黑暗网站：修订间差异

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{{about|[[黑暗网络]]的网站|传统的网络搜索引擎无法访问到的網站內容|深网}}
{{about|[[黑暗网络]]的网站|传统的网络搜索引擎无法访问到的網站內容|深网}}
'''暗網'''（{{lang-en|Dark web}}）是存在于[[黑暗网络]]上的[[万维网]]内容，只能用特殊軟體、特殊授權、或對電腦做特殊設定才能访问，使用一般的瀏覽器和搜尋引擎找不到暗網的內容。暗网的伺服器位址和数据传输通常是[[匿名服务列表|匿名]]、匿蹤的。


'''暗网'''（{{lang-en|Dark web}}）是存在于[[黑暗网络]]、[[覆盖网络]]上的[[万维网]]内容，只能用特殊軟體、特殊授權、或對電腦做特殊設定才能访问<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=Hacker Lexicon: What Is the dark web?|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|publisher=Wired|accessdate=2015-08-27|date=2014-11-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830233549/http://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web|archivedate=2015-08-30}}</ref><ref name=pcadvisor>{{cite news|last1=Egan|first1=Matt|title=What is the dark web? How to access the dark website – How to turn out the lights and access the dark web (and why you might want to)|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/internet/what-is-dark-web-how-access-dark-web-3593569/|accessdate=2015-06-18|date=2015-01-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619001447/http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/internet/what-is-dark-web-how-access-dark-web-3593569/|archivedate=2015-06-19}}</ref>。暗网构成了[[深网]]的一小部分，深网网络没有被[[网络搜索引擎]]索引，有时“深网”这一术语被错误地用于指代暗网<ref name="dictionary">{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Jane|title=The Deep Web vs. The dark web|url=http://blog.dictionary.com/dark-web/|accessdate=2015-05-26|date=2015-05-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150509023641/http://blog.dictionary.com/dark-web/|archivedate=2015-05-09}}</ref><ref name="dark_web">{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=Hacker Lexicon: What Is the dark web?|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|accessdate=2015-06-06 |date=2014-11-19 |work=Wired|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607062159/http://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|archivedate=2015-06-07}}{{cite web|url=http://www.brightplanet.com/2014/03/clearing-confusion-deep-web-vs-dark-web/|title=Clearing Up Confusion – Deep Web vs. dark web|website=BrightPlanet|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516160539/http://www.brightplanet.com/2014/03/clearing-confusion-deep-web-vs-dark-web/|archivedate=2015-05-16}}</ref><ref name="npr.org">{{cite news|last1=NPR Staff|title=Going Dark: The Internet Behind The Internet|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/05/25/315821415/going-dark-the-internet-behind-the-internet|accessdate=2015-05-29|date=2014-05-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527071850/http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/05/25/315821415/going-dark-the-internet-behind-the-internet|archivedate=2015-05-27}}</ref><ref>The dark web Revealed. ''Popular Science''. pp. 20–21</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=Hacker Lexicon: What Is the dark web?|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|accessdate=2015-06-06|date=2014-11-19 |work=Wired|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607062159/http://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|archivedate=2015-06-07}}</ref>。
组成暗网的黑暗网络有許多種類，所有暗網的集合组成了[[深网]]的一部分。常見的小規模黑暗网络是朋友之間使用[[對等網路|P2P]]分享檔案，目前最大規模的黑暗网络則是[[Tor]]匿名服務。<ref>{{cite news|author1=E安全|title=網絡世界解密：暗網與深網的區別|url=https://www.easyaq.com/news/3638.shtml|accessdate=2018-01-19|agency=E安全|date=2015-11-13 09:25}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|author1=我很好奇|title=“深网”和“暗网”的区别及基础扫盲|url=http://chitanda.me/2016/08/19/difference-between-deepweb-and-darkweb|accessdate=2018-01-19|agency=我很好奇|date=2016-08-19}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|author1=cmiller202015|title=Facebook vs Google: The Battle For The Dark Web|url=https://cademiller123.wordpress.com/2015/01/22/facebook-vs-google-the-battle-for-the-dark-web|accessdate=2018-01-19|agency=CADEMILLER123|date=January 22, 2015}}</ref>暗網之外的網際網路就是[[明網]]，因為上面的內容通常是不加密的。<ref>{{cite web|title=Clearnet vs hidden services – why you should be careful|url=http://www.deepdotweb.com/jolly-rogers-security-guide-for-beginners/clearnet-vs-hidden-services-why-you-should-be-careful/|website=DeepDotWeb|accessdate=4 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628204337/https://www.deepdotweb.com/jolly-rogers-security-guide-for-beginners/clearnet-vs-hidden-services-why-you-should-be-careful/|archivedate=28 June 2015|df=}}</ref>


构成暗网的黑暗网络包括[[朋友对朋友]]式的小型[[点对点网络]]以及由公共组织和个人运营的大型流行网络，如[[Tor]]、[[自由网]]、[[I2P]]和[[Riffle]]。暗网用户基于常规网络[[明文|未加密]]的性质将其称为[[明網]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Clearnet vs hidden services – why you should be careful|url=http://www.deepdotweb.com/jolly-rogers-security-guide-for-beginners/clearnet-vs-hidden-services-why-you-should-be-careful/|website=[[DeepDotWeb]]|accessdate=2015-06-04|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628204337/https://www.deepdotweb.com/jolly-rogers-security-guide-for-beginners/clearnet-vs-hidden-services-why-you-should-be-careful/|archivedate=2015-06-28}}</ref>。Tor暗网可以称为'''洋葱区域'''（onionland）<ref name="darknetthing">{{cite news|last1=Chacos|first1=Brad|title=Meet Darknet, the hidden, anonymous underbelly of the searchable Web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2046227/meet-darknet-the-hidden-anonymous-underbelly-of-the-searchable-web.html|accessdate=2015-08-16|date=2013-08-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812065847/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2046227/meet-darknet-the-hidden-anonymous-underbelly-of-the-searchable-web.html|archivedate=2015-08-12}}</ref>，其使用网络[[頂級域]]后缀[[.onion]]和[[洋葱路由]]的流量匿名化技术。
== 参考文献 ==

{{Reflist}}
==术语==
暗网经常与[[深网]]相混淆，后者指的是搜索引擎未索引（不能搜索到）的那部分网络。这种混淆至少可以追溯到2009年<ref>{{cite news|last1=Beckett|first1=Andy|title=The dark side of the internet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/dark-side-internet-freenet|accessdate=2015-08-09|date=2009-11-26|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908073158/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/dark-side-internet-freenet|archivedate=2013-09-08}}</ref>。从那时起，特别是在报道[[絲路 (購物網站)|丝绸之路]]网站时，这两个词经常被混淆<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daily Mail Reporter|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2454735/The-disturbing-world-Deep-Web-contract-killers-drug-dealers-ply-trade-internet.html|title=The disturbing world of the Deep Web, where contract killers and drug dealers ply their trade on the internet|accessdate=2015-05-25|date=2013-10-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131030190858/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2454735/The-disturbing-world-Deep-Web-contract-killers-drug-dealers-ply-trade-internet.html|archivedate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/145885/nasa-is-indexing-the-deep-web-to-show-mankind-what-google-wont/|title=NASA is indexing the 'Deep Web' to show mankind what Google won't|website=Fusion|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630010143/http://fusion.net/story/145885/nasa-is-indexing-the-deep-web-to-show-mankind-what-google-wont/|archivedate=2015-06-30}}</ref>，有人建议应该区分它们<ref name="npr.org"/><ref name="confusion">{{cite web|url=http://www.brightplanet.com/2014/03/clearing-confusion-deep-web-vs-dark-web/|title=Clearing Up Confusion – Deep Web vs. Dark Web|website=BrightPlanet|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516160539/http://www.brightplanet.com/2014/03/clearing-confusion-deep-web-vs-dark-web/|archivedate=2015-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Jane|title=The Deep Web vs. The Dark Web|url=http://blog.dictionary.com/dark-web/|accessdate=2015-05-26|date=2015-05-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150509023641/http://blog.dictionary.com/dark-web/|archivedate=2015-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=Hacker Lexicon: What Is the Dark Web?|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|accessdate=2015-06-06|date=2014-11-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607062159/http://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/|archivedate=2015-06-07}}</ref>。

== 定义 ==
{{main|黑暗网络}}

黑暗网络网站只能通过[[Tor]]（“洋葱路由”项目）和[[I2P]]（“隐形网计划”）等网络访问<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hplusmagazine.com/2015/06/29/the-deep-web-and-its-darknets/|title=The Deep Web and Its Darknets – h+ Media|date=2015-06-29|website=h+ Media|access-date=2016-11-18|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706093936/http://hplusmagazine.com/2015/06/29/the-deep-web-and-its-darknets/|archivedate=2015-07-06}}</ref>。黑暗网络用户广泛使用Tor浏览器和Tor可访问的站点，站点可以通过“.onion”域名识别<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=390cc066-699e-4f33-860a-9d2dd97d9285@sessionmgr107&vid=0&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU=#AN=117120750&db=edo|title=The 21st Century DarkNet Market: Lessons from the Fall of Silk Road: Start Your Search!|website=eds.b.ebscohost.com|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref>。Tor专注于提供对互联网的匿名访问，而I2P则专注于匿名网站托管<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crenshaw,|first1=Adrian.|year=|title=Darknets and hidden servers: Identifying the true ip/network identity of i2p service hosts, Black Hat (2011)|url=|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>。分层加密系统使得黑暗网络用户的身份和位置保持匿名，无法被追踪。黑暗网络加密技术通过大量中间服务器发送用户数据，保护了用户身份并保障匿名。传输的信息只能由路径中的后续节点解密，而这些节点通向出口节点。因为系统过于复杂，所以几乎不可能再生节点路径并逐层解密信息<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Cryptopolitik and the Darknet|journal=Survival (00396338)|volume= 58| issue = 1|pages= 7–38. 32p|doi=10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085|year=2016 | last1 = Moore | first1 = Daniel}}</ref>。由于高层次的加密，网站无法跟踪其用户的地理位置和IP，用户也无法获取网站主机的有关信息。因此，黑暗网络用户之间的通信是高度加密的，允许用户以保密方式交流、发博客以及共享文件。<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/20813843/DARKNET_SOCIAL_MEDIA_AND_EXTREMISM_ADDRESSING_INDONESIAN_COUNTERTERRORISM_ON_THE_INTERNET Darknet, Social Media, and Extremism: Addressing Indonesian Counterterrorism on the Internet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604003640/http://www.academia.edu/20813843/DARKNET_SOCIAL_MEDIA_AND_EXTREMISM_ADDRESSING_INDONESIAN_COUNTERTERRORISM_ON_THE_INTERNET |date=2017-06-04 }}</ref>

黑暗网络还被用于非法活动，如非法交易、非法论坛以及恋童癖者和恐怖分子的媒介交流<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=The Dark Net. Rolling Stone, 0035791X, 11/5/2015, Issue 1247|journal=|volume=}}</ref>。与此同时，传统网站为Tor浏览器提供了访问方式，以便与用户建立联系。例如，[[ProPublica]]推出了一个Tor用户专用的新版网站<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=ad822f46-344d-47ac-8c12-09663ebad15f@sessionmgr103&vid=0&hid=127&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU=#AN=113873661&db=bth|title=A Marketer's Guide to the Dark Web: Start Your Search!|website=eds.b.ebscohost.com|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref>。

== 内容 ==
{{Hidden services 2015}}
{{Hidden services 2016}}

2014年12月，[[樸茨茅斯大學]]的加雷斯·欧文（Gareth Owen）研究发现Tor上最常见的托管内容是[[儿童色情]]，其次是黑市，而流量最高的网站专门用于[[僵尸网络]]运营<ref name="reportthing">{{cite news|last1=Mark|first1=Ward|title=Tor's most visited hidden sites host child abuse images|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30637010|accessdate=2015-05-28|date=2014-12-30|work=BBC News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425053436/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30637010|archivedate=2015-04-25}}</ref>。许多[[吹哨人]]网站都有在线论坛<ref>{{cite web|title=Everything You Need to Know on Tor & the Deep Web|url=http://www.whoishostingthis.com/blog/2013/12/17/tor-deep-web/|website=whoishostingthis|accessdate=2015-06-18|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702225459/http://www.whoishostingthis.com/blog/2013/12/17/tor-deep-web/|archivedate=2015-07-02}}</ref>和政治讨论论坛<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=What Firewall? China's Fledgling Deep Web Community|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/what-firewall-chinas-fledgling-deep-web-community|accessdate=2015-06-19|date=2015-02-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620001458/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/what-firewall-chinas-fledgling-deep-web-community|archivedate=2015-06-20}}</ref>。与[[比特币]]、[[詐騙]]和[[邮购]]相关服务的网站最丰富<ref name="reportthing" />。

2017年7月，Tor项目的三位创始人之一罗杰‧丁高戴恩（Roger Dingledine）表示，[[Facebook]]是最大的隐藏服务。暗网仅包含Tor网络中3％的流量<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/29/tor_dark_web/|title=Dark web doesn't exist, says Tor's Dingledine. And folks use network for privacy, not crime|last=tweet_btn()|first=Iain Thomson in San Francisco 29 Jul 2017 at 09:32|access-date=2017-07-31|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731042137/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/29/tor_dark_web/|archivedate=2017-07-31}}</ref>。

2016年2月，[[伦敦国王学院]]研究人员的一项研究通过替代类集给出了以下内容细分，突出显示非法使用的.onion服务<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Daniel|title=Cryptopolitik and the Darknet|journal=Survival: Global Politics and Strategy|volume=58|pages=7–38|doi=10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085|year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=Study Claims Dark Web Sites Are Most Commonly Used for Crime|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/read/study-claims-dark-web-sites-are-most-commonly-used-for-crime|accessdate=2016-03-20|date=2016-02-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312075836/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/study-claims-dark-web-sites-are-most-commonly-used-for-crime|archivedate=2016-03-12}}</ref>。

=== 僵尸网络 ===
[[僵尸网络]]通常使用基于反审查的隐藏服务的命令和控制服务器构建，隐藏服务创建了大量僵尸流量<ref name="reportthing" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Reeve|first1=Tom|title=Extortion on the cards|url=http://www.scmagazineuk.com/extortion-on-the-cards/article/440385/|accessdate=2015-12-08|date=2015-09-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210184104/http://www.scmagazineuk.com/extortion-on-the-cards/article/440385/|archivedate=2015-12-10}}</ref>。

=== 比特币服务 ===
诸如[[加密货币不倒翁|不倒翁]]等[[比特币]]服务通常可以在[[Tor]]上使用，而某些服务（如Grams）则提供暗网市场整合<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allison|first1=Ian|title=Bitcoin tumbler: The business of covering tracks in the world of cryptocurrency laundering|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/bitcoin-tumbler-business-covering-tracks-world-cryptocurrency-laundering-1487480|accessdate=2015-12-08|date=2015-02-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045528/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/bitcoin-tumbler-business-covering-tracks-world-cryptocurrency-laundering-1487480|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Helix Updates: Integrated Markets Can Now Helix Your BTC|url=https://www.deepdotweb.com/2014/08/05/helix-updates-integrated-markets-can-now-helix-your-btc/|accessdate=2015-12-08|date=2015-08-05|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221052629/https://www.deepdotweb.com/2014/08/05/helix-updates-integrated-markets-can-now-helix-your-btc/|archivedate=2016-02-21}}</ref>。[[高等经济商业学院]]研究员让-卢普·里歇（Jean-Loup Richet）与[[聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室]]联合进行的一项研究表明，使用比特币滚筒进行[[洗錢]]成为新趋势。一种常见的方法是使用[[数字货币兑换]]服务，将比特币转换为在线游戏货币（如[[魔兽世界]]中的金币），然后再转换回金钱<ref name="Jean-Loup Richet">{{cite arXiv |eprint=1310.2368|title=Laundering Money Online: a review of cybercriminals methods |date=June 2013 |author=Richet, Jean-Loup|class=cs.CY }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Richet|first1=Jean-Loup|title=How to Become a Black Hat Hacker? An Exploratory Study of Barriers to Entry Into Cybercrime|journal=17th AIM Symposium|date=2012|url=http://aim.asso.fr/index.php/mediatheque/finish/26-aim-2012/816-how-to-become-a-black-hat-hacker-an-exploratory-study-of-barriers-to-entry-into-cybercrime/0|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170105033105/http://aim.asso.fr/index.php/mediatheque/finish/26-aim-2012/816-how-to-become-a-black-hat-hacker-an-exploratory-study-of-barriers-to-entry-into-cybercrime/0|archivedate=2017-01-05}}</ref>。

=== 暗网市场 ===
{{main|暗网市场}}
作为[[非法药物]]交易<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Concepts of illicit drug quality among darknet market users: Purity, embodied experience, craft and chemical knowledge|journal=International Journal of Drug Policy.|volume=35}}</ref>和其他商品交易的中间人，商业性的暗网市场吸引了大量媒体报道，从[[絲路 (購物網站)|絲路]]和魔鬼市场（Diabolus Market）<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stay Clear of the Darknet|journal=Tech Directions.|volume=75}}</ref>的流行以及随后被法律机关的查封<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burleigh|first1=Nina|title=The Rise and Fall of Silk Road, the dark web's Amazon|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/27/silk-road-hell-307732.html|accessdate=2015-05-25|date=2015-02-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525141207/http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/27/silk-road-hell-307732.html|archivedate=2015-05-25}}</ref>。其他市场出售[[漏洞利用|软件漏洞]]<ref name="realdeal">{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=New Dark-Web Market Is Selling Zero-Day Exploits to Hackers|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/04/therealdeal-zero-day-exploits/|accessdate=2015-05-24|date=2015-04-17|work=Wired|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525044701/http://www.wired.com/2015/04/therealdeal-zero-day-exploits/|archivedate=2015-05-25}}</ref>和武器<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk">{{cite news|last1=Holden|first1=Alex|title=Ukraine crisis: Combatants scouring dark web for advice on bridge bombing and anti-tank missiles|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-combatants-turn-dark-web-advice-bridge-bombing-anti-tank-missiles-1487256|accessdate=2015-05-28|date=2015-02-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529033616/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-combatants-turn-dark-web-advice-bridge-bombing-anti-tank-missiles-1487256|archivedate=2015-05-29}}</ref>。学术界尝试检查暗网市场与现实生活中或万维网上商品的价格差异以及对暗网收到的商品开展质量研究。其中一项研究于2013年1月至2015年3月在最活跃的加密市场之一的Evolution进行<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|title=Buying drugs on a Darknet market: A better deal? Studying the online illicit drug market through the analysis of digital, physical and chemical data|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=267 |pages=173–182| doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.032|pmid=27611957|year=2016|last1=Rhumorbarbe|first1=Damien|last2=Staehli|first2=Ludovic|last3=Broséus|first3=Julian|last4=Rossy|first4=Quentin|last5=Esseiva|first5=Pierre|url=https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_670B021B4620|format=Submitted manuscript}}</ref>。虽然研究发现隐匿方法和发货国家等数字信息“似乎准确”，但Evolution出售的非法药物存在质量问题，写道“……非法药物的纯度与其清单上显示的信息不同”<ref name="ReferenceA"/>。对访问这些市场的消费者的动机以及他们的使用原因则知之甚少<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterising dark net marketplace purchasers in a sample of regular psychostimulant users|journal=International Journal of Drug Policy.|volume=35}}</ref>。

=== 黑客组织和服务 ===
许多[[黑客 (计算机安全)|黑客]]在暗网出售服务，他们或独自行动或团体行动<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holden|first1=Alex|title=A new breed of lone wolf hackers are roaming the deep web – and their prey is getting bigger|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-breed-lone-wolf-hackers-are-roaming-deep-web-their-prey-getting-bigger-1483347|accessdate=2015-06-19|date=2015-01-15|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628214900/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-breed-lone-wolf-hackers-are-roaming-deep-web-their-prey-getting-bigger-1483347|archivedate=2015-06-28}}</ref>。这些黑客团体包括xDedic、hackforum、Trojanforge、Mazafaka、dark0de和TheRealDeal暗网市场<ref>{{cite news|title=Hacking communities in the Deep Web |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:H8DbduIEh7sJ:resources.infosecinstitute.com/hacking-communities-in-the-deep-web/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20160428194946/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:H8DbduIEh7sJ:resources.infosecinstitute.com/hacking-communities-in-the-deep-web/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2016-04-28 |accessdate=2017-09-05 |date=2015-05-15 }}</ref>。有些人以[[网络揭私|追踪]]和[[勒索]]恋童癖者而知名<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=A dark web Hacker Is Hunting Potential Pedophiles to Extort Them for Money|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/en_uk/read/a-dark-web-hacker-is-hunting-potential-pedophiles-to-extort-them-for-money|accessdate=2015-11-12|date=2015-11-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115071739/http://motherboard.vice.com/en_uk/read/a-dark-web-hacker-is-hunting-potential-pedophiles-to-extort-them-for-money|archivedate=2015-11-15}}</ref>。针对金融机构和银行的网络犯罪和黑客服务也通过暗网提供<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Dark Net: Policing the Internet's Underworld|journal=World Policy Journal.|volume=32}}</ref>。各国政府和私营组织已经开始尝试监测这项活动<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Large-Scale Monitoring for Cyber Attacks by Using Cluster Information on Darknet Traffic Features|journal=Procedia Computer Science|volume=53}}</ref>。互联网规模的DNS分布式反射拒绝服务（DRDoS）攻击也通过利用暗网实现<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inferring distributed reflection denial of service attacks from darknet|journal=Computer Communications.|volume=62}}</ref>。暗网还存在许多诈骗类.onion站点，用户下载网站提供的工具后，电脑会感染[[特洛伊木马 (电脑)|特洛伊木马]]或被植入[[軟體後門|后门]]。

=== 欺诈服务 ===
暗网存在许多信用卡[[犯罪论坛|论坛]]、[[PayPal]]和[[比特币]]交易网站以及欺诈和假冒服务<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=Dark Web Vendor Sentenced for Dealing Counterfeit Coupons|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/dark-web-vendor-sentenced-for-dealing-counterfeit-coupons|accessdate=2016-01-24|date=2016-01-14|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124030533/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/dark-web-vendor-sentenced-for-dealing-counterfeit-coupons|archivedate=2016-01-24}}</ref>。许多此类网站本身就是骗局<ref>{{cite news|last1=[[DeepDotWeb]]|title=Secrets to Unmasking Bitcoin Scams – 4 Eye Opening Case Studies|url=https://www.deepdotweb.com/2015/05/28/secrets-to-unmasking-bitcoin-scams-4-eye-opening-case-studies/|accessdate=2015-11-12|date=2015-05-28|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116122618/https://www.deepdotweb.com/2015/05/28/secrets-to-unmasking-bitcoin-scams-4-eye-opening-case-studies/|archivedate=2015-11-16}}</ref>。

=== 恶作剧和未证实内容 ===
{{main|恶作剧}}

有报道称暗网存在[[暗杀市场|众筹暗杀]]和雇佣[[杀手]]<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=Meet The 'Assassination Market' Creator Who's Crowdfunding Murder With Bitcoins|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/11/18/meet-the-assassination-market-creator-whos-crowdfunding-murder-with-bitcoins/|accessdate=2015-08-29|date=2013-11-18|work=Forbes|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905112902/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/11/18/meet-the-assassination-market-creator-whos-crowdfunding-murder-with-bitcoins/|archivedate=2015-09-05}}</ref>，然而，这些业务被认为是诈骗<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox1|first1=Joseph|title=This Fake Hitman Site Is the Most Elaborate, Twisted Dark Web Scam Yet|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/this-fake-hitman-site-is-the-most-elaborate-twisted-dark-web-scam-yet|accessdate=2016-06-20|date=2016-05-18|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621162426/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/this-fake-hitman-site-is-the-most-elaborate-twisted-dark-web-scam-yet|archivedate=2016-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ormsby|first1=Eileen|title=Conversation with a hitman (or not)|url=http://allthingsvice.com/2012/08/03/conversation-with-a-hitman-or-not/|accessdate=2015-08-29|date=2012-08-03|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904041728/http://allthingsvice.com/2012/08/03/conversation-with-a-hitman-or-not/|archivedate=2015-09-04}}</ref>。[[絲路 (購物網站)|丝绸之路]]的创始人[[罗斯·乌布利希]]（Ross Ulbricht）因他的违法网站遭国土安全调查部门（HSI）逮捕，据称他雇用一名杀手杀死了六个人，但这些指控后来被撤销<ref name="nhong052915">Nicole Hong, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/silk-road-founder-ross-ulbricht-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-1432929957 "Silk Road Founder Ross Ulbricht Sentenced to Life in Prison"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613152211/https://www.wsj.com/articles/silk-road-founder-ross-ulbricht-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-1432929957 |date=2017-06-13 }}, ''[[华尔街日报|Wall Street Journal]]'', May 29, 2015.</ref><ref>Andy Greenberg, [https://www.wired.com/2015/05/silk-road-creator-ross-ulbricht-sentenced-life-prison/ "Silk Road Creator Ross Ulbricht Sentenced to Life in Prison"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529215648/http://www.wired.com/2015/05/silk-road-creator-ross-ulbricht-sentenced-life-prison/ |date=2015-05-29 }}, ''[[连线|Wired]]'', May 29, 2015.</ref>。

有一个[[都市傳說]]称人们可以在暗网上找到[[鼻烟电影|谋杀直播]]。“红屋子”{{efn|或称“红色房间”、“红房子”}}（Red Room）这个词根据日本动画和同名的都市传说创造而来。然而，证据表明所有相关的报告都只是[[恶作剧]]<ref name="redroom">{{cite news|last1=Ormsby|first1=Eileen|title=Waiting in the Red Room|url=http://allthingsvice.com/2015/08/29/waiting-in-the-red-room/|accessdate=2015-08-29|date=2015-08-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829232621/http://allthingsvice.com/2015/08/29/waiting-in-the-red-room/|archivedate=2015-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Howell O'Neill|first1=Patrick|title=Dark Net site promised to livestream torture and execution of 7 ISIS jihadists|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/isis-red-room-dark-net-live-stream/|accessdate=2015-08-29|date=2015-08-28|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911183336/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/isis-red-room-dark-net-live-stream/|archivedate=2015-09-11}}</ref>。

2015年6月25日，[[YouTube]]频道“Obscure Horror Corner”评测了[[独立游戏]]《[[悲伤的撒旦]]》，作者声称通过暗网找到了游戏。频道说法的各种不一致之处也让人对其真实性产生怀疑<ref name="dot">{{cite news|last1=Barton|first1=Hannah|title=The spooky, twisted saga of the Deep Web horror game ‘Sad Satan’|url=http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/14763/sad-satan-deep-web-horror-game/#sthash.axwtQ6De.dpuf|accessdate=2015-11-22|date=2015-10-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123034014/http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/14763/sad-satan-deep-web-horror-game/#sthash.axwtQ6De.dpuf|archivedate=2015-11-23}}</ref>。一些网站负责分析和监控深网和暗网的威胁情报，如Sixgill<ref>http://hplusmagazine.com/2015/06/29/the-deep-web-and-its-darknets/</ref>。

===网络钓鱼和诈骗 ===
以[[钓鱼式攻击|网络钓鱼]]为目的的克隆网站和其他[[骗局|诈骗]]网站有很多<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stockley|first1=Mark|title=Hundreds of Dark Web sites cloned and "booby trapped"|url=https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2015/07/01/hundreds-of-dark-web-sites-cloned-and-booby-trapped/|accessdate=2015-12-08|date=2015-07-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211024549/https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2015/07/01/hundreds-of-dark-web-sites-cloned-and-booby-trapped/|archivedate=2015-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fox-Brewster|first1=Thomas|title=Many Sites That Fell In Epic Onymous Tor Takedown 'Were Scams Or Legit'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2014/11/18/tor-takedown-misinformation/|accessdate=2015-06-19|date=2014-11-18|work=Forbes|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619220607/http://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2014/11/18/tor-takedown-misinformation/|archivedate=2015-06-19}}</ref>，而暗网市场经常用欺诈性网址做广告<ref>{{cite news|title=Beware of Phishing Scams On Clearnet Sites! (darknetmarkets.org)|url=https://www.deepdotweb.com/2015/07/03/beware-of-phishing-scams-on-clearnet-sites-darknetmarkets-org/|accessdate=2015-12-08|publisher=[[DeepDotWeb]]|date=2015-07-03|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222003543/https://www.deepdotweb.com/2015/07/03/beware-of-phishing-scams-on-clearnet-sites-darknetmarkets-org/|archivedate=2016-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Warning: More Onion Cloner Phishing Scams|url=https://www.deepdotweb.com/2015/04/22/reminder-onion-cloner-phishing-scams/|accessdate=2015-12-08|date=2015-04-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220111815/https://www.deepdotweb.com/2015/04/22/reminder-onion-cloner-phishing-scams/|archivedate=2015-12-20}}</ref>。

=== 解谜 ===
诸如[[蟬3301]]之类的谜题有时会使用隐藏服务，以便匿名提供线索，这通常会增加对创作者身份的猜测<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bell|first1=Chris|title=The internet mystery that has the world baffled|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10468112/The-internet-mystery-that-has-the-world-baffled.html|accessdate=2015-12-08|date=2013-11-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6LOtGCgjR?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10468112/The-internet-mystery-that-has-the-world-baffled.html|archivedate=2013-11-25}}</ref>。

=== 非法色情 ===
执法部门定期对[[兒童色情]]网站采取行动<ref>{{cite news|last1=Willacy|first1=Mark|title=Secret 'dark net' operation saves scores of children from abuse; ringleader Shannon McCoole behind bars after police take over child porn site|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-26/secret-anti-paedophile-operation-saves-children-from-abuse/6720304|accessdate=2015-08-26|date=2015-08-26|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826064840/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-26/secret-anti-paedophile-operation-saves-children-from-abuse/6720304|archivedate=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Conditt|first1=Jessica|title=FBI hacked the Dark Web to bust 1,500 pedophiles|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/01/07/fbi-hacked-the-dark-web-to-bust-1-500-pedophiles/|accessdate=2016-01-08|date=2016-01-08|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108092655/http://www.engadget.com/2016/01/07/fbi-hacked-the-dark-web-to-bust-1-500-pedophiles/|archivedate=2016-01-08}}</ref>，通常通过向用户分发[[恶意软件]]来破坏网站<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=The FBI's 'Unprecedented' Hacking Campaign Targeted Over a Thousand Computers|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-fbis-unprecedented-hacking-campaign-targeted-over-a-thousand-computers|accessdate=2016-01-08|date=2016-01-05|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108050547/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-fbis-unprecedented-hacking-campaign-targeted-over-a-thousand-computers|archivedate=2016-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Farivar|first1=Cyrus|title=Feds bust through huge Tor-hidden child porn site using questionable malware|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/feds-bust-through-huge-tor-hidden-child-porn-site-using-questionable-malware/|accessdate=2015-08-08|date=2015-06-16|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809031658/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/feds-bust-through-huge-tor-hidden-child-porn-site-using-questionable-malware/|archivedate=2015-08-09}}</ref>。这些网站使用复杂的指导、论坛和社区监管系统<ref>{{cite news|last1=Evans|first1=Robert|title=5 Things I Learned Infiltrating Deep Web Child Molesters|url=http://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1760-5-things-i-learned-infiltrating-deep-web-child-molesters.html|accessdate=2015-08-29|date=2015-06-16|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826045459/http://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1760-5-things-i-learned-infiltrating-deep-web-child-molesters.html|archivedate=2015-08-26}}</ref>。其他内容有[[粉碎崇拜|性虐待和杀害动物]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Joseph|title=As the FBI Cleans the Dark Net, Sites Far More Evil Than Silk Road Live On|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/as-the-fbi-cleans-the-dark-net-sites-far-more-evil-than-silk-road-live-on|accessdate=2015-08-03|date=2014-11-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726082027/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/as-the-fbi-cleans-the-dark-net-sites-far-more-evil-than-silk-road-live-on|archivedate=2015-07-26}}</ref>以及[[復仇式色情]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Markowitz|first1=Eric|title=The Dark Net: A Safe Haven for Revenge Porn?|url=http://www.vocativ.com/tech/internet/dark-net-safe-haven-revenge-porn/?PageSpeed=noscript|accessdate=2015-08-03|date=2014-07-10|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126051539/http://www.vocativ.com/tech/internet/dark-net-safe-haven-revenge-porn/?PageSpeed=noscript|archivedate=2015-11-26}}</ref>。

=== 恐怖主义 ===
有一些真实和欺诈网站声称由[[伊斯兰国]]使用，包括在[[去匿名化行动]]（Operation Onymous）中查获的假网站<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cub|first1=Nik|title=FBI seizes fake Tor hosted Jihad funding website as part of Operation Onymous, leaves up real site.|url=https://www.nikcub.com/posts/fbi-seizes-fake-tor-hosted-jihad-funding-website-as-part-of-operation-onymous-leaves-up-real-site/|accessdate=2015-11-25|date=2014-11-17|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114103244/https://www.nikcub.com/posts/fbi-seizes-fake-tor-hosted-jihad-funding-website-as-part-of-operation-onymous-leaves-up-real-site/|archivedate=2016-01-14}}</ref>。在[[2015年11月巴黎襲擊事件]]后，一个此类型的真实网站遭[[匿名者]]的附属黑客组织GhostSec攻击，网站被替换成了[[氟西汀]]的广告<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cuthbertson|first1=Anthony|title=Hackers replace dark web Isis propaganda site with advert for Prozac|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hackers-replace-dark-web-isis-propaganda-site-advert-prozac-1530385|accessdate=2015-11-25|date=2015-11-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126061126/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hackers-replace-dark-web-isis-propaganda-site-advert-prozac-1530385|archivedate=2015-11-26}}</ref>。Rawti Shax伊斯兰组织一度被发现在暗网上运作<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jihadist cell in Europe 'sought recruits for Iraq and Syria'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34802317|work=BBC News|date=2015-11-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418173322/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34802317|archivedate=2016-04-18}}</ref>。

=== 社交媒体 ===
暗网存在类似万维网上的新兴社交媒体平台。[[Facebook]]和其他传统社交媒体平台已开始制作其网站的暗网版本，以解决与传统平台相关的问题，并继续在万维网的所有区域提供服务。<ref name=":23" />

== 评论 ==
虽然大部分暗网内容都是无害的，但一些检察官和政府机构担心暗网成为犯罪活动的避风港<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2156271,00.html|title=The Secret Web: Where Drugs, Porn and Murder Live Online|author=Lev Grossman|work=TIME.com|date=2013-11-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228175548/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2156271,00.html|archivedate=2014-02-28}}</ref>。DeepDotWeb<ref name="yahoo">{{cite news|last1=Swearingen|first1=Jake|title=A Year After Death of Silk Road, Darknet Markets Are Booming|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/death-silk-road-darknet-markets-142500702.html|accessdate=2015-05-24|date=2014-10-02|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525021911/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/death-silk-road-darknet-markets-142500702.html|archivedate=2015-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Franceschi-Bicchierai|first1=Lorenzo|title=Hackers Tried To Hold a Darknet Market For a Bitcoin Ransom|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/hackers-tried-to-hold-a-darknet-market-for-a-bitcoin-ransom|accessdate=2015-05-19|date=2015-05-13|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517065101/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/hackers-tried-to-hold-a-darknet-market-for-a-bitcoin-ransom|archivedate=2015-05-17}}</ref>和All Things Vice<ref>{{cite news|last1=Solon|first1=Olivia|title=Police crack down on Silk Road following first drug dealer conviction|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/02/police-crack-down-on-silk-road-following-first-drug-dealer-conviction/|accessdate=2015-05-27|date=2013-02-03|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528032024/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/02/police-crack-down-on-silk-road-following-first-drug-dealer-conviction/|archivedate=2015-05-28}}</ref>等专业暗网新闻网站建议提供有关暗网站点和服务的新闻报道和实用信息。[[The Hidden Wiki]]及其[[镜像网站|镜像]]和[[复刻 (软件开发)|复刻]]在任何时间都拥有最大的内容目录。

暗网[[.onion]]链接的热门来源包括[[Pastebin]]、[[YouTube]]、[[Twitter]]、[[Reddit]]和其他[[网络论坛]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Koebler|first1=Jason|title=The Closest Thing to a Map of the Dark Net: Pastebin|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-closest-thing-to-a-map-of-the-dark-net-pastebin|accessdate=2015-07-14|date=2015-02-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715083931/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-closest-thing-to-a-map-of-the-dark-net-pastebin|archivedate=2015-07-15}}</ref>。Darksum和Recorded Future等专业技术公司可以追踪暗网[[电脑犯罪|犯罪]]活动，用于执法目的<ref>{{cite news|last1=Simonite|first1=Tom|title=The Surprising Light Side of the Dark Web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601073/the-surprising-light-side-of-the-dark-web/|accessdate=2016-03-20|date=2016-03-18}}</ref>。2015年，[[国际刑警组织]]宣布提供专门的暗网培训计划，其中包括有关Tor、[[计算机安全|网络安全]]和模拟暗网市场的技术信息<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ricard|title=Interpol dark web Training Course|url=http://darkwebnews.com/news/interpol-dark-web-training-course/|accessdate=2015-08-08|date=2015-08-02|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808230001/http://darkwebnews.com/news/interpol-dark-web-training-course/|archivedate=2015-08-08}}</ref>。

2013年10月，英国[[国家打击犯罪局]]（National Crime Agency）和[[政府通信总部]]宣布成立联合行动小组（Joint Operations Cell），专注于网络犯罪<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rose|first1=David|title=Secrets of the UK's new FBI: Police chief reveals elite force of 5,000 'super' agents will wage a high-tech manhunt for Britain's most wanted criminals|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2445814/Secrets-UKs-new-FBI-Police-chief-reveals-elite-force-5-000-super-agents-wage-high-tech-manhunt-Britains-wanted-criminals.html|accessdate=2015-11-09|date=2013-10-13|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20160428195000/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2445814/Secrets-UKs-new-FBI-Police-chief-reveals-elite-force-5-000-super-agents-wage-high-tech-manhunt-Britains-wanted-criminals.html|archivedate=2016-04-28}}</ref>。2015年11月，据报道团队的任务是处理暗网上的儿童剥削以及其他网络犯罪<ref>{{cite news|last1=Box|first1=Joseph|title=The UK Will Police the dark web with a New Task Force|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-uk-will-police-the-dark-web-with-a-new-task-force|accessdate=2015-11-09|date=2015-11-08|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110192004/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-uk-will-police-the-dark-web-with-a-new-task-force|archivedate=2015-11-10}}</ref>。

2017年3月，[[國會研究處]]发布了关于暗网的广泛报告，关注信息访问和信息呈现的动态变化。因其“未知”的特征，研究人员、执法者和政策制定者对此越来越感兴趣<ref name="Congression Research Service Report">{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44101.pdf |title=Dark Web |last=Finklea |first=Kristin |date=2017-03-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320192455/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44101.pdf |archivedate=2017-03-20 }}</ref>。

2017年8月，据报道，一些专门监控和研究暗网的网络安全公司，他们代表银行和零售商，经常“在可能和必要时”与[[联邦调查局]]和其他执法机构分享他们有关非法内容的调查结果<ref name="Dark Web Mainstream Media Coverage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/nation-world/national/article164797842.html |title=Shocked by gruesome crime, cyber execs help FBI on dark web |last=Johnson |first=Tim |date=2017-08-02 |website=Idaho Statesman}}</ref>。

== 新闻界 ==
许多[[新聞工作者]]、另类[[通讯社|新闻机构]]、教育工作者和研究人员在写作和谈论暗网方面具有影响力，使得暗网得以让公众一探究竟。

===杰米·巴特利特===
杰米·巴特利特（Jamie Bartlett）是《[[每日电讯报]]》的记者和技术[[網誌|博主]]，与[[萨塞克斯大学]]合作的Demos社区媒体分析中心主任。在他的书《-{zh-cn:暗网;zh-tw:黑暗網路}-》（''The Dark Net''）中<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-dark-netinside-the-digital-underworld-by-jamie-bartlett-book-review-9696473.html|title=The Dark Net:Inside the Digital Underworld by Jamie Bartlett, book review|last=Burrell|first=Ian|date=2014-08-28|website=Independent|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620142200/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-dark-netinside-the-digital-underworld-by-jamie-bartlett-book-review-9696473.html|archivedate=2015-06-20}}</ref>，巴特利特描绘了暗网的世界及其在不同背景下对人类行为的影响。例如，本书开头讲述了一个年轻女孩的故事，她通过在网上发裸照来寻求正面反馈，以建立自尊。她最终被社交媒体网站所追踪，她的朋友和家人被她的裸照所淹没。这个故事突出了暗网所允许的[[人际关系]]的多样性，但也提醒读者如何参与像暗网这样罕见地与大型网络完全分离的[[覆盖网络]]。巴特利特的主要目标是探索暗网及其对社会的影响。他探索了不同的[[次文化|亚文化]]，其中一些对社会有积极意义，有些则对社会有负面影响。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/growth-dark-subcultures-internet/|title=The Growth of Dark Subcultures On the Internet, The Leonard Lopate Show|date=2015-06-02|website=WNYC|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020043736/http://www.wnyc.org/story/growth-dark-subcultures-internet/|archivedate=2016-10-20}}</ref>

2015年6月，巴特利特在[[TED大会]]上发表题为“神秘的黑暗网络如何变成主流”的演讲，向观众介绍了暗网背后的想法<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_bartlett_how_the_mysterious_dark_net_is_going_mainstream#t-705685|title=How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream|last=Bartlett|first=Jamie|date=June 2015|website=ted.com|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020042728/https://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_bartlett_how_the_mysterious_dark_net_is_going_mainstream#t-705685|archivedate=2016-10-20}}</ref>。

===其他媒体===
像[[ABC新闻]]这样的传统媒体和新闻频道也刊登了调查暗网的文章<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-27/explainer-what-is-the-dark-net/7038878|title=Print Email Facebook Twitter More What is the dark net, and how will it shape the future of the digital age?|last=Viney|first=Steven|date=2016-01-27|website=ABC|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020060907/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-27/explainer-what-is-the-dark-net/7038878|archivedate=2016-10-20}}</ref>。《[[名利场 (杂志)|名利场]]》杂志于2016年10月发表了题为《其他互联网》（The Other Internet）的文章。文章讨论了暗网的兴起，并提到在不法的数字荒野中赌注变得越来越高。作者还提到漏洞是网络防御的弱点。其他讨论的主题包括传统黑市的[[电子商务]]版本、TheRealDeal的网络武器以及运营安全的作用<ref name="The Other Internet">{{Cite journal|title=The Other Internet|journal=Vanity Fair|volume=58}}</ref>。


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==
{{Portal box|互联网|自由软件}}
{{Portal|密码学|信息技术|互联网}}
*[[深網]]
* [[深网]]
*[[互联网]]
* [[匿名服务列表]]

*[[洋葱路由]]
==参考资料==
{{reflist|30em}}

==注释==
{{notelist}}

== 延伸阅读 ==
* {{cite web|title=Anticounterfeiting on the dark web – Distinctions between the Surface Web, dark web and Deep Web|url=http://www.inta.org/Advocacy/Documents/2015/ACC%20Dark%20Web%20Report.pdf|accessdate=2015-06-01|date=2015-04-13}}

==外部链接==
* [https://www.twitch.tv/videos/128466707 Excuse Me, I Think Your Dark Web is Showing – 2017年3月BSides温哥华安全会议上关于Tor隐藏服务安全实践的演讲]
* [http://www.madlab.it/papers/sac17_darknets.pdf Attacks Landscape in the Dark Side of the Web]


{{Tor project}}
{{Tor project}}
{{I2P}}


[[Category:暗网| ]]
[[Category:信息空间]]
[[Category:网络文化]]
[[Category:網路術語]]
[[Category:網路術語]]
[[Category:全球資訊網]]
[[Category:全球資訊網]]
[[Category:網路結構]]
[[Category:互联网结构]]
[[Category:分散式計算架構]]
[[Category:网络犯罪]]
[[Category:匿名網路]]
[[Category:地下文化]]
[[Category:網際網路結構]]
[[Category:檔案分享]]
[[Category:虛擬私人網路]]
[[Category:信息空間]]
[[Category:網絡文化]]
[[Category:暗网]]

2018年12月15日 (六) 11:42的版本

  此條目介紹的是黑暗网络的网站。关于传统的网络搜索引擎无法访问到的網站內容，请见「深网」。

暗网（英語：Dark web）是存在于黑暗网络、覆盖网络上的万维网内容，只能用特殊軟體、特殊授權、或對電腦做特殊設定才能访问[1][2]。暗网构成了深网的一小部分，深网网络没有被网络搜索引擎索引，有时“深网”这一术语被错误地用于指代暗网[3][4][5][6][7]。

构成暗网的黑暗网络包括朋友对朋友式的小型点对点网络以及由公共组织和个人运营的大型流行网络，如Tor、自由网、I2P和Riffle。暗网用户基于常规网络未加密的性质将其称为明網[8]。Tor暗网可以称为洋葱区域（onionland）[9]，其使用网络頂級域后缀.onion和洋葱路由的流量匿名化技术。

术语

暗网经常与深网相混淆，后者指的是搜索引擎未索引（不能搜索到）的那部分网络。这种混淆至少可以追溯到2009年[10]。从那时起，特别是在报道丝绸之路网站时，这两个词经常被混淆[11][12]，有人建议应该区分它们[5][13][14][15]。

定义

主条目：黑暗网络

黑暗网络网站只能通过Tor（“洋葱路由”项目）和I2P（“隐形网计划”）等网络访问[16]。黑暗网络用户广泛使用Tor浏览器和Tor可访问的站点，站点可以通过“.onion”域名识别[17]。Tor专注于提供对互联网的匿名访问，而I2P则专注于匿名网站托管[18]。分层加密系统使得黑暗网络用户的身份和位置保持匿名，无法被追踪。黑暗网络加密技术通过大量中间服务器发送用户数据，保护了用户身份并保障匿名。传输的信息只能由路径中的后续节点解密，而这些节点通向出口节点。因为系统过于复杂，所以几乎不可能再生节点路径并逐层解密信息[19]。由于高层次的加密，网站无法跟踪其用户的地理位置和IP，用户也无法获取网站主机的有关信息。因此，黑暗网络用户之间的通信是高度加密的，允许用户以保密方式交流、发博客以及共享文件。[20]

黑暗网络还被用于非法活动，如非法交易、非法论坛以及恋童癖者和恐怖分子的媒介交流[21]。与此同时，传统网站为Tor浏览器提供了访问方式，以便与用户建立联系。例如，ProPublica推出了一个Tor用户专用的新版网站[22]。

内容

Template:Hidden services 2015 Template:Hidden services 2016

2014年12月，樸茨茅斯大學的加雷斯·欧文（Gareth Owen）研究发现Tor上最常见的托管内容是儿童色情，其次是黑市，而流量最高的网站专门用于僵尸网络运营[23]。许多吹哨人网站都有在线论坛[24]和政治讨论论坛[25]。与比特币、詐騙和邮购相关服务的网站最丰富[23]。

2017年7月，Tor项目的三位创始人之一罗杰‧丁高戴恩（Roger Dingledine）表示，Facebook是最大的隐藏服务。暗网仅包含Tor网络中3％的流量[26]。

2016年2月，伦敦国王学院研究人员的一项研究通过替代类集给出了以下内容细分，突出显示非法使用的.onion服务[27][28]。

僵尸网络

僵尸网络通常使用基于反审查的隐藏服务的命令和控制服务器构建，隐藏服务创建了大量僵尸流量[23][29]。

比特币服务

诸如不倒翁等比特币服务通常可以在Tor上使用，而某些服务（如Grams）则提供暗网市场整合[30][31]。高等经济商业学院研究员让-卢普·里歇（Jean-Loup Richet）与聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室联合进行的一项研究表明，使用比特币滚筒进行洗錢成为新趋势。一种常见的方法是使用数字货币兑换服务，将比特币转换为在线游戏货币（如魔兽世界中的金币），然后再转换回金钱[32][33]。

暗网市场

主条目：暗网市场

作为非法药物交易[34]和其他商品交易的中间人，商业性的暗网市场吸引了大量媒体报道，从絲路和魔鬼市场（Diabolus Market）[35]的流行以及随后被法律机关的查封[36]。其他市场出售软件漏洞[37]和武器[38]。学术界尝试检查暗网市场与现实生活中或万维网上商品的价格差异以及对暗网收到的商品开展质量研究。其中一项研究于2013年1月至2015年3月在最活跃的加密市场之一的Evolution进行[39]。虽然研究发现隐匿方法和发货国家等数字信息“似乎准确”，但Evolution出售的非法药物存在质量问题，写道“……非法药物的纯度与其清单上显示的信息不同”[39]。对访问这些市场的消费者的动机以及他们的使用原因则知之甚少[40]。

黑客组织和服务

许多黑客在暗网出售服务，他们或独自行动或团体行动[41]。这些黑客团体包括xDedic、hackforum、Trojanforge、Mazafaka、dark0de和TheRealDeal暗网市场[42]。有些人以追踪和勒索恋童癖者而知名[43]。针对金融机构和银行的网络犯罪和黑客服务也通过暗网提供[44]。各国政府和私营组织已经开始尝试监测这项活动[45]。互联网规模的DNS分布式反射拒绝服务（DRDoS）攻击也通过利用暗网实现[46]。暗网还存在许多诈骗类.onion站点，用户下载网站提供的工具后，电脑会感染特洛伊木马或被植入后门。

欺诈服务

暗网存在许多信用卡论坛、PayPal和比特币交易网站以及欺诈和假冒服务[47]。许多此类网站本身就是骗局[48]。

恶作剧和未证实内容

主条目：恶作剧

有报道称暗网存在众筹暗杀和雇佣杀手[38][49]，然而，这些业务被认为是诈骗[50][51]。丝绸之路的创始人罗斯·乌布利希（Ross Ulbricht）因他的违法网站遭国土安全调查部门（HSI）逮捕，据称他雇用一名杀手杀死了六个人，但这些指控后来被撤销[52][53]。

有一个都市傳說称人们可以在暗网上找到谋杀直播。“红屋子”[a]（Red Room）这个词根据日本动画和同名的都市传说创造而来。然而，证据表明所有相关的报告都只是恶作剧[54][55]。

2015年6月25日，YouTube频道“Obscure Horror Corner”评测了独立游戏《悲伤的撒旦》，作者声称通过暗网找到了游戏。频道说法的各种不一致之处也让人对其真实性产生怀疑[56]。一些网站负责分析和监控深网和暗网的威胁情报，如Sixgill[57]。

网络钓鱼和诈骗

以网络钓鱼为目的的克隆网站和其他诈骗网站有很多[58][59]，而暗网市场经常用欺诈性网址做广告[60][61]。

解谜

诸如蟬3301之类的谜题有时会使用隐藏服务，以便匿名提供线索，这通常会增加对创作者身份的猜测[62]。

非法色情

执法部门定期对兒童色情网站采取行动[63][64]，通常通过向用户分发恶意软件来破坏网站[65][66]。这些网站使用复杂的指导、论坛和社区监管系统[67]。其他内容有性虐待和杀害动物[68]以及復仇式色情[69]。

恐怖主义

有一些真实和欺诈网站声称由伊斯兰国使用，包括在去匿名化行动（Operation Onymous）中查获的假网站[70]。在2015年11月巴黎襲擊事件后，一个此类型的真实网站遭匿名者的附属黑客组织GhostSec攻击，网站被替换成了氟西汀的广告[71]。Rawti Shax伊斯兰组织一度被发现在暗网上运作[72]。

社交媒体

暗网存在类似万维网上的新兴社交媒体平台。Facebook和其他传统社交媒体平台已开始制作其网站的暗网版本，以解决与传统平台相关的问题，并继续在万维网的所有区域提供服务。[22]

评论

虽然大部分暗网内容都是无害的，但一些检察官和政府机构担心暗网成为犯罪活动的避风港[73]。DeepDotWeb[74][75]和All Things Vice[76]等专业暗网新闻网站建议提供有关暗网站点和服务的新闻报道和实用信息。The Hidden Wiki及其镜像和复刻在任何时间都拥有最大的内容目录。

暗网.onion链接的热门来源包括Pastebin、YouTube、Twitter、Reddit和其他网络论坛[77]。Darksum和Recorded Future等专业技术公司可以追踪暗网犯罪活动，用于执法目的[78]。2015年，国际刑警组织宣布提供专门的暗网培训计划，其中包括有关Tor、网络安全和模拟暗网市场的技术信息[79]。

2013年10月，英国国家打击犯罪局（National Crime Agency）和政府通信总部宣布成立联合行动小组（Joint Operations Cell），专注于网络犯罪[80]。2015年11月，据报道团队的任务是处理暗网上的儿童剥削以及其他网络犯罪[81]。

2017年3月，國會研究處发布了关于暗网的广泛报告，关注信息访问和信息呈现的动态变化。因其“未知”的特征，研究人员、执法者和政策制定者对此越来越感兴趣[82]。

2017年8月，据报道，一些专门监控和研究暗网的网络安全公司，他们代表银行和零售商，经常“在可能和必要时”与联邦调查局和其他执法机构分享他们有关非法内容的调查结果[83]。

新闻界

许多新聞工作者、另类新闻机构、教育工作者和研究人员在写作和谈论暗网方面具有影响力，使得暗网得以让公众一探究竟。

杰米·巴特利特

杰米·巴特利特（Jamie Bartlett）是《每日电讯报》的记者和技术博主，与萨塞克斯大学合作的Demos社区媒体分析中心主任。在他的书《暗网》（The Dark Net）中[84]，巴特利特描绘了暗网的世界及其在不同背景下对人类行为的影响。例如，本书开头讲述了一个年轻女孩的故事，她通过在网上发裸照来寻求正面反馈，以建立自尊。她最终被社交媒体网站所追踪，她的朋友和家人被她的裸照所淹没。这个故事突出了暗网所允许的人际关系的多样性，但也提醒读者如何参与像暗网这样罕见地与大型网络完全分离的覆盖网络。巴特利特的主要目标是探索暗网及其对社会的影响。他探索了不同的亚文化，其中一些对社会有积极意义，有些则对社会有负面影响。[85]

2015年6月，巴特利特在TED大会上发表题为“神秘的黑暗网络如何变成主流”的演讲，向观众介绍了暗网背后的想法[86]。

其他媒体

像ABC新闻这样的传统媒体和新闻频道也刊登了调查暗网的文章[87]。《名利场》杂志于2016年10月发表了题为《其他互联网》（The Other Internet）的文章。文章讨论了暗网的兴起，并提到在不法的数字荒野中赌注变得越来越高。作者还提到漏洞是网络防御的弱点。其他讨论的主题包括传统黑市的电子商务版本、TheRealDeal的网络武器以及运营安全的作用[88]。

参见

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注释

  1. ^ 或称“红色房间”、“红房子”

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