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Fragment of the Antikythera mechanism, a mechanical computer from the 2nd century BCE showing a previously unknown level of complexity

An out-of-place artifact (OOPArt) is an artifact of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest found in an unusual context, which challenges conventional historical chronology by its presence in that context. Such artifacts may appear "too advanced" for the technology known to have existed at the time, or may suggest human presence at a time before humans are known to have existed. Other examples may suggest contact between different cultures that is hard to account for with conventional historical understanding.

The term is used in fringe science such as cryptozoology, as well as by proponents of ancient astronaut theories, young Earth creationists, and paranormal enthusiasts.[1][2] It can describe a wide variety of objects, from anomalies studied by mainstream science to pseudoarchaeology英語pseudoarchaeology to objects that have been shown to be hoax英語hoaxes or to have mundane explanations.

Critics argue that most purported OOPArts which are not hoaxes are the result of mistaken interpretation and wishful thinking, such as a mistaken belief that a particular culture could not have created an artifact or technology due to a lack of knowledge or materials. In some cases, the uncertainty results from inaccurate descriptions. For example, the cuboid Wolfsegg Iron英語Wolfsegg Iron is not really a perfect cube, nor are the Klerksdorp spheres actual perfect spheres. The Iron pillar of Delhi was said to be "rust proof", but it has some rust near its base; its relative resistance to corrosion is due to slag inclusions left over from the manufacturing conditions and environmental factors.[3]

Supporters regard OOPArts as evidence that mainstream science is overlooking huge areas of knowledge, either willfully or through ignorance.[2] Many writers or researchers who question conventional views of human history have used purported OOPArts in attempts to bolster their arguments.[2] Creation science英語Creation science often relies on allegedly anomalous finds in the archaeological record to challenge scientific chronologies and models of human evolution.[4] Claimed OOPArts have been used to support religious descriptions of prehistory, ancient astronaut theories, and the notion of vanished civilizations that possessed knowledge or technology more advanced than that known in modern times.[2]

Examples

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The following are examples of objects that have been argued by various fringe authors (see list) to be out-of-place artifacts.

Unexplained artifacts

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  • Antikythera mechanism: A form of mechanical computer created between 150 and 100 BCE based on theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by the ancient Greeks. Its design and workmanship reflect a previously unknown, but not implausible, degree of sophistication.[5][6]
  • Maine penny: An 11th-century Norwegian coin found in a Native American shell midden at the Goddard Site英語Goddard Site in Brooklin, Maine英語Brooklin, Maine, United States, which some authors have argued is evidence of direct contact between Vikings and Native Americans in Maine. The coin need not imply actual exploration of Maine by the Vikings, however; mainstream belief is that it was brought to Maine from Labrador or Newfoundland (where Vikings are known to have established colonies as early as the late 10th century) via an extensive northern trade network operated by indigenous peoples.[7] If Vikings did indeed visit Maine, a much greater number and variety of Viking artifacts might be expected in the archaeological record there. Of the nearly 20,000 objects found over a 15-year period at the Goddard Site, the sole non-native artifact was the coin.[8]
The Shroud of Turin: modern photo of the face, positive left, digitally processed negative image right
  • The Shroud of Turin contains an image that resembles a sepia photographic negative英語negative (photography) and is much clearer when it is converted to a positive image. The actual method that resulted in this image has not yet been conclusively identified. Mention of the shroud first appeared in historical records in 1357 and radiocarbon dating tests indicate it was probably made between 1260 and 1390.[9]

Questionable interpretations

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The three components of the Baghdad Battery

Alternative interpretations

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The iron pillar of Delhi

Natural objects mistaken for artifacts

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Eltanin Antenna英語Eltanin Antenna

Erroneously dated objects

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Modern-day creations, forgeries and hoaxes

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Babylonokia英語Babylonokia
An Ica stone depicting dinosaurs

Entirely fictional

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See also

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Authors and works

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References

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  1. ^ Benjamin B. Olshin. Lost Knowledge: The Concept of Vanished Technologies and Other Human Histories. Brill. 2019: 353–. ISBN 978-90-04-35272-8. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 O'Hehir, Andrew. Archaeology from the dark side. Salon.com. August 31, 2005 [19 April 2010]. 
  3. ^ R. Balasubramaniam. New Insights on the Corrosion Resistant Delhi Iron Pillar. Rao, Ramachandra Patcha; Goswami, Nani Gopal (編). Metallurgy in India: a retrospective (PDF). India International Publisher. 2001: 104–133 (英語). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Stromberg, P, and PV Heinrich (2004) The Coso Artifact Mystery from the Depths of Time? 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2007-12-14., Reports of the National Center for Science Education. 24(2):26–30 (March/April 2004) Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  5. ^ "The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2008-04-28.", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System."
  6. ^ Paphitis, Nicholas. Experts: Fragments an Ancient Computer. The Washington Post (Athens, Greece). December 1, 2006. Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday. 
  7. ^ Vinland Archeology. Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. [2011-08-24]. 
  8. ^ Bye, Columbus. Time. December 11, 1978. 
  9. ^ Allen, Nicholas P. L. Is the Shroud of Turin the first recorded photograph? (PDF). The South African Journal of Art History. 11 November 1993: 23–32. 
  10. ^ Von Handorf, DE, and DE Crotty (2002) The Baghdad battery – myth or reality? Plating and Surface Finishing. vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 84–87.
  11. ^ Flatow, I (2012) Archaeologists Revisit Iraq. interview with Elizabeth Stone, Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio. Washington, DC.
  12. ^ Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews. The batteries of Babylon: evidence for ancient electricity?. Bad Archaeology. 26 December 2009 [17 December 2016]. 
  13. ^ Steiger, B. (1979) Worlds Before Our Own. New York, New York, Berkley Publishing Group. 236 pp. ISBN 978-1-933665-19-1
  14. ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K, and J Doeser (2007) Metallic vase from Dorchester, Massachusetts. Bad Archaeology.
  15. ^ Calcite Weathering and the Age of the Kensington Rune Stone Inscription (Lightning Post). Andy White Anthropology. [24 May 2019] (英語). 
  16. ^ Sir David, B (1854) Queries and Statements concerning a Nail found imbedded in a Block of Sandstone obtained from Kingoodie (Mylnfield) Quarry, North Britain. Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science vol. 51, John Murray London.
  17. ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K, and J Doeser (2007) A nail in Devonian sandstone from Kingoodie, Scotland. Bad Archaeology.
  18. ^ anonymous (nd) The Mystery Stone. 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2010-09-14. Museum Exhibits, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire.
  19. ^ Klatell, JM (July 23, 2006). New England's 'Mystery Stone': New Hampshire Displays Unexplained Artifact 134 Years Later. Associated Press. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  20. ^ Colbert, Edwin H. Was the Extinct Giraffe (Sivatherium) Known to the Early Sumerians?. American Anthropologist. 1936, 38 (4): 605–608. doi:10.1525/aa.1936.38.4.02a00100可免費查閱. 
  21. ^ Naish, D. (2007) What happened with that Sumerian 'sivathere' figurine after Colbert's paper of 1936? Well, a lot. Tetrapod Zoology.
  22. ^ Müller-Karpe, Michael. Antlers of the Stag Rein Ring from Kish. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1985, 44: 57–58. S2CID 161093625. doi:10.1086/373105. 
  23. ^ Hristov, RH, and S. Genoves (2001) Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca. Dept. of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  24. ^ Schaaf, P and GA Wagner (1991) Comments on 'Mesoamerican Evidence of Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Contacts,' by Hristov and Genovés. Ancient Mesoamerica. 10:207–213.
  25. ^ Stillman, B (1820) Curious Geological Facts: The American Journal of Science. v. 2, no. 2, pp. 144–146. (November 1820). Internet Archive copy archived on May 27, 2011.
  26. ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K (2007) Tools in rock at Aix-en-Provence. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016.
  27. ^ Anonymous (2002) Mysterious Pipes Left by 'ET' Reported from Qinghai. People's Daily Online, Beijing, China. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  28. ^ Anonymous (2002) Chinese Scientists to Head for Suspected ET Relics. People's Daily Online, Beijing, China. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  29. ^ Dunning, Brian. Skeptoid #181: The Baigong Pipes. Skeptoid. [March 8, 2014]. 
  30. ^ Brookesmith, P (2004) The Eltanin Enigma. 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2013-04-03. Fortean Times. (May 2004). Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  31. ^ Heezen, BC, and CD Hollister (1971) The Face of the Deep. Oxford University Press, New York. 659 pp. ISBN 0-19-501277-1
  32. ^ Cairncross, B (1988) "Cosmic cannonballs" a rational explanation: The South African Lapidary Magazine. v. 30, no. 1, pp. 4–6.
  33. ^ Heinrich, PV (1997) Mystery spheres: National Center for Science Education Reports. v. 17, no. 1, p. 34. (January/February 1997)
  34. ^ RealitateaTV (2014) "Specialist despre obiectul preistoric neidentificat din depozitele muzeului de istorie: 'aparţine unui robot primitiv'", RealitateaTV.net.
  35. ^ Hilblairious (2014) "Aluminum, Aliens (1): What "THEY" left Behind in Aiud", Hilblairious.blogspot.ca.
  36. ^ Coulam, NJ, and AR Schroedl (1995) The Keystone azurite mine in southeastern Utah. Utah Archaeology. 8(1): 1–12.
  37. ^ Kuban, GJ, (2005) "Moab Man" – "Malachite Man". The Paluxy Dinosaur/"Man Track" Controversy. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  38. ^ Rose, Mark. When Giants Roamed the Earth. Archeology (Archaeological Institute of America). November–December 2005, 58 (6) [September 11, 2020]. 
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