反重力:修订间差异

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=== 第五种力 ===
=== 第五种力 ===
广义相对论认为任何形式的能量都要与时空相匹配,以此创造出提供重力的空间几何形态。一个长期存在的疑问是:这些公式是否都适用于反物质?这个问题被认为于1960年得到解决,解决方法来自正反共轭时空的对称性研究,这个理论证明了反物质与正物质遵循相同的物理定律。也就是说反物质拥有正能量还能够如同正物质一样带来引力并引起其变化(见反物质的引力作用)。


20世纪的最后25年里,物理学界被卷入到建立统一场论的大潮中。统一场论要解释四种基本力:引力、电磁力、强力和弱力(后两者存在于原子核内部)。物理学家已经在统一三种量子力上取得了进展,然而引力经过每一次尝试后仍然处于“问题阶段”。但是,这并没有阻止他们的尝试。
=== 广义相对论效应「翘曲引擎」 ===


一般来说,这些尝试通过假设一种粒子来“量化”引力,这种粒子被称为“引力子”,引力子如同光子携带电磁力一般携带引力。虽然这个方向上的简单尝试都失败了,但是得到了更多的试图解释这些问题的复杂案例。其中的两个案例就是超对称性和超引力的相对性。两者都需要极弱力的参与,这种极弱力就是“第五力”,为引力光子所携带的力。这个问题与一些量子力学领域“未了结的”问题纠结在一起成为一种问题组合。不止这两个理论,所有的理论都需要“第五种力”通过类似于反重力的方式对反物质产生影响,因为跟质量太不搭,而附带怪异感。在20世纪90年代有一些实验展开以测量这种效应,然而并没有积极的结果。
=== 突破推进物理项目 ===

=== 广义相对论中的“扭曲效应 ===
在描述广义相对论(可以描述“扭曲效应”)和稳定、可通过的虫洞理论的场公式中有一些解,但是,这些解自身并不重要,因为任何时空几何形态就是一个描述引力张量场(见广义相对论的精确解)的场公式的解。广义相对论并不限制空间的几何形态,除非引力张量有外部限制。扭曲效应和可通过虫洞的几何形态在大多数区域可以运用得很好,但是前提条件是这些区域需要奇物质(译者注:完全不符合普通的物理定律的物质)的参与。如果引力张量只是用于了解物质,那么扭曲效应和可通过的虫洞将作为解被排除掉。人们对暗物质和暗能量的了解不够,以至于现在还不能对如何应用扭曲效应作出大致的说明。

=== 物理学在推进领域的突破性研究 ===
20世纪末期,美国太空总署在1996年至2002年间为物理学在推进领域的突破性研究(BPP)提供了资金。这个项目旨在研究大量“激进”的太空推进设计,这些设计都是无法通过普通院校与商业渠道获得资金援助的项目。反重力之类的概念就被归到“正相反的推进”名下。物理学在推进领域的突破性研究在独立的状态下进行,不隶属于太空总署,而隶属于Τ0基金。


== 实验观察和商业效应 ==
== 实验观察和商业效应 ==
There have been a number of attempts to build anti-gravity devices, and a small number of reports of anti-gravity-like effects in the scientific literature. None of the examples that follow are accepted as reproducible examples of anti-gravity.


===Gyroscopic devices===
[[Image:H W Wallace force field figure 4.png|thumb|350px|A "kinemassic field" generator from {{US patent|3626605}}: Method and apparatus for generating a secondary gravitational force field]]
[[Gyroscope]]s produce a force when twisted that operates "out of plane" and can appear to lift themselves against gravity. Although this force is well understood to be illusory, even under Newtonian models, it has nevertheless generated numerous claims of anti-gravity devices and any number of patented devices. None of these devices have ever been demonstrated to work under controlled conditions, and have often become the subject of [[conspiracy theories]] as a result. A famous example is that of Professor [[Eric Laithwaite]] of Imperial College, London, in the 1974 address to the Royal Institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rexresearch.com/laithwat/laithw1.htm#art1|title=Eric LAITHWAITE Gyroscope Levitation|work=Rex research|publisher=rexresearch.com|accessdate=23 October 2010}}</ref>


Another "rotating device" example is shown in a series of patents granted to Henry Wallace between 1968 and 1974. His devices consist of rapidly spinning disks of [[brass]], a material made up largely of elements with a total half-integer nuclear spin. He claimed that by rapidly rotating a disk of such material, the [[nuclear spin]] became aligned, and as a result created a "gravitomagnetic" field in a fashion similar to the magnetic field created by the [[Barnett effect]].<ref>{{US patent|3626606}}</ref><ref>{{US patent|3626605}}</ref><ref>{{US patent|3823570}}</ref> No independent testing or public demonstration of these devices is known.


In 1989, it was reported that a weight decreases along the axis of a right spinning gyroscope.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hayasaka, H.|author2=Takeuchi, S.|last-author-amp=yes |date=1989|url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.2701|work=[[Physics Review Letters]]|title=Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope’s right rotations around the vertical axis on the Earth|volume=63|issue=25|pages=2701–2704|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.2701|bibcode=1989PhRvL..63.2701H}}</ref> A test of this claim a year later yielded null results.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nitschke, J. M.|author2=Wilmath, P. A.|last-author-amp=yes|url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2115|title=Null result for the weight change of a spinning gyroscope|date=1990|work=[[Physics Review Letters]]|volume=64| issue=18|pages=2115–2116|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2115|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.2701|accessdate=January 5, 2014|bibcode = 1989PhRvL..63.2701H }}</ref> A recommendation was made to conduct further tests at a 1999 AIP conference.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Iwanaga, N.|date=1999|title=Reviews of some field propulsion methods from the general relativistic standpoint|work=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=458|pages=1015–1059}}.</ref>
=== 托马斯·汤森·布朗-引力发生器 ===


===Thomas Townsend Brown's gravitator===
=== 电引力相互效应 ===
{{Further|Biefeld-Brown effect|Electrogravitics|United States gravity control propulsion research#Brown's gravitator}}
In 1921, while still in high school, [[Thomas Townsend Brown]] found that a high-voltage [[Coolidge tube]] seemed to change mass depending on its orientation on a balance scale. Through the 1920s Brown developed this into devices that combined high voltages with materials with high [[dielectric]] constants (essentially large [[capacitors]]); he called such a device a "gravitator". Brown made the claim to observers and in the media that his experiments were showing anti-gravity effects. Brown would continue his work and produced a series of high-voltage devices in the following years in attempts to sell his ideas to aircraft companies and the military. He coined the names [[Biefeld–Brown effect]] and [[electrogravitics]] in conjunction with his devices. Brown tested his asymmetrical capacitor devices in a vacuum, supposedly showing it was not a more down to earth [[electrohydrodynamic]] effect generated by high voltage ion flow in air.


Electrogravitics is a popular topic in [[ufology]], anti-gravity, [[Free energy suppression|free energy]], with government conspiracy theorists and related websites, in books and publications with claims that the technology became highly classified in the early 1960s and that it is used to power UFOs and the B-2 bomber.<ref name="Wired">{{Cite news
=== Tajmar ===
| magazine = Wired Magazine
| date = August 2003
| title = The Antigravity Underground
| last = Thompson
| first = Clive
| url = http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.08/pwr_antigravity.html
| postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->
}}</ref> There is also research and videos on the internet purported to show lifter-style capacitor devices working in a vacuum, therefore not receiving propulsion from ion drift or [[ion wind]] being generated in air.<ref name="Wired"/><ref>Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology, Integrity Research Institute, page 52-58</ref>


Follow-up studies on Brown's work and other claims have been conducted by R. L. Talley in a 1990 US Air Force study, NASA scientist Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment,<ref>{{Cite news
== 约定俗成效力中的伪反重力效应 ==
| magazine = Wired Magazine
*[[飄升機]]
| date = August 2003
| title = The Antigravity Underground
| last = Thompson
| first = Clive
| url = http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.08/pwr_antigravity.html
| postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->
}}</ref> and [[Martin Tajmar]] in a 2004 paper.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tajmar | first1 = M. | title = Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena | journal = AIAA Journal | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 315 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.2514/1.9095|bibcode = 2004AIAAJ..42..315T }}</ref> They have found that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum and that Brown's and other [[Ionocraft|ion lifter]] devices produce thrust along their axis regardless of the direction of gravity consistent with electrohydrodynamic effects.


===Gravitoelectric coupling===
== 参考 ==
In 1992, the Russian researcher [[Eugene Podkletnov]] claimed to have discovered, whilst experimenting with [[superconductor]]s, that a fast rotating superconductor reduces the gravitational effect.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Podkletnov|first1=E|last2=Nieminen|first2=R |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/092145349290055H |title=A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor|journal=[[Physica C]] |volume=203|issue=3–4|date=December 10, 1992|pages=441–444|accessdate=April 29, 2014|bibcode = 1992PhyC..203..441P |doi = 10.1016/0921-4534(92)90055-H }}</ref> Many studies have attempted to reproduce Podkletnov's experiment, always to negative results.<ref>{{cite journal| display-authors=4| author=N. Li| author2=D. Noever| author3=T. Robertson| author4=R. Koczor| author5=W. Brantley| last-author-amp=yes |title=Static Test for a Gravitational Force Coupled to Type II YBCO Superconductors|journal=[[Physica C]]|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921453497014627|volume=281|issue=2-3|date=August 1997|pages=260–267|bibcode = 1997PhyC..281..260L |doi = 10.1016/S0921-4534(97)01462-7 }}</ref><ref>Woods, C., Cooke, S., Helme, J., and Caldwell, C., "Gravity Modification by High Temperature Superconductors," Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA 2001–3363, (2001).</ref><ref>Hathaway, G., Cleveland, B., and Bao, Y., "Gravity Modification Experiment using a Rotating Superconducting Disc and Radio Frequency Fields," Physica C, 385, 488–500, (2003).</ref><ref>Tajmar, M., and de Matos, C.J., "Gravitomagnetic Field of a Rotating Superconductor and of a Rotating Superfluid," Physica C, 385(4), 551–554, (2003).</ref>
{{reflist|2}}

{{refbegin}}
[[Ning Li (physicist)|Ning Li]] and [[Douglas Torr]], of the [[University of Alabama in Huntsville]] proposed how a time dependent magnetic field could cause the spins of the lattice ions in a superconductor to generate detectable [[gravitomagnetic]] and gravitoelectric fields in a series of papers published between 1991 and 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Physical Review|date=September 1, 1992|url=http://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.46.5489|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.46.5489|title=Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of superconductors|last1=Li|first1=Ning|last2=Torr|first2=DG|volume=B46|page=5489|accessdate=March 6, 2014|bibcode = 1992PhRvB..46.5489L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Physical Review|date=January 15, 1991|url=http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.43.457|title=Effects of a gravitomagnetic field on pure superconductors|last1=Li|first1=Ning|last2=Torr|first2=DG|volume=D43|page=457|accessdate=March 6, 2014|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.43.457|bibcode = 1991PhRvD..43..457L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Ning|last2=Torr|first2=DG|journal=Foundations of Physics Letters|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00665654|title=Gravitoelectric-electric coupling via superconductivity|volume=6|issue=4|pages=371–383|date=August 1993|accessdate=March 6, 2014|bibcode = 1993FoPhL...6..371T |doi = 10.1007/BF00665654 }}</ref> In 1999, Li and her team appeared in ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'', claiming to have constructed a working [[prototype]] to generate what she described as "AC Gravity." No further evidence of this prototype has been offered.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-65730414.html|title=Taming Gravity|publisher=HighBeam Reseatch|work=Popular Mechanics|date=October 1, 2000|first=Jim|last=Wilson|accessdate=January 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.light-science.com/gen2.html|title=Gravity Conquered?|last=Cain|first=Jeanette|publisher=light-science.com|accessdate=January 5, 2014}}</ref>
*Cady, W. M. (1952, September 15). "Thomas Townsend Brown: Electro-Gravity Device" (File 24-185). Pasadena, CA: Office of Naval Research. Public access to the report was authorized on October 1, 1952.

*Li, N., & Torr, D. (1991). ''Physical Review'', '''43D''', 457.
Douglas Torr and [[Timir Datta]] were involved in the development of a "gravity generator" at the [[University of South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent and Copyright Committee List of Disclosures Reviewed Between July 1996 and June 1997 - USC ID No. 96140|url=http://www.sc.edu/faculty/senate/97/annual/patentlist.html|accessdate=April 30, 2014}}</ref> According to a leaked document from the Office of Technology Transfer at the University of South Carolina and confirmed to [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] reporter Charles Platt in 1998, the device would create a "force beam" in any desired direction and that the university planned to patent and license this device. No further information about this university research project or the "Gravity Generator" device was ever made public.<ref name=Platt1998>{{cite news|last=Platt|first=Charles|title=Breaking the Law of Gravity|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.03/antigravity_pr.html|newspaper=Wired|date=June 3, 1998|accessdate=May 1, 2014}}</ref>
*Li, N., & Torr, D. (1992a). ''Physical Review'', '''46B''', 5489.

*Li, N., & Torr, D. (1992b). ''Bulletin of the American Physical Society'', '''37''', 441.
===Göde Award===
{{refend}}
The Institute for Gravity Research of the Göde Scientific Foundation has tried to reproduce many of the different experiments which claim any "anti-gravity" effects. All attempts by this group to observe an anti-gravity effect by reproducing past experiments have been unsuccessful thus far. The foundation has offered a reward of one million euros for a reproducible anti-gravity experiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goede-stiftung.org/uk/institute-for-gravity-research/goede-award.html|title=The Göde award - One Million Euro to overcome gravity|publisher=Institute of Gravity Research|accessdate=January 2, 2014}}</ref>


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==
第81行: 第111行:
* [[磁力漂浮]]
* [[磁力漂浮]]
* [[:en:Apergy|Apergy]]
* [[:en:Apergy|Apergy]]

== 参考 ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
*Cady, W. M. (1952, September 15). "Thomas Townsend Brown: Electro-Gravity Device" (File 24-185). Pasadena, CA: Office of Naval Research. Public access to the report was authorized on October 1, 1952.
*Li, N., & Torr, D. (1991). ''Physical Review'', '''43D''', 457.
*Li, N., & Torr, D. (1992a). ''Physical Review'', '''46B''', 5489.
*Li, N., & Torr, D. (1992b). ''Bulletin of the American Physical Society'', '''37''', 441.
{{refend}}


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==

2015年10月30日 (五) 10:53的版本

反重力一詞常見於宇宙論和星體動力學。該詞的概念是希望能创造一个物体或者空间,可以不受重力影响。它并不是指一種失重狀態,例如自由落體或衛星運行,也不是指用別的力來平衡萬有引力,例如用電磁力或空氣動力;反重力的基础缘由是指透过一种科技的干预,让反重力的物体或者空间可以使引力场不复存在或者不会对物体或空间造成影响。反重力一般会在科学幻想中被提及,特别是在航天器推进这一内容中。这种概念首次在赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯的科幻作品《月球上最早的人类》中出现,从此反重力成为幻想科技中最受欢迎的部分。

在人类首个数学化描述引力的文献:牛顿万有引力定律中,引力被描述成未知介质传递的外力。然而,在20世纪早期,牛顿的模型被更普遍和完整描述的广义相对论所替代。在广义相对论中,引力不是传统意义上的力,是空间维度自身的一种特征。这种几何算法通常情况下会产生互相吸引的「力量」。在广义相对论的范围里,反重力是非常不可能的,除非在非自然状况下,但即使如此,反重力同样不太可能產生。[1][2][3] 量子力学将重力设定为能够传递力量并且无质量基本粒子引力子,有没有可能创造或消灭重力是不确定的。

“反重力”通常指被看作能够反转重力的设备,即使通过其他方式达到这个目的,例如:依靠电磁场运行的“飘升机[4][5]

假设的解决方案

引力护盾

在一些科学幻想故事中,存在一种反重力设定,即存在一种设备能局部或完整的影响引力效应。把这种设备放在物体的下方则能减小或完全消除引力对该物体的影响,允许该物体使用很小的作用力就可以飘离地球表面。在牛顿引力定律中,引力是一种点对点作用力的传输,从这一点出发就很有可能;引力场会被另外一个场所屏蔽,同理,磁场可以被抗磁性物质所屏蔽。

目前有很强有力的理由相信,并没有这种物质存在。考虑如下情况:将这种物质安装在轮子的一侧,安装这种物质的一侧将不会有重量,那么另一侧会持续「跌落」到轴的对侧。这种运动会持续的产生能量却没有消耗,这很明显违背的热力学第一定律。更广泛讲,它会遵循高斯定律,静态二次衰减场(例如地球引力场)是无法被屏蔽的(磁力是固定的,但立方衰减)。在广义相对论下,整个命题是一个不合逻辑的推论

1948年,一个成功的商人罗杰·巴布森巴布森学院的创始人),建立了重力研究基金會Gravity Research Foundation),来研究可以阻隔重力的方法。[6] 基金會不時召开会议,参加会议的人包含发明急冻食品机的克拉伦斯·伯宰和发明直升机塞考斯基。基金會初期研究如何阻隔重力,後來變為嘗試了解重力。基金会在罗杰·巴布森1967年去世之后曾一度消失。然而它的論文獎還一直在营运着,獎金金额可高達5000美金。到2007年基金会一直在馬薩諸塞州韋爾斯利鎮经营,由基金会原董事的儿子,小乔治·瑞得奥管理。最近的得奖者包含加利福尼亚天体物理学家乔治·斯穆特,後來他獲得2006年诺贝尔物理学奖。 综上所述,引力场在目前的科学论证下,不可能有材料可以隔绝

第二次世界大战研究的统一场理论

20世纪50年代的广义相对论研究

负质量

根据广义相对论,引力产生于由质量导致的空间几何(普通空间形状的改变)。这个理论认为,有质量的物体弯曲了空间,从而导致了“引力”,而引力只是弯曲空间的一种性质,并非一种真正的力。尽管方程一般不会产生一种“负几何”,但利用“负质量”来制造却是有可能的。这些方程并没有排除负质量的可能性。

广义相对论和牛顿万有引力理论都预言,负质量将会产生相斥的引力场。赫尔曼·邦迪爵士在1957年指出,负引力质量和负惯性质量和广义相对论的等效原理以及牛顿力学的线性动量守恒和能量守恒定律是相容的。邦迪的证明为广义相对论方程得到了一个没有奇点的解。[7]1988年6月,罗伯特·L·佛瓦德在AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE的24届共同推进大会上展示了一篇论文,提出了一种负引力质量推进系统。[8]

每一个质点都对其他质点产生一个沿着两个质点的连线的吸引。这个力和两个质点的质量的积成正比,和两个质点的距离的平方成反比:

其中:

  • 是两个质点之间引力的大小,
  • G引力常数
  • |m1| >0是第一个质点的(负)质量,
  • m2 >0是第二个质点的质量,
  • r是两个质点之间的距离。

邦迪指出,一个负质量的物体会靠近(而不是远离)一个“正常”质量的物体,这是因为即使引力场是互斥的,负质量(根据牛顿定律,F=ma)会朝与力相反的方向产生加速度。相反,正常质量的物体会远离负质量。他指出,两个质量一样,但一正一负的物体,如果放在一起的话,将会自己沿着二者连线产生加速,负质量一直追着正质量。[7]因为负质量拥有负动能,这两个物体的总能量仍然是零。佛瓦德指出,自己产生加速度的现象的原因是负惯性质量,不需要二者之间的引力。[8]

粒子物理的标准模型描述了所以已知形式的质量,但是并没有把负质量包括进来。尽管宇宙中的暗物质可能是由标准模型以外的粒子组成,它们的质量却是已知的,因为其质量是由他们对周围物质的引力效应推导出来的,毫无疑问是正质量。(然而,宇宙中的暗能量却更加复杂,因为根据广义相对论,它的能量密度和它的负压强都是其引力效应的因素。)

第五种力

广义相对论认为任何形式的能量都要与时空相匹配,以此创造出提供重力的空间几何形态。一个长期存在的疑问是:这些公式是否都适用于反物质?这个问题被认为于1960年得到解决,解决方法来自正反共轭时空的对称性研究,这个理论证明了反物质与正物质遵循相同的物理定律。也就是说反物质拥有正能量还能够如同正物质一样带来引力并引起其变化(见反物质的引力作用)。

20世纪的最后25年里,物理学界被卷入到建立统一场论的大潮中。统一场论要解释四种基本力:引力、电磁力、强力和弱力(后两者存在于原子核内部)。物理学家已经在统一三种量子力上取得了进展,然而引力经过每一次尝试后仍然处于“问题阶段”。但是,这并没有阻止他们的尝试。

一般来说,这些尝试通过假设一种粒子来“量化”引力,这种粒子被称为“引力子”,引力子如同光子携带电磁力一般携带引力。虽然这个方向上的简单尝试都失败了,但是得到了更多的试图解释这些问题的复杂案例。其中的两个案例就是超对称性和超引力的相对性。两者都需要极弱力的参与,这种极弱力就是“第五力”,为引力光子所携带的力。这个问题与一些量子力学领域“未了结的”问题纠结在一起成为一种问题组合。不止这两个理论,所有的理论都需要“第五种力”通过类似于反重力的方式对反物质产生影响,因为跟质量太不搭,而附带怪异感。在20世纪90年代有一些实验展开以测量这种效应,然而并没有积极的结果。

广义相对论中的“扭曲效应”

在描述广义相对论(可以描述“扭曲效应”)和稳定、可通过的虫洞理论的场公式中有一些解,但是,这些解自身并不重要,因为任何时空几何形态就是一个描述引力张量场(见广义相对论的精确解)的场公式的解。广义相对论并不限制空间的几何形态,除非引力张量有外部限制。扭曲效应和可通过虫洞的几何形态在大多数区域可以运用得很好,但是前提条件是这些区域需要奇物质(译者注:完全不符合普通的物理定律的物质)的参与。如果引力张量只是用于了解物质,那么扭曲效应和可通过的虫洞将作为解被排除掉。人们对暗物质和暗能量的了解不够,以至于现在还不能对如何应用扭曲效应作出大致的说明。

物理学在推进领域的突破性研究

20世纪末期,美国太空总署在1996年至2002年间为物理学在推进领域的突破性研究(BPP)提供了资金。这个项目旨在研究大量“激进”的太空推进设计,这些设计都是无法通过普通院校与商业渠道获得资金援助的项目。反重力之类的概念就被归到“正相反的推进”名下。物理学在推进领域的突破性研究在独立的状态下进行,不隶属于太空总署,而隶属于Τ0基金。

实验观察和商业效应

There have been a number of attempts to build anti-gravity devices, and a small number of reports of anti-gravity-like effects in the scientific literature. None of the examples that follow are accepted as reproducible examples of anti-gravity.

Gyroscopic devices

A "kinemassic field" generator from 美國專利第3,626,605号: Method and apparatus for generating a secondary gravitational force field

Gyroscopes produce a force when twisted that operates "out of plane" and can appear to lift themselves against gravity. Although this force is well understood to be illusory, even under Newtonian models, it has nevertheless generated numerous claims of anti-gravity devices and any number of patented devices. None of these devices have ever been demonstrated to work under controlled conditions, and have often become the subject of conspiracy theories as a result. A famous example is that of Professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College, London, in the 1974 address to the Royal Institution.[9]

Another "rotating device" example is shown in a series of patents granted to Henry Wallace between 1968 and 1974. His devices consist of rapidly spinning disks of brass, a material made up largely of elements with a total half-integer nuclear spin. He claimed that by rapidly rotating a disk of such material, the nuclear spin became aligned, and as a result created a "gravitomagnetic" field in a fashion similar to the magnetic field created by the Barnett effect.[10][11][12] No independent testing or public demonstration of these devices is known.

In 1989, it was reported that a weight decreases along the axis of a right spinning gyroscope.[13] A test of this claim a year later yielded null results.[14] A recommendation was made to conduct further tests at a 1999 AIP conference.[15]

Thomas Townsend Brown's gravitator

In 1921, while still in high school, Thomas Townsend Brown found that a high-voltage Coolidge tube seemed to change mass depending on its orientation on a balance scale. Through the 1920s Brown developed this into devices that combined high voltages with materials with high dielectric constants (essentially large capacitors); he called such a device a "gravitator". Brown made the claim to observers and in the media that his experiments were showing anti-gravity effects. Brown would continue his work and produced a series of high-voltage devices in the following years in attempts to sell his ideas to aircraft companies and the military. He coined the names Biefeld–Brown effect and electrogravitics in conjunction with his devices. Brown tested his asymmetrical capacitor devices in a vacuum, supposedly showing it was not a more down to earth electrohydrodynamic effect generated by high voltage ion flow in air.

Electrogravitics is a popular topic in ufology, anti-gravity, free energy, with government conspiracy theorists and related websites, in books and publications with claims that the technology became highly classified in the early 1960s and that it is used to power UFOs and the B-2 bomber.[16] There is also research and videos on the internet purported to show lifter-style capacitor devices working in a vacuum, therefore not receiving propulsion from ion drift or ion wind being generated in air.[16][17]

Follow-up studies on Brown's work and other claims have been conducted by R. L. Talley in a 1990 US Air Force study, NASA scientist Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment,[18] and Martin Tajmar in a 2004 paper.[19] They have found that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum and that Brown's and other ion lifter devices produce thrust along their axis regardless of the direction of gravity consistent with electrohydrodynamic effects.

Gravitoelectric coupling

In 1992, the Russian researcher Eugene Podkletnov claimed to have discovered, whilst experimenting with superconductors, that a fast rotating superconductor reduces the gravitational effect.[20] Many studies have attempted to reproduce Podkletnov's experiment, always to negative results.[21][22][23][24]

Ning Li and Douglas Torr, of the University of Alabama in Huntsville proposed how a time dependent magnetic field could cause the spins of the lattice ions in a superconductor to generate detectable gravitomagnetic and gravitoelectric fields in a series of papers published between 1991 and 1993.[25][26][27] In 1999, Li and her team appeared in Popular Mechanics, claiming to have constructed a working prototype to generate what she described as "AC Gravity." No further evidence of this prototype has been offered.[28][29]

Douglas Torr and Timir Datta were involved in the development of a "gravity generator" at the University of South Carolina.[30] According to a leaked document from the Office of Technology Transfer at the University of South Carolina and confirmed to Wired reporter Charles Platt in 1998, the device would create a "force beam" in any desired direction and that the university planned to patent and license this device. No further information about this university research project or the "Gravity Generator" device was ever made public.[31]

Göde Award

The Institute for Gravity Research of the Göde Scientific Foundation has tried to reproduce many of the different experiments which claim any "anti-gravity" effects. All attempts by this group to observe an anti-gravity effect by reproducing past experiments have been unsuccessful thus far. The foundation has offered a reward of one million euros for a reproducible anti-gravity experiment.[32]

参见

参考

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  2. ^ Wald, Robert M. General Relativity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1984. ISBN 0-226-87033-2. 
  3. ^ Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press. A modern textbook
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  5. ^ On the Verge of Antigravity. About.com. [23 July 2010]. 
  6. ^ Mooallem, J. (2007, October). A curious attraction. Harper's Magazine, 315 (1889), pp. 84-91.
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  9. ^ Eric LAITHWAITE Gyroscope Levitation. Rex research. rexresearch.com. [23 October 2010]. 
  10. ^ 美國專利第3,626,606号
  11. ^ 美國專利第3,626,605号
  12. ^ 美國專利第3,823,570号
  13. ^ Hayasaka, H. & Takeuchi, S. Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope’s right rotations around the vertical axis on the Earth. Physics Review Letters. 1989, 63 (25): 2701–2704. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..63.2701H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.2701. 
  14. ^ Nitschke, J. M. & Wilmath, P. A. Null result for the weight change of a spinning gyroscope. Physics Review Letters. 1990, 64 (18): 2115–2116 [January 5, 2014]. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..63.2701H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.2701. 
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  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Thompson, Clive. The Antigravity Underground. Wired Magazine. August 2003.  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite news}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite magazine}}|newspaper=) (帮助)
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  18. ^ Thompson, Clive. The Antigravity Underground. Wired Magazine. August 2003.  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite news}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite magazine}}|newspaper=) (帮助)
  19. ^ Tajmar, M. Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena. AIAA Journal. 2004, 42 (2): 315. Bibcode:2004AIAAJ..42..315T. doi:10.2514/1.9095. 
  20. ^ Podkletnov, E; Nieminen, R. A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor. Physica C. December 10, 1992, 203 (3–4): 441–444 [April 29, 2014]. Bibcode:1992PhyC..203..441P. doi:10.1016/0921-4534(92)90055-H. 
  21. ^ N. Li; D. Noever; T. Robertson; R. Koczor; et al. Static Test for a Gravitational Force Coupled to Type II YBCO Superconductors. Physica C. August 1997, 281 (2-3): 260–267. Bibcode:1997PhyC..281..260L. doi:10.1016/S0921-4534(97)01462-7. 
  22. ^ Woods, C., Cooke, S., Helme, J., and Caldwell, C., "Gravity Modification by High Temperature Superconductors," Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA 2001–3363, (2001).
  23. ^ Hathaway, G., Cleveland, B., and Bao, Y., "Gravity Modification Experiment using a Rotating Superconducting Disc and Radio Frequency Fields," Physica C, 385, 488–500, (2003).
  24. ^ Tajmar, M., and de Matos, C.J., "Gravitomagnetic Field of a Rotating Superconductor and of a Rotating Superfluid," Physica C, 385(4), 551–554, (2003).
  25. ^ Li, Ning; Torr, DG. Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of superconductors. Physical Review. September 1, 1992, B46: 5489 [March 6, 2014]. Bibcode:1992PhRvB..46.5489L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.46.5489. 
  26. ^ Li, Ning; Torr, DG. Effects of a gravitomagnetic field on pure superconductors. Physical Review. January 15, 1991, D43: 457 [March 6, 2014]. Bibcode:1991PhRvD..43..457L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.43.457. 
  27. ^ Li, Ning; Torr, DG. Gravitoelectric-electric coupling via superconductivity. Foundations of Physics Letters. August 1993, 6 (4): 371–383 [March 6, 2014]. Bibcode:1993FoPhL...6..371T. doi:10.1007/BF00665654. 
  28. ^ Wilson, Jim. Taming Gravity. Popular Mechanics (HighBeam Reseatch). October 1, 2000 [January 5, 2014]. 
  29. ^ Cain, Jeanette. Gravity Conquered?. light-science.com. [January 5, 2014]. 
  30. ^ Patent and Copyright Committee List of Disclosures Reviewed Between July 1996 and June 1997 - USC ID No. 96140. [April 30, 2014]. 
  31. ^ Platt, Charles. Breaking the Law of Gravity. Wired. June 3, 1998 [May 1, 2014]. 
  32. ^ The Göde award - One Million Euro to overcome gravity. Institute of Gravity Research. [January 2, 2014]. 
  • Cady, W. M. (1952, September 15). "Thomas Townsend Brown: Electro-Gravity Device" (File 24-185). Pasadena, CA: Office of Naval Research. Public access to the report was authorized on October 1, 1952.
  • Li, N., & Torr, D. (1991). Physical Review, 43D, 457.
  • Li, N., & Torr, D. (1992a). Physical Review, 46B, 5489.
  • Li, N., & Torr, D. (1992b). Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 37, 441.

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