跳转到内容

孟加拉文拉丁化

维基百科,自由的百科全书

孟加拉语罗马化。虽然已经为孟加拉语有不同的罗马化标准,但没有一个统一的标准。

婆罗米系文字包含孟加拉文,但各国会因政经和地理呈现出不同样貌。其中不同的罗马化标准:国际梵文音译字母IAST系统(基于变音符号)、[1]印度语言转写ITRANS(使用适合ASCII键盘的大写字母)、[2]加尔各答国家图书馆罗马化[3]

已隐藏部分未翻译内容,欢迎参与翻译

In the context of Bengali romanisation, it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (the original spelling can be recovered), but transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). English does not have all sounds of Bengali, and pronunciation does not completely reflect orthography. The aim of romanisation is not the same as phonetic transcription. Rather, romanisation is a representation of one writing system in Roman (Latin) script. If Bengali script has "ত" and Bengalis pronounce it /to/ there is nevertheless an argument based on writing-system consistency for transliterating it as "त" or "ta." The writing systems of most languages do not faithfully represent the spoken sound of the language, as famously with English words like "enough," "women," or "nation" (see "ghoti").

历史

[编辑]

Portuguese missionaries stationed in Bengal in the 16th century were the first people to employ the Latin alphabet in writing Bengali books. The most famous are the Crepar Xaxtrer Orth, Bhed and the Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes, both written by Manuel da Assumpção. However, the Portuguese-based romanisation did not take root. In the late 18th century, Augustin Aussant used a romanisation scheme based on the French alphabet. At the same time, Nathaniel Brassey Halhed used a romanisation scheme based on English for his Bengali grammar book. After Halhed, the renowned English philologist and oriental scholar Sir William Jones devised a romanisation scheme for Bengali and other Indian languages in general; he published it in the Asiatick Researches journal in 1801.[4] His scheme came to be known as the "Jonesian system" of romanisation and served as a model for the next century and a half.

音译和转录

[编辑]

Romanisation of a language written in a non-Roman script can be based on either transliteration (orthographically accurate and the original spelling can be recovered) or transcription (phonetically accurate, and the pronunciation can be reproduced). The distinction is important in Bengali, as its orthography was adopted from Sanskrit and ignores several millennia of sound change. All writing systems differ at least slightly from the way the language is pronounced, but this is more extreme for languages like Bengali. For example, the three letters শ, ষ, and স had distinct pronunciations in Sanskrit, but over several centuries, the standard pronunciation of Bengali (usually modelled on the Nadia dialect) has lost the phonetic distinctions, and all three are usually pronounced as IPA [ʃɔ]. The spelling distinction persists in orthography.

In written texts, distinguishing between homophones, such as শাপ shap "curse" and সাপ shap "snake", is easy. Such a distinction could be particularly relevant in searching for the term in an encyclopaedia, for example. However, the fact that the words sound identical means that they would be transcribed identically, so some important distinctions of meaning cannot be rendered by transcription. Another issue with transcription systems is that cross-dialectal and cross-register differences are widespread, so the same word or lexeme may have many different transcriptions. Even simple words like মন "mind" may be pronounced "mon", "môn", or (in poetry) "mônô" (as in the Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana").

Often, different phonemes are represented by the same symbol or grapheme. Thus, the vowel এ can represent either [e] (এল elo [elɔ] "came") or [ɛ] (এক êk [ɛk] "one"). Occasionally, words written in the same way (homographs) may have different pronunciations for differing meanings: মত can mean "opinion" (pronounced môt), or "similar to" (môtô). Therefore, some important phonemic distinctions cannot be rendered in a transliteration model. In addition, to represent a Bengali word to allow speakers of other languages to pronounce it easily, it may be better to use a transcription, which does not include the silent letters and other idiosyncrasies (স্বাস্থ্য sbasthyô, spelled <swāsthya>, or অজ্ঞান ôggên, spelled <ajñāna>) that make Bengali romanisation so complicated. Such letters are misleading in a phonetic romanisation of Bengali and are a result of often inclusion of the Bengali script with other Indic scripts for romanisation, but the other Indic scripts lack the inherent vowel ô, which causes chaos for Bengali romanisation.

A phenomenon in which romanisation of Bengali unintentionally leads to humorous results when translated is known as Murad Takla.

罗马拼音化

[编辑]

Comparisons of the standard romanisation schemes for Bengali are given in the table below. Two standards are commonly used for transliteration of Indic languages, including Bengali. Many standards (like NLK/ISO), use diacritic marks and permit case markings for proper nouns. Schemes such as the Harvard-Kyoto one are more suited for ASCII-derivative keyboards and use upper- and lower-case letters contrastively, so forgo normal standards for English capitalisation.

  • "NLK" stands for the diacritic-based letter-to-letter transliteration schemes, best represented by the National Library at Kolkata romanisation or the ISO 15919, or IAST. It is the ISO standard, and it uses diacritic marks like ā to reflect the additional characters and sounds of Bengali letters.
  • ITRANS is an ASCII representation for Sanskrit; it is one-to-many: more than one way of transliterating characters may be used, which can make internet searches more complicated. ITRANS ignores English capitalisation norms to permit representing characters from a normal ASCII keyboard.
  • "HK" stands for two other case-sensitive letter-to-letter transliteration schemes: Harvard-Kyoto and XIAST scheme. Both are similar to the ITRANS scheme and use only one form for each character.

元音

[编辑]
孟加拉-阿萨姆文 IABT英语International Alphabet of Bengali Transliteration ISO 15919 Avro ITRANS Devanagari WX英语WX notation B.C
a a o a a a a
aa ā a A/aa A A aa
i i i i i i i
ee ī I I/ii I I 未定义
u u u u u u u
oo ū U U/uu U U 未定义
RI rri RRi/R^i R q 未定义
RI r̥̄ - r̥̄ - - 未定义
LI - - - 未定义
LI l̥̄ - l̥̄ - 未定义
e ē e e e e e
oi ai ai ai ai E oi
o ō O o o o o
ou au OU au au O ou
অ্যা ae æ ya - OU - ae

辅音

[编辑]
孟加拉-阿萨姆文 IABT英语International Alphabet of Bengali Transliteration ISO 15919 Avro ITRANS B.C
ka ka k ka ka
kha kha kh kha kha
ga ga g ga ga
gha gha gh gha gha
ng ṅa Ng ~Na 未定义
ca ca c ca cca
cha cha ch Cha cha
ja ja j ja 未定义
jha jha jh jha jha
ya ña NG ~na 未定义
ta ṭa T Ta ta
tha ṭha Th Tha tha
da ḍa D Da da
dha ḍha Dh Dha dha
na ṇa N Na 未定义
'ta ta t ta 'ta
'tha tha th tha 'tha
'd da d da 'da
'dha dha dh dha 'dha
na ṅa n na na
pa pa p pa pa
pha pha ph/f pha pha
ba ba b ba ba
bha bha bh/v bha bha
ma ma m ma ma
ja y z ya ja
ra ra r ra ra
la la l la la
sha sha sh/S sha sha
sha Sha Sh Sha 未定义
sa sa S sa sa
tha ha h ha ha
ড় rha R - rra
ঢ় rha ṛh Rh - 未定义
য় y y - y

附加辅音

[编辑]
বাংলা英语বাংলা ISO 15919 ITRANS WX英语WX notation
ক় qa qa kZa
ফ় fa fa fZa
ভ় va va vZa
জ় za za zZa

示例

[编辑]

下表包括使用上述各种系统罗马化的孟加拉语单词示例。

单词示例
正字法 中文 NLK英语National Library at Kolkata romanisation ITRANS HK Wiki[原创研究?] IPA
মন 思想 mana mana mana mon [mon]
সাপ sāpa saapa sApa shap [ʃap]
শাপ 诅咒 śāpa shaapa zApa shap [ʃap]
মত 相似 mata mata mata môt [mɔt]
মতো 相似 mato mato mato moto [mɔto]
তেল tēla tela tela tel [tel]
গেল gēla gela gela gêlô [ɡɛlɔ]
জ্বর 发烧 jvara jvara jvara jôr [dʒɔr]
ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি 辅音 byañjanadhvani bya~njanadhvani byaJjanadhvani bênjondhoni [bɛndʒɔndʱoni]
স্বাস্থ্য 健康 svāsthya svaasthya svAsthya shastho [ʃastʰːo]
আত্মহত্যা 自杀 ātmahatyā aatmahatyaa AtmahatyA attohotta [atːohɔtːa]
বাংলাদেশ 孟加拉国 bāṃlādēśa baa.mlaadesha bAMlAdeza Bangladesh [baŋladeʃ]

参考

[编辑]
  1. ^ Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration. Sanskrit 3 – Learning transliteration. Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni. [20 November 2006]. (原始内容存档于12 February 2007). 
  2. ^ ITRANS – Indian Language Transliteration Package. Avinash Chopde. [20 November 2006]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-23). 
  3. ^ Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration (PDF). Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange — ISCII. Bureau of Indian Standards: 32. 1 April 1999 [20 November 2006]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-23). 
  4. ^ Jones 1801