孟加拉文拉丁化

孟加拉语罗马化。虽然已经为孟加拉语有不同的罗马化标准，但没有一个统一的标准。

婆罗米系文字包含孟加拉文，但各国会因政经和地理呈现出不同样貌。其中不同的罗马化标准：国际梵文音译字母IAST系统（基于变音符号）、印度语言转写ITRANS（使用适合ASCII键盘的大写字母）、加尔各答国家图书馆罗马化。

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In the context of Bengali romanisation, it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (the original spelling can be recovered), but transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). English does not have all sounds of Bengali, and pronunciation does not completely reflect orthography. The aim of romanisation is not the same as phonetic transcription. Rather, romanisation is a representation of one writing system in Roman (Latin) script. If Bengali script has "ত" and Bengalis pronounce it /to/ there is nevertheless an argument based on writing-system consistency for transliterating it as "त" or "ta." The writing systems of most languages do not faithfully represent the spoken sound of the language, as famously with English words like "enough," "women," or "nation" (see "ghoti").

历史

Portuguese missionaries stationed in Bengal in the 16th century were the first people to employ the Latin alphabet in writing Bengali books. The most famous are the Crepar Xaxtrer Orth, Bhed and the Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes, both written by Manuel da Assumpção. However, the Portuguese-based romanisation did not take root. In the late 18th century, Augustin Aussant used a romanisation scheme based on the French alphabet. At the same time, Nathaniel Brassey Halhed used a romanisation scheme based on English for his Bengali grammar book. After Halhed, the renowned English philologist and oriental scholar Sir William Jones devised a romanisation scheme for Bengali and other Indian languages in general; he published it in the Asiatick Researches journal in 1801. His scheme came to be known as the "Jonesian system" of romanisation and served as a model for the next century and a half.

音译和转录

Romanisation of a language written in a non-Roman script can be based on either transliteration (orthographically accurate and the original spelling can be recovered) or transcription (phonetically accurate, and the pronunciation can be reproduced). The distinction is important in Bengali, as its orthography was adopted from Sanskrit and ignores several millennia of sound change. All writing systems differ at least slightly from the way the language is pronounced, but this is more extreme for languages like Bengali. For example, the three letters শ, ষ, and স had distinct pronunciations in Sanskrit, but over several centuries, the standard pronunciation of Bengali (usually modelled on the Nadia dialect) has lost the phonetic distinctions, and all three are usually pronounced as IPA [ʃɔ]. The spelling distinction persists in orthography.

In written texts, distinguishing between homophones, such as শাপ shap "curse" and সাপ shap "snake", is easy. Such a distinction could be particularly relevant in searching for the term in an encyclopaedia, for example. However, the fact that the words sound identical means that they would be transcribed identically, so some important distinctions of meaning cannot be rendered by transcription. Another issue with transcription systems is that cross-dialectal and cross-register differences are widespread, so the same word or lexeme may have many different transcriptions. Even simple words like মন "mind" may be pronounced "mon", "môn", or (in poetry) "mônô" (as in the Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana").

Often, different phonemes are represented by the same symbol or grapheme. Thus, the vowel এ can represent either [e] (এল elo [elɔ] "came") or [ɛ] (এক êk [ɛk] "one"). Occasionally, words written in the same way (homographs) may have different pronunciations for differing meanings: মত can mean "opinion" (pronounced môt), or "similar to" (môtô). Therefore, some important phonemic distinctions cannot be rendered in a transliteration model. In addition, to represent a Bengali word to allow speakers of other languages to pronounce it easily, it may be better to use a transcription, which does not include the silent letters and other idiosyncrasies (স্বাস্থ্য sbasthyô, spelled <swāsthya>, or অজ্ঞান ôggên, spelled <ajñāna>) that make Bengali romanisation so complicated. Such letters are misleading in a phonetic romanisation of Bengali and are a result of often inclusion of the Bengali script with other Indic scripts for romanisation, but the other Indic scripts lack the inherent vowel ô, which causes chaos for Bengali romanisation.

A phenomenon in which romanisation of Bengali unintentionally leads to humorous results when translated is known as Murad Takla.

罗马拼音化

Comparisons of the standard romanisation schemes for Bengali are given in the table below. Two standards are commonly used for transliteration of Indic languages, including Bengali. Many standards (like NLK/ISO), use diacritic marks and permit case markings for proper nouns. Schemes such as the Harvard-Kyoto one are more suited for ASCII-derivative keyboards and use upper- and lower-case letters contrastively, so forgo normal standards for English capitalisation.

• "NLK" stands for the diacritic-based letter-to-letter transliteration schemes, best represented by the National Library at Kolkata romanisation or the ISO 15919, or IAST. It is the ISO standard, and it uses diacritic marks like ā to reflect the additional characters and sounds of Bengali letters.
• ITRANS is an ASCII representation for Sanskrit; it is one-to-many: more than one way of transliterating characters may be used, which can make internet searches more complicated. ITRANS ignores English capitalisation norms to permit representing characters from a normal ASCII keyboard.
• "HK" stands for two other case-sensitive letter-to-letter transliteration schemes: Harvard-Kyoto and XIAST scheme. Both are similar to the ITRANS scheme and use only one form for each character.

元音

孟加拉－阿萨姆文	IABT	ISO 15919	Avro	ITRANS	Devanagari	WX	B.C
অ	a	a	o	a	a	a	a
আ	aa	ā	a	A/aa	A	A	aa
ই	i	i	i	i	i	i	i
ঈ	ee	ī	I	I/ii	I	I	未定义
উ	u	u	u	u	u	u	u
ঊ	oo	ū	U	U/uu	U	U	未定义
ঋ	RI	r̥	rri	RRi/R^i	R	q	未定义
ৠ	RI	r̥̄	-	r̥̄	-	-	未定义
ঌ	LI	l̥	-	l̥	-	-	未定义
ৡ	LI	l̥̄	-	l̥̄	-		未定义
এ	e	ē	e	e	e	e	e
ঐ	oi	ai	ai	ai	ai	E	oi
ও	o	ō	O	o	o	o	o
ঔ	ou	au	OU	au	au	O	ou
অ্যা	ae	æ	ya	-	OU	-	ae

辅音

孟加拉－阿萨姆文	IABT	ISO 15919	Avro	ITRANS	B.C
ক	ka	ka	k	ka	ka
খ	kha	kha	kh	kha	kha
গ	ga	ga	g	ga	ga
ঘ	gha	gha	gh	gha	gha
ঙ	ng	ṅa	Ng	~Na	未定义
চ	ca	ca	c	ca	cca
ছ	cha	cha	ch	Cha	cha
জ	ja	ja	j	ja	未定义
ঝ	jha	jha	jh	jha	jha
ঞ	ya	ña	NG	~na	未定义
ট	ta	ṭa	T	Ta	ta
ঠ	tha	ṭha	Th	Tha	tha
ড	da	ḍa	D	Da	da
ঢ	dha	ḍha	Dh	Dha	dha
ণ	na	ṇa	N	Na	未定义
ত	'ta	ta	t	ta	'ta
থ	'tha	tha	th	tha	'tha
দ	'd	da	d	da	'da
ধ	'dha	dha	dh	dha	'dha
ন	na	ṅa	n	na	na
প	pa	pa	p	pa	pa
ফ	pha	pha	ph/f	pha	pha
ব	ba	ba	b	ba	ba
ভ	bha	bha	bh/v	bha	bha
ম	ma	ma	m	ma	ma
য	ja	y	z	ya	ja
র	ra	ra	r	ra	ra
ল	la	la	l	la	la
শ	sha	sha	sh/S	sha	sha
ষ	sha	Sha	Sh	Sha	未定义
স	sa	sa	S	sa	sa
হ	tha	ha	h	ha	ha
ড়	rha	ṛ	R	-	rra
ঢ়	rha	ṛh	Rh	-	未定义
য়	y	ẏ	y	-	y

附加辅音

বাংলা	ISO 15919	ITRANS	WX
ক়	qa	qa	kZa
ফ়	fa	fa	fZa
ভ়	va	va	vZa
জ়	za	za	zZa

示例

下表包括使用上述各种系统罗马化的孟加拉语单词示例。

单词示例

正字法	中文	NLK	ITRANS	HK	Wiki	IPA
মন	思想	mana	mana	mana	mon	[mon]
সাপ	蛇	sāpa	saapa	sApa	shap	[ʃap]
শাপ	诅咒	śāpa	shaapa	zApa	shap	[ʃap]
মত	相似	mata	mata	mata	môt	[mɔt]
মতো	相似	mato	mato	mato	moto	[mɔto]
তেল	油	tēla	tela	tela	tel	[tel]
গেল	去	gēla	gela	gela	gêlô	[ɡɛlɔ]
জ্বর	发烧	jvara	jvara	jvara	jôr	[dʒɔr]
ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি	辅音	byañjanadhvani	bya~njanadhvani	byaJjanadhvani	bênjondhoni	[bɛndʒɔndʱoni]
স্বাস্থ্য	健康	svāsthya	svaasthya	svAsthya	shastho	[ʃastʰːo]
আত্মহত্যা	自杀	ātmahatyā	aatmahatyaa	AtmahatyA	attohotta	[atːohɔtːa]
বাংলাদেশ	孟加拉国	bāṃlādēśa	baa.mlaadesha	bAMlAdeza	Bangladesh	[baŋladeʃ]