萊佛士豬籠草
萊佛士豬籠草
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| 產自婆羅洲的萊佛士豬籠草 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 屬： | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
| 種： | 萊佛士豬籠草 N. rafflesiana
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| 二名法 | |
| Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack (1835)
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| 異名[1] | |
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萊佛士豬籠草[2]:63-64（學名：Nepenthes rafflesiana）得名於斯坦福·萊佛士。其分布極為廣泛，包括婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、西馬來西亞和新加坡。已描述的萊佛士豬籠草的變型和變種是豬籠草屬中最多的。僅在婆羅洲就至少有3種不同的變種。萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的捕蟲籠大小可與馬來王豬籠草（N. rajah）相媲美。
植物學史[編輯]
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1819年，威廉·傑克博士（Dr. William Jack）發現了萊佛士豬籠。並在《柯蒂斯植物學雜誌》上刊登了威廉·傑克博士從新加坡寄來的信，他這樣寫道：[注 1][3]
| “ | 來到位於馬六甲海峽附近的群島上，無法想像還有什麼地方能比新加坡更美麗。鏡子般的海面上鑲嵌著覆蓋茂密森林的小島，它們都沐浴在明媚的陽光下……我恰巧看到了斧頭是怎麼做成，還獲得許多有趣的發現，特別是兩種新的豬籠草（萊佛士豬籠草和蘋果豬籠草）。它們的美麗遠超過了其他歐洲已知物種。我對他們進行全面的描述，並畫了兩張配圖。萊佛士爵士十分的著急，他認為我們應該想方設法把我們的發現發表出去。他建議應這些新種寄回國，使得在國內的人也能看到它的美麗，並能引起那邊人們對蘇門答臘植物的重視。 | ” |
在那時，萊佛士豬籠草是當時所知的豬籠草屬中體型最大的物種。1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）中，對萊佛士豬籠草進行了這樣的描述：[注 2][3]
| “ | 無論誰看到這個植物都一定會想這肯定是植物王國里最令人驚嘆的植物之一。其捕蟲籠令人無法忘記；它是豬籠草屬中最大最宏偉的物種，遠遠超過其他歐洲已知的物種。 | ” |
形態特徵[編輯]
萊佛士豬籠草為藤本植物。莖可長達15米，直徑可達10公釐。節間距最長達20公分。[4]籠蔓最長可超過110公分。
萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠呈球狀，具發達的籠翼。下位籠的高度很少超過20公分，但萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的高度也可達35公分，寬至15公分。上位籠呈漏斗狀，唇的前端凸出。這兩種捕蟲籠都有超過3cm的細長唇頸。
捕蟲籠的顏色豐富，可為暗紫色至幾乎全白。萊佛士豬籠草典型變型的下位籠為淺綠色且帶有紫色斑點，上位籠則為奶油色。
萊佛士豬籠草的花序為總狀花序，長16至70公分。花為紅色或紫色。每個花梗通常只帶一個朵花，偶爾帶兩朵。
幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脫落的長毛，成株則僅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全無毛。
原生地[編輯]
萊佛士豬籠草為分布廣泛的低地豬籠草。其常見於婆羅洲和廖內群島，但在西馬來西亞和蘇門答臘分布局限。在西馬來西亞僅於東南地區分別廣泛，特別是在柔佛州相當充裕。而在蘇門答臘萊佛士豬籠草僅存在於因陀羅補羅到巴魯斯（Barus）之間的西部海岸。[4]其也分布於周圍一些小型島嶼，包括邦加島、納閩島[5]、大納土納島[6]及林加群島。[7]
萊佛士豬籠草一般生長於開闊的砂質潮濕地區中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼澤森林邊緣、石楠林和海邊的懸崖發現過萊佛士豬籠草。其海拔分布範圍為0至1200米[4]或至1500米的地區。[8]
種下類群[編輯]
由於萊佛士豬籠草分布廣泛，所以萊佛士豬籠草的捕蟲籠無論是在形狀或顏色方面都存在很大差異。以下為已被描述的萊佛士豬籠草種下類群。其中大部分在現在已被認為是非正式的。原被非正式描述為長萊佛士豬籠草的類群在2011年被描述為巴蘭豬籠草（N. baramensis）[9]，現被置於赫姆斯利豬籠草（N. hemsleyana）下[10]。
- Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua Beck (1895)[11]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort.Kew ex Dyer (1897) nom.nud. [=N. hemsleyana][9][10]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) Beck (1895)[11][=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873)[12]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia][4][13]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpureaMast. (1882)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook.f. (1873)[12]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort.Veitch ex Burb. (1883) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)[14]nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)[15][=N. hemsleyana][10]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck (1895)[11]nom.illeg.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)[14]nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima" Burb. (1880)[16][=N. hemsleyana][10]
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萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠，示其具翼的籠蔓 -
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型，示其邊緣呈波浪狀的葉片 -
淺色捕蟲籠萊佛士豬籠草變種的下位籠
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型（從左至右）：高達30公分的下位籠；長達110公分的籠蔓；高約45公分的上位籠
巨型變型[編輯]
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型（N. rafflesiana f. gigantea）[2]存在於婆羅洲西北海岸的一些相互分離的地區，及古晉以西110公里的海濱小鎮三馬丹（Sematan）。[17]該變型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特別是植被邊緣的地區。[17]
萊佛士豬籠草巨型的方方面面都比普通的萊佛士豬籠草更大。其莖可攀至15米的高處。葉片長度可達典型變型的2.5倍。下位籠可高達35公分，寬至15公分，容積可達到1升。[17]其捕蟲籠的顏色多種多樣，可為白底紅斑至深紫色。上位籠可能為全綠或帶斑點。花序也很巨大，可長達1米。花梗可達1.5公分，具暗紅色的花被片。[17]
除了大小之外，萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型的發育中葉片也與典型變型不同，其葉片具 深紅棕色光澤。人工種植的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型也具有這樣的特徵，所以其並非由特殊的環境因素造成的。[17]
曾記錄到野外的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型捕獲老鼠。[2]
相關物種[編輯]
萊佛士豬籠草與貝卡利豬籠草、長葉豬籠草和蘇門答臘豬籠草之間存在著密切的近緣關係。
2001年，查爾斯·克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析，共利用了70個形態特徵。萊佛士豬籠草被歸入「第5分支」。其中蘇門答臘豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的相關性達58%。[4]貝卡利豬籠草未被包括在該研究中。[4]貝卡利豬籠草未被包含於該研究中。
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萊佛士豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的主要區別在於其下位籠唇的結構不同。蘇門答臘豬籠草下位籠的唇齒不明顯，而萊佛士豬籠草反之。萊佛士豬籠草具細長的唇頸，而蘇門答臘豬籠草則無。蘇門答臘豬籠草的下位籠通體為卵形，而萊佛士豬籠草下位籠的上半部為圓柱形。此外，蘇門答臘豬籠草的葉片較窄，具棕色短毛。[4]
自然雜交種[編輯]
- N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana[18][19]
- N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana][17][20][21]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][18]
- N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana[17]
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[17]
- N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana[22]
- N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[17][23][24]
- N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana[10]
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[17]（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）[2]:87[22]
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N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana -
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana -
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana -
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana
注釋[編輯]
- ^ 威廉·傑克博士刊登於《柯蒂斯植物學雜誌》上信件的原文：[3]
“ It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to Singapore, through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of the Straits of Malacca. Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets, clothed in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full brilliance of a tropical sky... I have just arrived in time to explore the woods before they yield to the axe, and have made many interesting discoveries, particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher-plant [Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria], far surpassing any yet known in Europe. I have completed two perfect drawings of them with ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxious that we should give publicity to our researches in one way or other and has planned bringing out something at Bencoolen. He proposes sending home these pitcher-plants that such splendid things may appear under all the advantages of elegant execution, by way of attracting attention to the subject of Sumatran botany. ” - ^ 1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》中對萊佛士豬籠草描述的原文：[3]
“ Whoever has seen this plant in a living state must undoubted be constrained to consider it as one of the most astonishing productions of the whole vegetable kingdom. The resemblance that a portion of it bears to our more familiar domestic utensils leaves a lasting impression on the minds of spectators that is not easily eradicated; it is the largest and most magnificent of the genus, far surpassing any hitherto known in Europe. ”
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes rafflesiana （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
- ^ （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-09-21.
- ^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
- ^ Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 （德文） Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
- ^ Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 （法文） Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.
- ^ Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.[失效連結] International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352
- ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1880. The Gardens of the Sun （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Murray, London.
- ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
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- ^ Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. doi:10.4308/hjb.19.1.18
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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- [Anonymous] 1883. Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's Nepenthes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. The Gardeners' Chronicle 20(497): 18–19.
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- Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 7(2): 162–169. doi:10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169
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- （法文） Gaume, L. N.d. Piège viscoélastique Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2013-02-13. [videos] UMR AMAP.
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