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國技

維基百科，自由的百科全書
國家象徵
事物
人物或擬人形象
非人生物

國技（National sport, national pastime, national game），又稱國民運動，或國球，是指一個國家特有或具有代表性的競技運動。然而國技的定義並不嚴密，既有公認概念上的國技（如美國的棒球），也有通過法律具體規定的（如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球為國技），也因此使得國技並不一定是該國最具人氣或強項的運動。除了加拿大之外，世界上通過法律確定國技的還有巴哈馬的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波耶拉、斯里蘭卡的排球等。

定義

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國技的定義並不十分嚴格，有在法律上具體規定的競技運動，享有官方認可的地位；[註 1] 也有在國家文化中有特殊意義，深受國民愛戴的競技運動。[註 2] 由國家文化發展而成的競技運動是成為國技的其中一項條件，但並不全然如此，某些源自外國的競技運動也有可能因為深受國民的愛戴，或者具有特殊的意義，成為公認的國技。一般只要符合以下兩項要點，都會被認定為是國技：

國家法令指定的競技運動，給予特殊的地位和待遇[註 1]
例如：加拿大的長曲棍球（夏季）和冰上曲棍球（冬季）
國家或民族文化中特有的競技運動，或者是有某種特殊意義的競技運動[註 2]
例如：日本的相撲、韓國的跆拳道、西班牙的鬥牛

除了上述兩項，某些廣泛普及的競技運動，雖然不是公認的國技，但已經深植入於國家的體育文化當中，成為深受全民歡迎的休閒活動，所以經常是被極力推廣的國家體育項目，例如：世界各地的足球、英聯邦國家的板球、美國的籃球和欖球、日本的棒球、馬來西亞和印尼的羽毛球等。

國技列表

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法定的國技

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國家 體育運動 始於
 阿根廷 帕托（英語：Pato） 1953年[1]
 巴哈馬 史路普帆船 1993年[2]
 孟加拉 卡巴迪 1972年[3]
 巴西 卡波耶拉 1972年[4]
 加拿大 長曲棍球（夏季運動）、冰上曲棍球（冬季運動） 1994年[5]
 智利 智利牛仔騎術（英語：Chilean rodeo） 1962年[6]
 哥倫比亞 特茹（英語：Tejo (sport)） 2000年[7]
 伊朗 伊朗傳統摔角 1976年[8]
 南韓 跆拳道 2018年[9]
 墨西哥 墨西哥牛仔競技（英語：Charrería） 1933年[10]
 菲律賓 卡里艾斯奎瑪武術（英語：Eskrima） 2009年[11]
 波多黎各 巴蘇馬術（英語：Paso Fino） 1966年[12]
 斯里蘭卡 排球 1991年[13]
 烏拉圭 高喬傳統競技 2006年[14]

公認的國技

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國家 體育運動
 阿富汗 布玆卡茲[15]
 安圭拉 競速帆艇（英語：Yacht racing）[16]
 安提瓜和巴布達 板球[17]
 巴巴多斯 板球[18]
 百慕達 板球[19]
 不丹 不丹傳統箭術（英語：Archery in Bhutan）[20]
 中華人民共和國 乒乓球
 古巴 棒球[21][22][23]
 多米尼加 棒球[24]
 芬蘭 芬蘭棒球[25]
 格林納達 板球[26]
 圭亞那 板球[27]
 印度 曲棍球[28][29][30]
 以色列 足球[31]
 愛爾蘭 蓋爾式足球[32][33][34]
 牙買加 板球[35]
 日本 相撲/棒球[36]
 拉脫維亞 籃球（夏季運動）、冰上曲棍球（冬季運動）[37]
 立陶宛 籃球[38][39]
 馬達加斯加 欖球[40][41]
 新西蘭 欖球[42]
 挪威 越野滑雪[43][44]
 巴基斯坦 曲棍球[45]
 巴布亞新幾內亞 聯盟式欖球[46][47]
 秘魯 Paleta Frontón[48]
 羅馬尼亞 Oină[49]
 俄羅斯 班迪球[50]
 蘇格蘭 高爾夫球[51]
 斯洛文尼亞 高山滑雪[52][52]
 中華民國 棒球[53]
 土耳其 摔角[54] & Cirit[55]
 特克斯與凱科斯群島 板球[56]
 美國 棒球[57][58]
 威爾斯 欖球[59]

另見

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註解

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 參見「法定的國技」。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 參見「公認的國技」。

參考文獻

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