針對女性的暴力行為

針對女性的暴力行為 （英文：Violence Against women，缩写：VAW）泛指针对女性或对女性产生影响的暴力行为。有时，这种行为属于一种仇恨罪行^[1]^[2]^[3]，指针对某一特定性别的犯罪行为。对女性的暴力行为是带有性别歧视的，也就是说，施暴者因为施暴对象是女性而对其实施暴力，或是由于父系社会的观念。联合国消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言表明：

“对妇女的暴力行为是历史上男女权利不平等关系的一种表现”“对妇女的暴力行为是严酷的社会机制之一，它迫使妇女陷入从属于男子的地位”^[4]

前任联合国秘书长科菲·安南在2006年发布在联合国妇女发展基金会（英文：United Nations Development Fund of Women，缩写：UNDFW）网站上的一篇报告中指出：

对妇女、女童的暴力行为是一个普遍的问题。全世界超过三分之一的女性都遭受到不同的程度上的暴力行为，包括毒打、强奸，熟识者的暴力行为。^[5]

针对女性的暴力可包括个体实施的暴力行为和国家实施的暴力行为。个体实施暴力的方式有强奸、家庭暴力、性骚扰、强制使用避孕药、溺弃女婴、产前性别选择、孕期暴力和聚众暴力。除此之外，有些不良传统和习俗也是针对女性的暴力行为，例如荣誉谋杀、嫁妆暴力、切割女性生殖器官、骗婚和逼婚。国家使用暴力的方式有，战时实施战争强奸、性暴力和性奴役行为；强制绝育、强制堕胎；警察和权贵人士实施的暴力行为；投石和鞭刑。犯罪集团有组织地实施非法买卖女性和强制卖淫活动，这些同样属于针对女性的暴力行为。^[6]

世界卫生组织 (WHO)，在其针对女性暴力的研究中，将女性一生分为五个阶段：“1) 出生前，2) 婴儿时期，3) 少女时期，4) 青春期和成人后，5) 晚年”^[7]。

这些年来，随着各种大会、欧盟组织提出女性暴力这一问题，故而越来越受到国际上的关注。欧盟法中包括性骚扰^[8]和贩卖人口^[9]相关法规。

参见

引用文献

^ Angelari, Marguerite. Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women. Karen J. Maschke (编). Pornography, sex work, and hate speech. Taylor & Francis. 1997 [2014-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.
^ Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage. 2013 [2014-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.
^ McPhail, Beverly. Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review. Barbara Perry (编). Hate and bias crime: a reader. Psychology Press. 2003 [2014-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.
^ A/RES/48/104 - 消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言. United Nations General Assembly. [2014-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-13）.
^ Moradian, Azad. Domestic Violence against Single and Married Women in Iranian Society. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Tolerancy International. September 2009. Retrieved 16 Nov. 2011.
^ Prügl, E. (Director) (November 25, 2013). Violence Against Women. Gender and International Affairs Class 2013. Lecture conducted from The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID), Geneva, Switzerland.
^ (1997). Violence against women: Definition and scope of the problem. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） World Health Organization, 1, 1-3. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] Angelari, Marguerite. Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women. Karen J. Maschke (编). Pornography, sex work, and hate speech. Taylor & Francis. 1997 [2014-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.

[2] Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage. 2013 [2014-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.

[3] McPhail, Beverly. Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review. Barbara Perry (编). Hate and bias crime: a reader. Psychology Press. 2003 [2014-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.

[4] A/RES/48/104 - 消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言. United Nations General Assembly. [2014-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-13）.

[Moradian-5] Moradian, Azad. Domestic Violence against Single and Married Women in Iranian Society. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Tolerancy International. September 2009. Retrieved 16 Nov. 2011.

[Prügl,_E._2013-6] Prügl, E. (Director) (November 25, 2013). Violence Against Women. Gender and International Affairs Class 2013. Lecture conducted from The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID), Geneva, Switzerland.

[7] (1997). Violence against women: Definition and scope of the problem. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） World Health Organization, 1, 1-3. Retrieved November 30, 2013.

[8] Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[9] DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]