middle class.

[7] "The Free Waldorf School inspired by Steiner has not stirred comparable discussion or controversy....those interested in the Waldorf School today, be they pedagogically enthusiastic parents, educational scholars, or politicians responsible for education, generally tend to view this school form first and foremost as a representative of internationally recognized models of applied classic reform pedagogy." Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner, p. 140-141

[beginnings&beyond-8] Gordon, Anne Miles; Kathryn Williams Browne. Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education 8th Edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2010: 14. ISBN 978-0495808176. This system has influenced mainstream education in Europe, and its international reputation is felt in North America today.

[9] Data drawn from Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, 2 volumes, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht Verlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-55452-4; Dirk Randall, "Empirische Forschung und Waldorfpädogogik", in H. Paschen (ed.) Erziehungswissenschaftliche Zugänge zur Waldorfpädagogik, 2010 Berlin: Springer 978-3-531-17397-9; "Introduction", Deeper insights in education: the Waldorf approach, Rudolf Steiner Press (December 1983) 978-0880100670. p. vii; L. M. Klasse, Die Waldorfschule und die Grundlagen der Waldorfpädagogik Rudolf Steiners, GRIN Verlag, 2007; Ogletree E J "The Waldorf Schools: An International School System." Headmaster U.S.A., pp8-10 Dec 1979; Heiner Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner, Translated by Janet Duke and Daniel Balestrini, Continuum Library of Educational Thought, v. 11, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8264-8419-2.

[njacobs-10] Jacobs, Nicholas. The German Social Democratic Party School in Berlin, 1906–1914. History Workshop. Spring 1978, 5: 179–187.

[zander2007-11] Zander, Helmut. Anthroposophie in Deutschland. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2007.

[Hemleben-12] Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A documentary biography, Henry Goulden Ltd, ISBN 978-0-904822-02-1, pp. 121–126 (German edition Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag ISBN 978-3-499-50079-4).

[13] Heiner Ullrich. Inge Hansen-Schaberg, Bruno Schonig , 編. Basiswissen Pädagogik. Reformpädagogische Schulkonzepte Band 6: Waldorf-Pädagogik. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren. 2002. ISBN 3-89676503-5.

[Barnes-14] Barnes, Henry. An Introduction to Waldorf Education. Teachers College Record. 1980, 81 (3): 323–336.

[15] Reinsmith, William A. The Whole in Every Part: Steiner and Waldorf Schooling. The Educational Forum. 31 March 1990, 54 (1): 79–91. doi:10.1080/00131728909335521.

[Oxford-16] Paull, John (2011) Rudolf Steiner and the Oxford Conference: The Birth of Waldorf Education in Britain （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3(1): 53–66.

[Uncommon-17] P. Bruce Uhrmacher. Uncommon Schooling: A Historical Look at Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy, and Waldorf Education. Curriculum Inquiry. 1995, 25 (4): 381–406 [2018-04-02]. doi:10.2307/1180016. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-26）.

[18] The schools founded by 1967 were: Detroit Waldorf School, Green Meadow Waldorf School, High Mowing School, Highland Hall Waldorf School, Honolulu Waldorf School, Kimberton Waldorf School, Rudolf Steiner School of New York City, Sacramento Waldorf School, Waldorf School of Garden City.AWSNA list of schools with dates of founding （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[19] 成立於1968年，多倫多華德福學校 Toronto Waldorf School 是加拿大第一所華德福學校。[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[20] Waldorf Schools in Canada 存档副本. [2014-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-04）.

[21] Steiner Waldorf Schools Foundation, List of Steiner schools [www.steinerwaldorf.org/_listofsteinerschools.html]

[22] Connor, Neil (March 12, 2012). "China Starts to Question Strict Schooling Methods" [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[23] Lin Qi and Guo Shuhan (2011-06-23). "Educating the Whole Child", China Daily [3] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

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