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纸莎草

维基百科，自由的百科全书
纸莎草
纸莎草
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 单子叶植物 Monocots
演化支： 鸭跖草类植物 Commelinids
目： 禾本目 Poales
科： 莎草科 Cyperaceae
属： 莎草属 Cyperus
种：
纸莎草 C. papyrus
二名法
Cyperus papyrus

纸莎草[注 1]（学名：Cyperus papyrus，英文名：papyrus, papyrus sedge），又称纸草（英语：Paper reed）、埃及莎草、埃及纸草、蒲草（Bulrush）、埃及蒲草、印度丛草（Indian matting plant）。属于莎草科莎草属。是北非洲原产的一种多年生草本植物。

生长型态

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纸莎草是一种高而坚韧的挺水植物，约可长到4至5米高。它绿色、长秆状的茎横切面为三角形，从粗厚的地下茎中长出。每一条茎的顶端都会长出一簇浓密的、放射状（像烟火一般）的叶。叶子细长、通常呈亮绿色，长度约10至30公分。当植物还年幼的时候，这簇叶子的生长型态就像鸡毛撢一样。花是绿褐色，生长在叶簇的末端。果实呈褐色。地下茎在刚长出时会被一层红褐色的纸质层覆盖，这层三角形的鳞状层也覆盖了茎的基部。

纸莎草生长在热带至亚热带的环境中，不论是潮湿的森林或干燥的沙漠，只要全年均温在20到30℃且土壤pH值在6.0-8.5就可以生长。纸莎草的花在暮夏盛开，并且倾向于在全日照到半阴凉的环境开花。像许多典型的热带植物一样，纸莎草对霜很敏感。

纸莎草的分布遍及在沼泽、浅水湖和溪畔等非洲的潮湿部分，但在尼罗河三角洲已逐渐变得稀少。在较深的水中，纸莎草是构成植被的主要植物（被称为sudd）。现今它的野生分布存在于刚果、马达加斯加岛、乌干达、埃塞俄比亚和西西里岛。

纸莎草羽毛状的花是许多社会性鸟类筑巢的地点。像许多莎草科植物一样，它是风媒花，且果实由流水带走。

今天，纸莎草被培育、改良为装饰性的植物。其中C. nanus（矮纸莎草）、C. profiler两个品种只会长到约1米高。

用途

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参见：莎草纸

古埃及人使用纸莎草的用途有很多。其中，最有名的应该是莎草纸的制作。在希腊文和英文中，“莎草纸”这个字的语源被许多人认为是来自于古埃及语，但这是谬传。纸莎草现在被广泛的运用于制作装饰品，例如莎草纸画。在古代，纸莎草在尼罗河三角洲有着相当广泛的分布，然而现在它在尼罗河三角洲的原生种群却濒临绝灭。在泰奥弗拉斯托斯的《植物史》（Historia Plantarum，卷十）一书中写到纸莎草在叙利亚也有分布。而根据老普林尼的《博物志》一书，纸莎草是尼罗河及幼发拉底河流域的原生植物。

此外，古埃及人利用多种莎草科的植物的花来制作敬神的花圈。而嫩枝则被当作食物。它多纤维的地下茎则用来制作碗等多种器具，有时也当作燃料。而茎则用来编制苇舟（在埃及第四王朝的浮雕中，描绘了壮年男子采集莎草制作苇舟的情形），类似的船在苏丹也能发现。

注释

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  1. ^ “莎”，拼音：suō，注音：ㄙㄨㄛ，粤拼：so1疏，音同“梭”

延伸阅读

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  • Boar, R. R., D. M. Harper and C. S. Adams. 1999. Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. 1999. Biotropica 3: 411.
  • Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman and A.E. Keiter. 1996. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Conservation Biology 10: 554-561.
  • Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, P.J. Schofield, J.P. Olowo, L. Kaufman, O. Seehausen and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology 17: 500-511.
  • Gaudet, John. 1975. Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps. Journal of Ecology 63: 483-491.
  • Gaudet, John. 1976. Nutrient relationships in the detritus of a tropical swamp.Archiv für Hydrobiologie 78: 213-239.
  • Gaudet, John. 1977. Natural drawdown on Lake Naivasha, Kenya and the formation of papyrus swamps. Aquatic Botany 3: 1-47.
  • Gaudet, John. 1977. Uptake and loss of mineral nutrients by papyrus in tropical swamps. Ecology 58: 415-422.
  • Gaudet, John. 1978. Effect of a tropical swamp on water quality. Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol. 20: 2202-2206.
  • Gaudet, John. 1978. Seasonal changes in nutrients in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology 67: 953-981.
  • Gaudet, John. 1980. Papyrus and the ecology of Lake Naivasha. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 12: 267-272.
  • Gaudet, J. and J. Melack. 1981. Major ion chemistry in a tropical African lake basin. Freshwater Biology 11: 309-333.
  • Gaudet, J. and C. Howard-Williams. 1985. “The structure and functioning of African swamps.” In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 154–175).
  • Gaudet, John. 1991. Structure and function of African floodplains. Journal of the East African Natural Historical Society. 82(199): 1-32.
  • Harper, D.M., K.M. Mavuti and S. M. Muchiri. 1990: Ecology and management of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, in relation to climatic change, alien species introductions and agricultural development. Environmental Conservation 17: 328–336.
  • Harper, D. 1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiologia. 232: 65-71.
  • Howard-Williams, C. and K. Thompson. 1985. The conservation and management of African wetlands. In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 203–230).
  • Jones, M.B. and T. R. Milburn. 1978. Photosynthesis in Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), Photosynthetica. 12: 197 - 199.
  • Jones, M. B. and F. M. Muthuri. 1997. Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13: 347–356.
  • Jones M.B. and S. W. Humphries. 2002. Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L. on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland. Hydrobiologia, Volume 488, pp. 107–113.
  • Maclean, I.M.D. 2004. An ecological and socio-economic analysis of biodiversity conservation in East African wetlands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, M. R. Boar and I. Lake. 2006. Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus-dwelling passerines. Biological Conservation., 131: 349-358.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, R. Boar, R. and O. Nasirwa. 2003a. Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L. swamps. Bird Conservation International, 13: 283-297.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar, R.R. 2003b. Social and economic use of wetland resources: a case study from Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-09, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar. 2003c. Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands: an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
  • Messenger Dally. 1908 How papyrus defeated South Sydney and assisted in making Eastern Suburbs great
  • Muthuri, F. M., M. B. Jones, and S.K. Imbamba. 1989. Primary productivity of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in a tropical swamp - Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Biomass, 18: 1 - 14.
  • Muthuri, F. M. and M. B. Jones. 1997. Nutrient distribution in a papyrus swamp: Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Aquatic Botany, 56: 35–50.
  • Owino, A. O. and P. G. Ryan. 2006. Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 44: 438-443.
  • Thompson, K. 1976. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile. In (ed.J. Rzoska) ‘‘The Nile. Biology of an Ancient River.’’Monographiae Biologicae, 29. Dr.W. Junk b.v., The Hague.
  • Thompson, K., P.R. Shewry & H.W. Woolhouse. 1979. Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire: Studies of population structure in Cyperus papyrus stands. Botanical Journal of the Linn. Soc. 78: 299-316.

参见

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外部链接

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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：纸莎草
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=紙莎草&oldid=73262875”