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详细经过

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时间 (UTC+8) 事件 备注
2021年4月29日
11时23分 		天和核心舱升空 搭载空间站天和核心舱的长征五号B遥二运载火箭在文昌航天发射场点火升空。11时31分，天和核心舱与火箭成功分离，进入预定轨道。12时36分，太阳能帆板两翼顺利展开且工作正常，发射任务取得成功，中国空间站在轨组装建造全面展开。[1]
5月29日
20时55分 		天舟二号升空 [2][3]
6月17日
9时22分 		神舟12号发射 乘组：聂海胜、刘伯明、汤洪波
天宫空间站首次航天员进驻[4][5][6]
6月17日
15时54分 		神舟12号成功与天和核心舱核心舱前向端口对接 首次在载人任务中进行6.5小时快速交会对接[7][5][8]
6月17日
18时48分 		神舟12号乘组成功进入天和核心舱 [9][5][10]
7月4日
14时57分 		首次出舱活动 出舱人员：刘伯明 、汤洪波[11]
8月2日
8时38分 		第二次出舱活动 出舱人员：刘伯明 、聂海胜[12]
9月23日 霍尔电推进子系统在轨点火测试 首次在载人航天器上使用霍尔推进器[13]
  此页面介绍的是the impactor mission。关于the Earth orbiter，请见“DART (satellite)”。

Template:Use American English

Double Asteroid Redirection Test
Illustration of DART mission in space just before impact
名称DART
任务类型Planetary defense mission
运营方NASA  / APL
国际卫星标识符2021-110A
卫星目录序号49497
网站nasa.gov/planetarydefense/dart
dart.jhuapl.edu/Mission/index.php
任务时长11 months (planned)
1076天7小时 (in progress)
航天器属性
航天器
航天器类型Double Asteroid Redirection Test
平台DART
制造方Applied Physics Laboratory
of Johns Hopkins University
发射质量DART: 610千克（1,340磅）,
LICIACube: 14千克（31磅）
尺寸DART: 1.8乘1.9乘2.6米（5英尺11英寸乘6英尺3英寸乘8英尺6英寸）
ROSA: 8.5乘2.4米（27.9乘7.9英尺） (each)
功率6.6 kW
任务开始
发射日期24 November 2021, 06:21:02 UTC
运载火箭Falcon 9 Block 5, B1063.3
发射场Vandenberg, SLC-4E
承包方SpaceX
Dimorphos撞击器
撞击日期26 September 2022 (planned)
搭载仪器
Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for Optical navigation (DRACO)

DART mission patch
DART in a launch configuration

Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is a NASA space mission aimed at testing a method of planetary defense against near-Earth objects (NEO). It will deliberately crash a space probe into the double asteroid Didymos' moon, Dimorphos, to test how the momentum of a spacecraft impact could successfully deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth. DART is a joint project between NASA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), administered by NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, with several NASA laboratories and offices providing technical support. International partners, such as the space agencies of Europe, Italy, and Japan, are contributing to related or subsequent projects. In August 2018, NASA approved the project to start the final design and assembly phase. DART was launched on 24 November 2021, at 06:21:02 UTC, with collision slated for 26 September 2022.[14][15]

Description

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DART satellite showing its only instrument, the DRACO camera
Animation of DART's trajectory
  DART ·   65803 Didymos ·   Earth ·   Sun ·   2001 CB21 ·   3361 Orpheus

DART是一个重达610公斤的撞击器,[16] 除了必要的星敏感器，太阳追踪器以及一个20厘米大的相机（Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for Optical navigation – DRACO)外没有任何科学载荷，DARCO是基于新视野号上的LORRI设计的，以保证其在撞击小行星迪迪莫斯前进行自动导航。[来源请求]

一个重达500公斤的DART以6.6千米每秒的速度撞击迪迪莫斯[17] DART at 6.6 km/s（4.1 mi/s） [18][19] 可以给该卫星提供一个0.4 mm/s的△V。[20][21][22][23] 撞击目标点位于小行星迪迪莫斯的中心，这会使其11.92小时的公转周期缩短约10分钟[16] 这一微小的改变会随着时间的推移被不断放大，从而降低近地小行星撞击地球的风险。[24]

实际撞击对小行星的飞行速度以及其轨道的影响有很大的不确定性，因为人们对由于撞击抛射物带来的反冲力缺乏了解。 根据推测，撞击给小行星带来的动量将会是撞击器本身的3-5倍，通过精确测量，我们可以针对此类撞击构建出更加精确的模型，这也是任务的一大目标[25] Initial estimates of the change in binary orbit period should be known within a week.[26] Details will be measured a few years later by a spacecraft called Hera that would do a detailed reconnaissance and assessment.[27] Hera was approved in November 2019.[28]

The NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) operating in a vacuum chamber.
DART ROSA development video
Transformational Solar Array experiment on DART's Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA)
DART and its spiral RLSA

DART采用了一种名为NEXT（NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster–Commercial）的光-电离子推进系统.[29][30] 其所需的3.5千瓦的电力将由一块面积为22平方米的太阳能板提供[31]

探测器的太阳能板采用卷轴式设计（ROSA - Roll Out Solar Array），这种设计以及在国际空间站上与2017年 Space-X CRS11任务期间完成验证[32]

Using ROSA as the structure, a small portion of the DART solar array is configured to demonstrate Transformational Solar Array technology, which has very-high-efficiency solar cells and reflective concentrators providing three times more power than current solar array technology.通过采用这种结构[33][34]

DART是第一款采用新型高增益天线技术（RLSA - Spiral Radial Line Slot Array）的探测器，这种天线工作于NASA深空网络的X波段（7.2-8.4GHZ）。这种柔性天线的性能超出了此次任务的技术需求，同时该技术经过验证，被认为达到了TRL-6标准（Technology Readiness Level）[35]

Secondary spacecraft

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Template:Main Article

LICIACube CubeSat a companion satellite of DART spacecraft

The Italian Space Agency (ASI) will contribute a secondary spacecraft called LICIACube (Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids), a small CubeSat that will piggyback with DART and will separate 10 days before impact to acquire images of the impact and ejecta as it drifts past the asteroid.[27][36] LICIACube will communicate directly with Earth, sending back images of the ejecta after the Dimorphos flyby.[37] LICIACube is equipped with two optical cameras, dubbed LUKE and LEIA.[来源请求]

意大利宇航局 （ASI）将会参与到一个名为LICIACube的子探测器计划中，这是一个将会被安装在DART上的小型立方体探测器。LICIACube将会在撞击前10日与主探测器DART分离，以便留出足够的距离使得其在飞跃小行星迪迪莫斯期间可以对撞击产生的抛射物进行完整拍摄[27][36]

Follow-up mission

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In a collaborating project, the European Space Agency is developing Hera, a spacecraft that will be launched to Didymos in 2024 [38] and arrive in 2027[39] — 5 years after DART's impact — to do a detailed reconnaissance and assessment.[38] Hera would carry two CubeSats, Milani and Juventas.[38]

AIDA mission architecture

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Page 'AIDA (mission)' not found

Mission profile

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Target asteroid

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Shape model of Didymos and its satellite Dimorphos, based on photometric light curve and radar data

The mission's target is Dimorphos in 65803 Didymos system, a binary asteroid system in which one asteroid is orbited by a smaller one. The primary asteroid (Didymos A) is about 780米（2,560英尺） in diameter; its small satellite Dimorphos (Didymos B) is about 160米（520英尺） in diameter in an orbit about 1 km（0.62 mi） from the primary.[29] The mass of the Didymos system is estimated at 528 billion kg, with Dimorphos at 4.8 billion kg.[16] DART will target the smaller asteroid, Dimorphos. Didymos is not an Earth-crossing asteroid, and there is no possibility that the deflection experiment could create an impact hazard.[22]

Preflight preparations

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DART arrived at SpaceX payload Processing Facility at VSFB
Falcon 9 rocket's payload fairing being attached NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft on 16 November 2021.
DART Attached to Falcon 9
Falcon 9 and DART vertical at SLC-4E

Launch preparations for DART began on 20 October 2021, as the spacecraft began fueling at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.[40] The spacecraft arrived at Vandenberg Space Force Base (VSFB) near Lompoc, in early October after a cross-country drive. DART team members have since been preparing the spacecraft for flight, testing the spacecraft's mechanisms and electrical system, wrapping the final parts in multilayer insulation blankets, and practicing the launch sequence from both the launch site and the mission operations center at APL. DART headed to the SpaceX Payload Processing Facility on VSFB on 26 October 2021. Two days later, the team received the green light to fill DART's fuel tank with roughly 50千克（110磅） of hydrazine propellant for spacecraft maneuvers and attitude control. DART also carries about 60千克（130磅） of xenon for the NEXT-C ion engine. Engineers loaded the xenon before the spacecraft left APL in early October 2021.[41]

Starting on 10 November 2021, engineers "mated" the spacecraft to the adapter that stacks on top of the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle. The Falcon 9 rocket without the payload fairing rolled for a static fire and later came back to the processing facility again where technicians with SpaceX installed the two halves of the fairing around the spacecraft over the course of two days, November 16 and 17, inside the SpaceX Payload Processing Facility at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California and the ground teams completed a successful Flight Readiness Review later that week with the fairing then attached to the rocket.[42]

A day before launch, the launch vehicle rolled out of the hangar and onto the launch pad at Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E), where it propeled the spacecraft into space and kick off DART's journey to the Didymos system.[41]

Launch

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The DART spacecraft was launched on 24 November 2021, at 06:21:02 UTC.

Early planning suggested that DART was planned to be deployed into a high altitude, high eccentricity Earth orbit that is designed to avoid the Moon. In such a scenario, DART would use its low thrust, high efficiency NEXT ion engine to slowly escape from its high Earth orbit to a slightly inclined near-Earth solar orbit, from which it would maneuver onto a collision trajectory with its target. But because this is a dedicated Falcon 9 mission, the payload along with Falcon 9's second stage was placed directly on an Earth escape trajectory and into heliocentric orbit when the second stage reignited for a second engine startup or escape burn. Thus, although DART carries a first-of-its-kind electric thruster and plenty of xenon fuel, Falcon 9 did almost all of the work, leaving the spacecraft to perform only a few trajectory-correction burns with simple chemical thrusters as it homes in on Didymos's moon Dimorphos.[43]

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  • DART in Didymos system
    DART in Didymos system
  • DART Mission animated video from launch to impact along with separation of LICIACube
  • DART's impact schedule
    DART's impact schedule
  • Infographic showing the effect of DART's impact on the orbit of Didymos B while deployment of Italian LICIACube
    Infographic showing the effect of DART's impact on the orbit of Didymos B while deployment of Italian LICIACube
  • Dart's ion thrusters
    Dart's ion thrusters
  • The installation of ROSA on DART
    The installation of ROSA on DART
  • The recently installed Roll-Out Solar Arrays (ROSA) on DART mission
    The recently installed Roll-Out Solar Arrays (ROSA) on DART mission
  • Nancy Chabot and Andy Rivkin, researchers at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, are pictured with the DART spacecraft.
    Nancy Chabot and Andy Rivkin, researchers at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, are pictured with the DART spacecraft.
  • LICIACube CubeSat integrated on DART spacecraft
    LICIACube CubeSat integrated on DART spacecraft
  • LICIACube CubeSat integrating on DART spacecraft
    LICIACube CubeSat integrating on DART spacecraft
  • DART at Vandenberg Space Force Base
    DART at Vandenberg Space Force Base
  • DART being given launch readiness review
    DART being given launch readiness review
  • DART processing
    DART processing
  • DART mating to payload adapter
    DART mating to payload adapter
  • DART processed at SpaceX payload Processing Facility at VSFB, SLC-4E launch site
    DART processed at SpaceX payload Processing Facility at VSFB, SLC-4E launch site
  • DART fueled at SpaceX payload Processing Facility at VSFB
    DART fueled at SpaceX payload Processing Facility at VSFB
  • DART spacecraft are being readied for launch, on 24 November 2021
    DART spacecraft are being readied for launch, on 24 November 2021
  • Falcon 9 rocket and DART spacecraft are being readied for launch
    Falcon 9 rocket and DART spacecraft are being readied for launch
  • DART moving to Launch Pad
    DART moving to Launch Pad
  • DART going to launch pad
    DART going to launch pad
  • Launch pad of DART
    Launch pad of DART
  • DART arrives at launch pad
    DART arrives at launch pad

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开. 中国载人航天官方网站. 2021-04-29 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-13）. 
  2. ^ 天舟二号货运飞船发射任务取得圆满成功. 中国载人航天. 2021-05-29 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-13）. 
  3. ^ 天舟二号货运飞船与天和核心舱完成自主快速交会对接. 中国载人航天. 2021-05-29 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-13）. 
  4. ^ 神舟十二号载人飞船发射圆满成功. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-17）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 神舟十二号载人飞船与天和核心舱完成自主快速交会对接. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-29）. 
  6. ^ 神舟十二号3名航天员顺利进驻天和核心舱. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-30）. 
  7. ^ 神舟十二号载人飞船发射圆满成功. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-17）. 
  8. ^ 神舟十二号3名航天员顺利进驻天和核心舱. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-30）. 
  9. ^ 神舟十二号载人飞船发射圆满成功. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-17）. 
  10. ^ 神舟十二号3名航天员顺利进驻天和核心舱. 中国载人航天. 2021-06-17 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-30）. 
  11. ^ 中國太空站太空人相隔40多天再出艙　將完成三項任務. Now TV. 2021-08-20 [2021-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-20）. 
  12. ^ 神舟十二号航天员乘组圆满完成空间站阶段首次出舱活动全部既定任务. 中国载人航天. 2021-07-04 [2021-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-09）. 
  13. ^ 航天六院801所十年磨一剑 空间站电推进系统成功首秀. 中国航天科技集团六院. 2021-09-26 [2021-09-26]. 
  14. ^ SpaceX ready for first launch with NASA interplanetary mission. Spaceflight Now. 22 November 2021 [24 November 2021]. 
  15. ^ DART Launch Moves to Secondary Window. NASA. 17 February 2021 [24 November 2021].  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART). NASA. 28 October 2021 [5 November 2021].  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  17. ^ DART: Home page at APL 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2018-05-10. DART Spacecraft APL 2017
  18. ^ Impactor Spacecraft. NASA. 2021 [18 February 2021].  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  19. ^ Andone, Dakin. NASA unveils plan to test asteroid defense technique. CNN. July 25, 2017 [July 25, 2017]. 
  20. ^ Cheng, A.F.; Michel, P.; Reed, C.; Galvez, A.; Carnelli, I. DART: Double Asteroid Redirection Test (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress 2012. EPSC Abstracts. 2012. 
  21. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Aida study 20153的参考文献提供内容
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Michel, P.; Cheng, A.; Carnelli, I.; Rivkin, A.; Galvez, A.; Ulamec, S.; Reed, C.; AIDA Team. AIDA: Asteroid impact and deflection assessment mission under study at ESA and NASA. Spacecraft Reconnaissance of Asteroid and Comet Interiors. 8 January 2015, 1829: 6008. Bibcode:2015LPICo1829.6008M. 
  23. ^ Course corrector Adam Hadhazy Aerospace America October 2017
  24. ^ NASA Pushes Through With Asteroid Deflection Mission That Could One Day Save Earth The Inquisitr 5 July 2017
  25. ^ Rivkin, Andrew S.; Chabot, Nancy L.; Stickle, Angela M.; Thomas, Cristina A.; Richardson, Derek C.; Barnouin, Olivier; Fahnestock, Eugene G.; Ernst, Carolyn M.; Cheng, Andrew F.; Chesley, Steven; Naidu, Shantanu. The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART): Planetary Defense Investigations and Requirements. The Planetary Science Journal. 2021-08-25, 2 (5): 173. ISSN 2632-3338. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ac063e. 
  26. ^ DART: Asteroid - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions. directory.eoportal.org. [2021-11-24]. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Asteroids have been hitting the Earth for billions of years. In 2022, we hit back. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2018-10-31. Andy Rivkin, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory September 27, 2018
  28. ^ Hera mission is approved as ESA receives biggest ever budget Kerry Hebden Room Space Journal 29 November 2019
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Planetary Defense: Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission NASA 2017 公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  30. ^ Kantsiper, Brian. The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission electric propulsion trade. 2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference. 2017: 1–7. ISBN 978-1-5090-1613-6. S2CID 43072949. doi:10.1109/AERO.2017.7943736. 
  31. ^ Adams, Elena; Oshaughnessy, Daniel; Reinhart, Matthew; John, Jeremy; Congdon, Elizabeth; Gallagher, Daniel; Abel, Elisabeth; Atchison, Justin; Fletcher, Zachary; Chen, Michelle; Heistand, Christopher; Huang, Philip; Smith, Evan; Sibol, Deane; Bekker, Dmitriy; Carrelli, David. Double Asteroid Redirection Test: The Earth Strikes Back. 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference. 2019: 1–11. ISBN 978-1-5386-6854-2. S2CID 195222414. doi:10.1109/AERO.2019.8742007. 
  32. ^ Talbert, Tricia. Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission. NASA. 2017-06-30 [2018-01-21].  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  33. ^ Behind the Scenes: Inspecting DART's Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA) Technology, [2021-08-13] 
  34. ^ DART has a solar array experiment called transformational solar array on its roll out solar array panel. dart.jhuapl.edu. [2021-08-13]. 
  35. ^ Bray, Matthew. A Spiral Radial Line Slot Array Antenna for NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART). 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting. 2020: 379–380. ISBN 978-1-7281-6670-4. S2CID 231975847. doi:10.1109/IEEECONF35879.2020.9330400. 
  36. ^ 36.0 36.1 Kretschmar, Peter; Küppers, Michael. The CubeSat Revolution (PDF). ESA. 20 December 2018 [2019-01-24]. 
  37. ^ Cheng, Andy. DART Mission Update (PDF). ESA. 15 November 2018 [2019-01-14]. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Bergin, Chris. Hera adds objectives to planetary defense test mission. NASASpaceflight.com. January 7, 2019 [2019-01-11]. 
  39. ^ The Juventas CubeSat in Support of ESA's Hera Mission to the Asteroid Didymos. Hannah R. Goldberg, Özgür Karatekin, Birgit Ritter, Alain Herique, Paolo Tortora, Claudiu Prioroc, Borja Garcia Gutierrez, Paolo Martino, Ian Carnelli. 33rd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites.
  40. ^ Spacecraft for asteroid deflection experiment ready for fueling at Vandenberg. Spaceflight Now. October 20, 2021 [November 5, 2021]. 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 NASA's DART Preps for Launch in First Planetary Defense Test Mission. NASA. 2021-11-03 [2021-11-24].  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  42. ^ NASA's DART Spacecraft Secured In Payload Fairing, Flight Readiness Review Complete – Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission. blogs.nasa.gov. [2021-11-24].  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  43. ^ Atchison, Justin A.; Ozimek, Martin T.; Kantsiper, Brian L.; Cheng, Andrew F. Trajectory options for the DART mission. Acta Astronautica. Special Section: Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying 2015. 2016-06-01, 123: 330–339. Bibcode:2016AcAau.123..330A. ISSN 0094-5765. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.032. 
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Template:Asteroid spacecraft Template:Falcon rocket launches Template:Orbital launches in 2021 Template:2021 in space


History

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Reported cases

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On 24 November 2021, the variant was first reported to the WHO from South Africa.[1] The first known specimen was collected on 9 November 2021 from Botswana.[2] It was also detected in South Africa;[3] one case had traveled to Hong Kong,[4][5] and one confirmed case was identified in Israel in a traveler returning from Malawi,[6] along with two who returned from South Africa and one from Madagascar.[7] One confirmed case in Belgium had apparently acquired it in Egypt before 11 November.[8]

All four initial cases reported from Botswana occurred among fully vaccinated individuals.[9] All three initial confirmed and suspected cases reported from Israel occurred among fully vaccinated individuals,[6] as did the single suspected case in Germany.[10]

On 27 November, two cases were detected in the United Kingdom, another two in Munich, Germany and one in Milan, Italy.[11] The Dutch health ministry estimated that 61 of the around 600 passengers on two flights from South Africa that had landed at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol on 26 November (which had taken off just before the Netherlands had banned travel from South Africa) tested positive for COVID-19 of as yet unknown variants. Entry into the Netherlands (and thus getting on the flight) generally required having been vaccinated or PCR-tested, or having recovered. One of the flights originated from Johannesburg, Gauteng. Gauteng is where the Omicron variant appears to be dominant already. The passengers of both flights had been tested and quarantined upon arrival because of the newly imposed restrictions.[12]

On 28 November, two cases were detected in Sydney, Australia. Both people landed in Sydney the previous day, and have travelled from southern Africa to Sydney via Doha, Qatar. The two people, who are fully vaccinated, entered isolation; 12 other travellers from southern Africa also entered quarantine for fourteen days, while about 260 other passengers and crew on the flight have been directed to isolate.[13]

Crew

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岗位（英语：Astronaut ranks and positions） Astronaut
Commander 美国 John W. Young Member of Red Team
第Sixth and last次飞行
Pilot 美国 Brewster H. Shaw, Jr. Member of Blue Team
第First次飞行
Mission Specialist 1 美国 Owen K. Garriott Member of Blue Team
第Second and last次飞行
Mission Specialist 2 美国 Robert A. Parker Member of Red Team
第First次飞行
Payload Specialist 1 德国 Ulf Merbold, ESA Member of Red Team
第First次飞行
Payload Specialist 2 美国 Byron K. Lichtenberg Member of Blue Team
第First次飞行
  • Red Team Member of Red Team
  • Blue Team Member of Blue Team

Backup crew

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岗位（英语：Astronaut ranks and positions） Astronaut
Payload Specialist 1 荷兰 Wubbo Ockels
Payload Specialist 2 美国 Michael Lampton

Support crew

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Crew seating arrangements

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Seat[14] Launch Landing
Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.
S1 Young Young
S2 Shaw Shaw
S4 Parker Parker
S5 Garriott Garriott
S6 Lichtenberg Lichtenberg
S7 Merbold Merbold

任务背景

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STS-9的7人机组是当时人数最多的载人航天任务，其中包括指令长John W. Young（第二次进入太空）; 飞行员 Brewster H. Shaw;任务专家 Owen Garriott 和 Robert A. Parker; 载荷专家 Byron K. Lichtenberg（来自麻省理工大学的科研者），Ulf Merbold（西德，第一位乘坐航天飞机的非美国籍宇航员）,他们是最早的两位乘坐航天飞机进入太空且不属于NASA的宇航员. Prior to STS-9, the scientist-astronaut Garriott had spent 56 days in orbit in 1973 aboard Skylab. Commanding the mission was veteran astronaut John Young, making his sixth and final flight over an 18-year career that saw him fly twice each in Gemini, Apollo, and the Shuttle, which included two journeys to the Moon and making him the most experienced space traveler to date. Young, who also commanded Columbia on its maiden voyage STS-1, was the first person to fly the same space vehicle into orbit more than once. STS-9 marked the only time that two pre-Shuttle era astronaut veterans (Garriott and Young) would fly on the same Space Shuttle mission.

The mission was devoted entirely to Spacelab 1, a joint NASA/European Space Agency (ESA) program designed to demonstrate the ability to conduct advanced scientific research in space. Both the mission specialists and payload specialists worked in the Spacelab module and coordinated their efforts with scientists at the Marshall Payload Operations Control Center (POCC), which was then located at the Johnson Space Center in Texas. Funding for Spacelab 1 was provided by the ESA.

Shuttle processing

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After Columbia's return from STS-5 in November 1982, it received several modifications and changes in preparation for STS-9. Most of these changes were intended to support the Spacelab module and crew, such as the addition of a tunnel connecting the Spacelab to the orbiter's airlock, and additional provisions for the mission's six crew members, such as a galley and sleeping bunks. Columbia also received the more powerful Space Shuttle Main Engines introduced with Challenger, which were rated for 104% maximum thrust; its original main engines were later refurbished for use with Atlantis, which was still under construction at the time. Also added to the shuttle were higher capacity fuel cells and a Ku-band antenna for use with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS).[15]

The mission's original launch date of October 29, 1983 was scrubbed due to concerns with the exhaust nozzle on the right solid rocket booster (SRB). For the first time in the history of the shuttle program, the shuttle stack was rolled back to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), where it was destacked and the orbiter returned to the Orbiter Processing Facility, while the suspect booster underwent repairs. The shuttle was restacked and returned to the launch pad on November 8, 1983.[15][16][17]

Mission summary

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STS-9 launches from Kennedy Space Center, November 28, 1983.

STS-9 launched successfully from Kennedy Space Center at 11 am EST on November 28, 1983.

The shuttle's crew was divided into two teams, each working 12-hour shifts for the duration of the mission. Young, Parker and Merbold formed the Red Team, while Shaw, Garriott and Lichtenberg made up the Blue Team. Usually, Young and Shaw were assigned to the flight deck, while the mission and payload specialists worked inside the Spacelab.

Over the course of the mission, 72 scientific experiments were carried out, spanning the fields of atmospheric and plasma physics, astronomy, solar physics, material sciences, technology, astrobiology and Earth observations. The Spacelab effort went so well that the mission was extended an additional day to 10 days, making it the longest-duration shuttle flight at that time. In addition, Garriott made the first ham radio transmissions by an amateur radio operator in space during the flight. This led to many further space flights incorporating amateur radio as an educational and back-up communications tool.

The Spacelab 1 mission was highly successful, proving the feasibility of the concept of carrying out complex experiments in space using non-NASA persons trained as payload specialists in collaboration with a POCC. Moreover, the TDRS-1 satellite, now fully operational, was able to relay significant amounts of data through its ground terminal to the POCC.

During orbiter orientation, four hours before re-entry, one of the flight control computers crashed when the RCS thrusters were fired. A few minutes later, a second crashed in a similar fashion, but was successfully rebooted. Young delayed the landing, letting the orbiter drift. He later testified: "Had we then activated the Backup Flight Software, loss of vehicle and crew would have resulted." Post-flight analysis revealed the GPCs (General Purpose Computers)[18] failed when the RCS thruster motion knocked a piece of solder loose and shorted out the CPU board. A GPC running BFS may or may not have the same soldering defect as the rest of the GPCs. Switching the vehicle to the BFS from normal flight control can happen relatively instantaneously, and that particular GPC running the BFS could also be affected by the same failure due to the soldering defect. If such a failure occurred, switching the vehicle back to normal flight control software on multiple GPCs from a single GPC running BFS takes a lot longer, in essence leaving the vehicle without any control at all during the change.

Columbia landed on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base on December 8, 1983, at 3:47 pm PST, having completed 166 orbits and travelled 4.3 × 106英里（6.9 × 106千米） over the course of its mission. Right before landing, two of the orbiter's three auxiliary power units caught fire due to a hydrazine leak, but the orbiter nonetheless landed successfully. Columbia was ferried back to KSC on December 15. The leak was later discovered after it had burned itself out and caused major damage to the compartment. The shuttle was then sent off for an extensive renovation and upgrade program to bring it up to date with the newer Challenger orbiter as well as the upcoming Discovery and Atlantis. As a result, Columbia would not fly at all during 1984–85.

Launch attempts

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Template:LaunchAttempt

Mission insignia

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The mission's main payload, Spacelab 1, is depicted in the payload bay of the Columbia. The nine stars and the path of the orbiter indicate the flight's numerical designation, STS-9.

See also

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References

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 本条目引用的公有领域材料来自美国太空总署的网站或文档。

  1. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为who-statement的参考文献提供内容
  2. ^ Callaway, Ewen. Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert. Nature. 25 November 2021. PMID 34824381. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w （英语）. 
  3. ^ Lineage: Mutation Tracker: s:S371L Mutation Report. outbreak.info. [26 November 2021] （英语）. 
  4. ^ Covid: New heavily mutated variant B.1.1.529 in South Africa raises concern, 25 November 2021, BBC News, accessed 25 November 2021
  5. ^ Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (Tables: Currently designated Variants Under Monitoring -describes 529 variant as present in 'Multiple countries'- and 'Formerly monitored variants'- B.1.523 & B.1.619 Reclassified Nov 2021). www.who.int, accessed 25 November 2021
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 @BNODesk. Statement from Israel's health ministry reporting 1 confirmed case of new coronavirus variant B.1.1.529 (推文). 26 November 2021 [26 November 2021] –通过Twitter. 
  7. ^ 14:30 4 מאומתים לווריאנט החדש התגלו בארץ, רה"מ יקיים מסיבת עיתונאים translated: "...Verified for the new strain 4 verified for the new variant were discovered in the country...", m.ynet.co.il, accessed 26 November 2021
  8. ^ Reuters. Belgium detects first case of new COVID-19 variant in Europe. Reuters. 26 November 2021 [26 November 2021] （英语）. 
  9. ^ Four cases of the new COVID-19 variant recorded in Botswana, 25 November 2021, Mmegi Online, accessed 26 November 2021
  10. ^ Kerstin Kesselgruber. Flughafen Frankfurt: Person mit Omikron-Verdacht war vollständig geimpft [Frankfurt airport: Person suspected to be infected with omicron variant was fully vaccinanted]. Frankfurter Rundschau. 27 November 2021 [27 November 2021]. （原始内容存档于27 November 2021） （德语）. 
  11. ^ UK, Germany and Italy detect Omicron coronavirus variant cases. Reuters. 27 November 2021 [27 November 2021]. 
  12. ^ 61 travellers from South Africa in Netherlands positive for COVID-19 -authorities. Reuters (Amsterdam). 27 November 2021 [27 November 2021]. 
  13. ^ Travellers test positive to Omicron COVID-19 strain after arriving in Sydney from southern Africa, NSW Health says. ABC News. 2021-11-28 [2021-11-28]. 
  14. ^ STS-9. Spacefacts. [February 26, 2014]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 STS-9 Press Kit (PDF). NASA. [April 26, 2013]. 
  16. ^ Lewis, Richard. The voyages of Columbia: the first true spaceship需要免费注册. Columbia University Press. 1984: 204. ISBN 978-0-231-05924-4. 
  17. ^ Shuttle Rollbacks. NASA. [April 26, 2013]. 
  18. ^ Space Shuttle DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM Manual; Interior of the Flight Deck of the Space Shuttles. 

Further reading

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Template:Space Shuttle Columbia Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions Template:Orbital launches in 1983

Template:Use American English


2020年

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美国太空军公布，长征五号B火箭芯一级在完成任务后于2020年5月11日在大西洋上空脱离轨道，于北京时间5月12日晚23时33分再入靠近非洲西海岸。芯一级绕行地球达102圈。[1]有报道指一片12米残骸就坠落在科特迪瓦马洪努村，损毁了一些建筑物，但没有受伤的报道。[2][3][4]美国太空总署（NASA）局长吉姆·布里登斯廷对火箭于大西洋再入前不到一小时飞越了美国大都会区而批评：“它飞过了人口中心，并重新进入了地球大气层。这可能是非常危险的"，[5][6]，并指这有悖NASA正寻求太空活动行为规范《阿尔忒弥斯协定》的一切原则[7]。

2021年

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长征五号B遥二芯一级残骸于2021年5月9日北京时间10时15分在阿拉伯半岛上空再入大气层，[8]10时24分落入印度洋马尔代夫国领海上，具体为Kudahuvadhoo（英语：Kudahuvadhoo）岛西南45公里。[9]马尔代夫国防军（英语：Maldives National Defence Force）海防分舰队收到民众反映后已巡查。[9]中国官方公布落点为位于东经72.47°北纬2.65°，并指绝大部分器件在再入大气层过程中烧蚀销毁。[10]由于再入点在阿拉伯半岛，引起当地民众观测。[8]

国际媒体不少以‘中国的“航天事故”’为题报导，[11][12][13]并与另外两次坠落事故比较：1979年7月12日美国太空总署的天空实验室计划（Skylab）坠落西澳洲埃斯佩兰斯（英语：Esperance, Western Australia）镇、1977年苏联发射的宇宙954号坠落在加拿大[14][15][16][17]。此次长征五号B运载火箭的第一级残骸被认为是有史以来第四重的无控残骸。[11]

各国机构反响

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  • 美国太空总署局长比尔·纳尔逊：“航天国家必须尽量减少太空物体再次进入地球对人和财产的风险，并最大限度地提高这些行动的透明度”“很明显，中国在其空间碎片方面没有达到负责任的标准”“至关重要的是，中国和所有航天国家和商业实体在太空中采取负责任和透明的行动，以确保外层空间活动的安全、稳定、安保和长期可持续性。”[18]
  • 欧洲太空总署（ESA）空间运行中心工程与创新部门负责人Nicolas Brobrinsky呼吁进行监管和变更长征5号火箭的模块，否则相同问题将再次出现。Nicolas Brobrinsky评论：“基于长征五号的残骸的质量约为18吨，我们确实有点担心其落点的确切位置，但最终一切顺利，没有任何损害。正如预期的那样，大部分的火箭段在大气层中烧毁了，每个人都松了一口气。”“我们必须从这个事件中学习，当知道火箭不会彻底解体时，应该通过联合国等途径加强国际法规，以便在相同的事件上采取措施和建立机制，允许一定质量的发射器在受控情况下重新进入。否则，相同的问题会再次出现。”“中国要发射的二号模块，然后是三号模块，每次都是用同一类型的火箭，而且每次都是同样的悬念，有一天会发生严重事故的风险。”“去年，另一枚长征火箭的碎片确实在科特迪瓦的马洪努村附近坠毁，造成了损害，但没有人员伤亡。中国方面宁愿冒险，认为只有一两个碎片会以低速坠落，甚至可能在海洋坠落。”“尽管他们不确定坠落地点，他们认为没有错。但在欧洲或美国，我们不会承担这样的风险”[19]。
  • 中国外交部发言人华春莹在2021年5月10日的外交部记者会上称，美方一些媒体、个人为首在该问题上有“双重标准”，提及3月4日发射的SpaceX“猎鹰9号Block 5”火箭第二级的残骸掉落在美国华盛顿州格兰特县一农场时[27][28]，并称“美国媒体纷纷用‘点亮夜空’‘炫目灯光秀’等浪漫词汇将其包装成一桩神秘奇闻，但一到中国，就是完全不一样的调门”。并称截止目前，没有任何有关残骸对地面造成危害的报道。同时强调自从第一颗人造卫星发射，60多年来没有发生过火箭残骸击中人的案例。[29][30]
  1. ^ 快科技. 美国太空部队检测到长征五号B火箭芯：重返大气层 绕地球102圈. 凤凰网. 2020-05-13 [2020-05-13]. 
  2. ^ Chinese Rocket Reportedly Rained Metal on Ivory Coast Last Time One Fell to Earth. [2021-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-06）. 
  3. ^ Grush, Loren. An out-of-control Chinese rocket may have dumped debris in Africa after falling from space. The Verge. 2020-05-13 [2021-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-08） （英语）. 
  4. ^ Bridenstine Scolds China Over Long March Reentry Debris. [2021-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-08） （美国英语）. 
  5. ^ Todd, David. Rocket stage debris from Chinese Long March 5B rocket launch lands on Ivory Coast. Seradata. 2020-05-13 [2021-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-06） （美国英语）. 
  6. ^ Bridenstine Scolds China Over Long March Reentry Debris. [2021-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-08） （美国英语）. 
  7. ^ Bridenstine criticizes China for uncontrolled rocket reentry. SpaceNews. 2020-05-16 [2021-05-06] （美国英语）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 After days of uncertainty, Chinese rocket reenters atmosphere over Indian Ocean. USA Today. 2020-05-08 [2021-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Coastguard deployed as large Chinese rocket lands near Kudahuvadhoo. Raajje TV (马尔代夫马累市). 2021-05-09 [2021-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-09）. 
  10. ^ 赵竹青. 长征五号B遥二运载火箭末级残骸已再入大气层. 人民网. 2021-05-09 [2021-05-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-11）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 China Rocket: 4th Largest-Ever Space Debris Accident Strikes Close To Maldives. Forbes. 2021-05-09 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10）. 
  12. ^ what happens if the fall of Long March 5B hits Earth?. France24. 2021-05-09 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10）. 
  13. ^ High alert! China rocket hurtling to Earth at 18,000mph to crash land ANY MINUTE. Daily Express (London). 2021-05-09 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-14）. 
  14. ^ China's Long March 5B rocket debris crashes into Indian Ocean near Maldives, state media says. ABC News Australia. 2021-05-09 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-21）. 
  15. ^ Freeland. A giant piece of space junk is hurtling towards Earth. Here's how worried you should be. The Conversation. 2021-05-04 –通过ABC News Australia.  已忽略未知参数|first-Steven url= (帮助)
  16. ^ 解读：中国长征五号B火箭重返地球 风险和善后难度多大？. www.abc.net.au. 2021-05-07 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18） （中文）. 
  17. ^ Garrett, Epps. The Last Days Of Skylab. Washington Post Magazine. 1979-04-08 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-07）. 
  18. ^ Thompson, Tabatha. NASA Administrator Statement on Chinese Rocket Debris. NASA. 2021-05-08 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）. 
  19. ^ Fusée chinoise hors de contrôle : "Il faudra tirer les leçons de cet événement". LCI. [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17） （法语）. 
  20. ^ Νύχτα αγωνίας για τον κινεζικό πύραυλο - Επιφυλακή και στην Ελλάδα. sofokleous10.gr. 2021-05-08 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10） （希腊语）. 
  21. ^ US, Europe on Alert with Latest Out-Of-Control Chinese Rocket Forecast Impact. Weatherboy. 2021-05-08 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-12） （美国英语）. 
  22. ^ 黎堡. 五角大楼称正密切追踪失控中国长征5B号火箭残骸落地前的动向. 美国之音. 2021年5月6日 [2021年5月8日]. （原始内容存档于2021年5月6日）. 
  23. ^ Νύχτα αγωνίας για τον κινεζικό πύραυλο - Επιφυλακή και στην Ελλάδα. sofokleous10.gr. 2021-05-08 [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10） （美国英语）. 
  24. ^ Новости. Обновленные расчеты по ракете-носителю Long March 5B. www.roscosmos.ru. [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10）. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Новости. Обновленные расчеты по ракете-носителю Long March 5B. www.roscosmos.ru. [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10）. 
  26. ^ Lametino7. Razzo cinese, allestita sala operativa della Prociv Calabria per monitorare traiettoria. il Lametino.it - il giornale di Lamezia Terme e del lametino. [2021-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-14） （意大利语）. 
  27. ^ SpaceX火箭碎片落在华盛顿一名男子的农场里. cnBeta.COM. [2021-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-16）. 
  28. ^ SpaceX火箭的殘餘碎片又再次落入民眾手中！SpaceX表示：「這應該是安全的」. 明日科学. [2021-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）. 
  29. ^ 2021年5月10日外交部发言人华春莹主持例行记者会 — 中华人民共和国外交部. www.fmprc.gov.cn. [2021-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-17）. 
  30. ^ 中国再回应长征五号残骸：反对外空活动问题双标. 联合早报. [2021-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Misaka1366/沙盒&oldid=74777532”