跳转到内容

恐龍的體型:修订间差异

维基百科,自由的百科全书
删除的内容 添加的内容
无编辑摘要
标签2017版源代码编辑
无编辑摘要
标签2017版源代码编辑
第70行: 第70行:
#[[阿根廷龍]](''Argentinosaurus''):50至90公噸。<ref name="noto2016" /><ref name="G.S.Paul2010" /><ref name="Bensonetal2014">{{cite journal|last1=Benson|first1=RBJ|last2=Campione|first2=NE|last3=Carrano|first3=MT|last4=Mannion|first4=PD|last5=Sullivan|first5=C|last6=Evans|first6=DC|display-authors=et al|year=2014|title=Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage|journal=PLoS Biol|volume=12|issue=5|page=e1001853|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853|pmc=4011683|pmid=24802911}}</ref>
#[[阿根廷龍]](''Argentinosaurus''):50至90公噸。<ref name="noto2016" /><ref name="G.S.Paul2010" /><ref name="Bensonetal2014">{{cite journal|last1=Benson|first1=RBJ|last2=Campione|first2=NE|last3=Carrano|first3=MT|last4=Mannion|first4=PD|last5=Sullivan|first5=C|last6=Evans|first6=DC|display-authors=et al|year=2014|title=Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage|journal=PLoS Biol|volume=12|issue=5|page=e1001853|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853|pmc=4011683|pmid=24802911}}</ref>
#{{link-en|巴塔哥巨龙属|Patagotitan}} (''Patagotitan''):55到77公噸。<ref name="desc">José L.&nbsp;Carballido; Diego Pol; Alejandro&nbsp;Otero; Ignacio A. Cerda; Leonardo&nbsp;Salgado&nbsp;; Alberto C.&nbsp;Garrido&nbsp;; Jahandar&nbsp;Ramezani&nbsp;; Néstor R.&nbsp;Cúneo&nbsp;; Javier M.&nbsp;Krause (2017). "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1860): 20171219. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219.</ref>
#{{link-en|巴塔哥巨龙属|Patagotitan}} (''Patagotitan''):55到77公噸。<ref name="desc">José L.&nbsp;Carballido; Diego Pol; Alejandro&nbsp;Otero; Ignacio A. Cerda; Leonardo&nbsp;Salgado&nbsp;; Alberto C.&nbsp;Garrido&nbsp;; Jahandar&nbsp;Ramezani&nbsp;; Néstor R.&nbsp;Cúneo&nbsp;; Javier M.&nbsp;Krause (2017). "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1860): 20171219. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219.</ref>
#{{link-en|南巨龙属|Notocolossus}} (''Notocolossus''):44.9到75.9公噸。<ref name=noto2016>{{cite journal | last1 = González Riga | first1 = Bernardo J. | last2 = Lamanna | first2 = Matthew C. | last3 = Ortiz David | first3 = Leonardo D. | last4 = Calvo | first4 = Jorge O. | last5 = Coria | first5 = Juan P. | year = 2016 | title = A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = | page = 19165 | doi = 10.1038
#{{link-en|南巨龙属|Notocolossus}} (''Notocolossus''):44.9到75.9公噸。<ref name=noto2016>{{cite journal | last1 = González Riga | first1 = Bernardo J. | last2 = Lamanna | first2 = Matthew C. | last3 = Ortiz David | first3 = Leonardo D. | last4 = Calvo | first4 = Jorge O. | last5 = Coria | first5 = Juan P. | year = 2016 | title = A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = | page = 19165 | doi = 10.1038/srep19165 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...619165G | pmid=26777391 | pmc=4725985}}</ref>
#[[马门溪龙]](''Mamenchisaurus''):44到75公噸。<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[马门溪龙]](''Mamenchisaurus''):44到75公噸。<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[阿拉莫龍]](''Alamosaurus''):39.5到73公噸。<ref name=noto2016/><ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="mazzettaetal2004"/>
#[[阿拉莫龍]](''Alamosaurus''):39.5到73公噸。<ref name=noto2016/><ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="mazzettaetal2004"/>
第114行: 第114行:
#[[帝王埃德蒙顿龙]]: {{convert|4|-|7.6|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014" /><ref name=HWF04/>
#[[帝王埃德蒙顿龙]]: {{convert|4|-|7.6|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014" /><ref name=HWF04/>
#[[加拿大短冠龙]]: {{convert|4.5|-|7|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010" /><ref name="Bensonetal2014" />
#[[加拿大短冠龙]]: {{convert|4.5|-|7|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010" /><ref name="Bensonetal2014" />
#[[Lanzhousaurus magnidens]]: {{convert|6|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=G.S.Paul2010 />
#[[巨齿兰州龙]]: {{convert|6|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=G.S.Paul2010 />
#[[Parasaurolophus walkeri]]: {{convert|2.5|-|5.1|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name="seebacher2001" /><ref name=dfg97>{{cite book|chapter=Parasaurolophus |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |title=Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia |year=1997 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=678–684 |isbn=978-0-89950-917-4}}</ref><ref name="Bakker1980">Bakker, R. T. 1980. Dinosaur heresy-dinosaur renaissance; pp. 351-462 in R. D. K. Thomas and E. C. Olson (eds.), A Cold Look at the Warm-blooded Dinosaurs. AAAS Selected Symposia Series No. 28.</ref>
#[[沃克氏副栉龙]]: {{convert|2.5|-|5.1|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bensonetal2014"/><ref name="seebacher2001" /><ref name=dfg97>{{cite book|chapter=Parasaurolophus |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |title=Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia |year=1997 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=678–684 |isbn=978-0-89950-917-4}}</ref><ref name="Bakker1980">Bakker, R. T. 1980. Dinosaur heresy-dinosaur renaissance; pp. 351-462 in R. D. K. Thomas and E. C. Olson (eds.), A Cold Look at the Warm-blooded Dinosaurs. AAAS Selected Symposia Series No. 28.</ref>
#[[Charonosaurus jiayinensis]]: {{convert|5|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=G.S.Paul2010 />
#[[嘉荫卡戎龙]]: {{convert|5|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=G.S.Paul2010 />


==角龍亞目==
==角龍亞目==
第122行: 第122行:


===最長的角龍亞目===
===最長的角龍亞目===
以下為身長(包含尾巴)超過7公尺以上的角龍類恐龍。
以下為身長(包含尾巴)超過6公尺以上的角龍類恐龍。
#[[始三角龍]](''Eotriceratops''):{{convert|8.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[始三角龍]](''Eotriceratops''):12公尺。<ref name="thesun2007">White, R. and Reilly, T. (2007), "Dino's got head the size of car." ''The Sun'', 8 November 2007. Accessed online 26 May 2008, http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article516666.ece</ref>另一份保守的估計值則為9公尺。<ref>{{cite book| last = Holtz| first = Thomas R. Jr.| authorlink = | title = Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages| publisher = Random House| date = 2008| location = | pages = pg 52, updated appendix| url = http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/DinoappendixSummer2008.pdf| doi = | id = | isbn = 0375824197}}</ref>
#[[三角龍]](''Triceratops''):9公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[三角龍]](''Triceratops''):{{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[厚鼻龍]](''Pachyrhinosaurus''):8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[牛角龍]](''Torosaurus''):{{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[]](''Pentaceratops''):8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[白杨山]](''Ojoceratops''):{{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[泰坦角龙]](''Titanoceratops''):{{convert|6.5|-|6.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="Lehman1998">{{cite journal | last1 = Lehman | first1 = T.M. | year = 1998 | title = A Gigantic Skull and Skeleton of the Horned Dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergi from New Mexico | url = | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 72 | issue = 5| pages = 894–906 | doi=10.1017/s0022336000027220}}</ref>
#[[]](''Nedoceratops''):7.6。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[牛角龍]](''Torosaurus''):7.6公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[厚鼻龍]](''Pachyrhinosaurus''): {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[阿古哈角龍]](''Agujaceratops''):7公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[河神龙]](''Achelousaurus''): {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[無鼻角龍]](''Arrhinoceratops''):7公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[開角龍]](''Chasmosaurus''):7公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>


===最小的角龍亞目===
===最小的角龍亞目===
#[[阎王]](''Yamaceratops''):50。<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
以下為身長小於2公尺的角龍類恐龍。
#[[朝陽龍]](''Chaoyangsaurus''):60公分。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[辽宁角龙]](''Liaoceratops''):50公分。<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/>
#[[雅角龍]](''Graciliceratops''):60公分。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[宣化角龍]](''Xuanhuaceratops''):60公分。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[微角龍]](''Microceratus''):60公分。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[弱角龍]](''Bagaceratops''):90公分。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[紅山龍]](''Hongshanosaurus''):1.2公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[古角龍]](''Archaeoceratops''):1.5公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[閻王角龍]](''Yamaceratops''):1.5公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[亞洲角龍]](''Asiaceratops''):1.8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[鬥吻角龍]](''Cerasinops''):1.8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[纖角龍]](''Leptoceratops''):1.8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[鸚鵡嘴龍]](''Psittacosaurus''):1.8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>

==厚頭龍亞目==
==厚頭龍亞目==
{{main|厚頭龍下目}}
{{main|厚頭龍下目}}


===最大的厚頭龍亞目===
===最大的厚頭龍亞目===
#[[厚頭龍]](''Pachycephalosaurus''):4.6公尺。
#[[厚頭龍]](''Pachycephalosaurus''):{{convert|4.5|-|7|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="Holtz2008"/>


===最小的厚頭龍亞目===
===最小的厚頭龍亞目===
#[[皖南龍]](''Wannanosaurus''):60公分。<ref name="butler&zhao2008">Butler, R.J. and Zhao, Q. "The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs ''Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis'' and ''Wannanosaurus yansiensis'' from the Late Cretaceous of China." ''Cretaceous Research'', Corrected Proof, Available online 8 April 2008 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002</ref>
#[[皖南龍]](''Wannanosaurus''):60公分。<ref name="butler&zhao2008">Butler, R.J. and Zhao, Q. "The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs ''Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis'' and ''Wannanosaurus yansiensis'' from the Late Cretaceous of China." ''Cretaceous Research'', Corrected Proof, Available online 8 April 2008 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002</ref>
#[[微腫頭龍]](''Micropachycephalosaurus''):1公尺。(在恐龍芵文名中是最長的)


==装甲类==
==装甲类==
第163行: 第148行:
===最長的装甲类===
===最長的装甲类===
以下为长度超过8米的装甲类恐龙:
以下为长度超过8米的装甲类恐龙:
#[[劍龍屬]](''Stegosaurus''):{{convert|6.5|-|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[甲龍]](''Ankylosaurus''):6.25到10.7公尺。<ref name="carpenter2004">Carpenter, K. 2004. Redescription of ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' 41: 961–986.</ref>
#[[雪松甲龙]](''Ankylosaurus''):{{convert|5|-|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="Holtz2008"/><ref name=KCetal08>{{cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Kenneth |authorlink=Kenneth Carpenter |author2=Bartlett, Jeff |author3=Bird, John |author4= Barrick, Reese |year=2008|title=Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1089–1101 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089}}</ref>
#[[多智龙]](''Tarchia''):8.5公尺。
#[[锐龙]](''Dacentrurus''):{{convert|7|-|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="Holtz2008"/><ref name="Galton2004">Galton, Peter M.; Upchurch, Paul, 2004, "Stegosauria" In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): ''The Dinosauria'', 2nd edition, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 344-345</ref>
#[[包头龍]](''Euoplocephalus''):8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2008) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/DinoappendixSummer2008.pdf Supplementary Information]
#[[甲龍]](''Ankylosaurus''):{{convert|6.25|-|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Holtz2008"/><ref name="carpenter2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1139/e04-043 | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = K. | year = 2004 | title = Redescription of ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 41 | issue = 8| pages = 961–986 |bibcode = 2004CaJES..41..961C }}</ref><ref name="ankyredesc">{{cite journal|last1=[[Victoria Arbour|Arbour. V.M.]]|last2=Mallon|first2=J.C.|year=2017|title=Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur ''Ankylosaurus magniventris''|journal=FACETS|volume=2|issue=2|pages=764–794|doi=10.1139/facets-2017-0063}}</ref>
</ref>
#[[多智龙]](''Tarchia''):{{convert|4.5|-|8|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="G.S.Paul2010"/><ref name="Holtz2008">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2008) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/DinoappendixSummer2008.pdf Supplementary Information]</ref>
#[[劍龍屬]](''Stegosaurus''):8公尺。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>

===最小的装甲类===
===最小的装甲类===
#[[遼寧龍]](''Liaoningosaurus''):34公分,但化石為幼年體。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>
#[[遼寧龍]](''Liaoningosaurus''):34公分,但化石為幼年體。<ref name="Holtz2008"/>

2019年11月15日 (五) 11:07的版本

恐龍的體型將目前已知的不同恐龍生物群中,最大、最重與最小的成員列表出來。

五类恐龍的大型代表物種體型相比,圖片最左邊藍色的則代表現代人類的平均體型:

備註:這個列表並不包含未公佈的化石。恐龍的體重估計值比身長估計值變化範圍更大,因為使用已滅絕動物的骨骸來估計牠們的身長較為容易。

獸腳亞目

最長的獸腳亞目

數種巨型獸腳類恐龍的體型相比。從左到右為:棘龍鯊齒龍南方巨獸龍暴龍

以下列表為身長(包含尾巴在內)超過12公尺的獸腳類恐龍。

  1. 棘龙: 15—18米(49—59英尺)[1]
  2. 鲨齿龙: 12.2—14米(40—46英尺)[2][3]
  3. 南方巨兽龙: 12—14米(39—46英尺)[4][5]
  4. 奥沙拉龙: 12—14米(39—46英尺)[5][6]
  5. 食蜥王龙: 10.5—14米(34—46英尺)[2][5][7]
  6. 霸王龙: 12.5—13米(41—43英尺)[2][1]
  7. 马普龙: 12.2—13米(40—43英尺)[8][5]
  8. 魁纣龙: 12.2—13米(40—43英尺)[2][5]
  9. 高棘龍: 11.5—13米(38—43英尺)?[2][5]
  10. 吉兰泰龙: 11—13米(36—43英尺)[2][5][9]

最重的獸腳亞目

  1. 棘龙: 6—20.9 t(6.6—23.0 short ton)[10][11][12]
  2. 霸王龙: 4.5—18.5 t(5.0—20.4 short ton)[13][14][15][16]
  3. 鲨齿龙: 3—15.1 t(3.3—16.6 short ton)[17][18][11]
  4. 南方巨兽龙: 6—13.8 t(6.6—15.2 short ton) [17][19][11][20]
  5. 高棘龍: 2.4—7.3 t(2.6—8.0 short ton)[17][14][21][22]
  6. 奥沙拉龙: 5—7 t(5.5—7.7 short ton)[6]
  7. 魁纣龙: 4.9—7 t(5.4—7.7 short ton)[2][17]
  8. 恐手龙: 5—6.4 t(5.5—7.1 short ton)[23][2]
  9. 吉兰泰龙: 2.5—6 t(2.8—6.6 short ton)[24][25]
  10. 似鳄龙: 2.5—5.2 t(2.8—5.7 short ton)[4][18][14][2]

最小的獸腳亞目(不包含鳥類)

以下為身長小於或等于80cm的獸腳類恐龍(不包含鳥類):

  1. 耀龍Epidexipteryx):25公分到30公分。[2][26]
  2. 近鳥Anchiornis):34公分。[27]
  3. 小馳龍Parvicursor):39公分。[28]
  4. 寐龍Mei):53公分。[4]
  5. 金鳳鳥Jinfengopteryx):55公分。[29]
  6. 小盜龍Microraptor):55到77公分。
  7. 美頜龍Compsognathus):60公分到1.4公尺。
  8. 小力加布龍Ligabueino):70公分。
  9. 大黑天神龍Mahakala):70公分。[30]
  10. 侏羅獵龍Juravenator):75到104公分。
  11. 恩霹渥巴龍Nqwebasaurus):80公分。

蜥脚形亚目

蜥脚形亚目恐龍的化石經常處於破碎的狀態,因此很難估計牠們的體型。而且牠們的化石常缺乏尾部,所以估計值的錯誤範圍很大。恐龍體重的計算方式是採用身長的三次方,而蜥腳類恐龍的身長大多無法確定,因此更難以估計牠們的體重。以下估計值主要根據GavinrymillMiketaylor、以及 Mortimer等人的論敘。而化石非常破碎,或是化石已遺失的物種,都標上問號。

巨型蜥腳類恐龍通常可以分為兩群:一群的體型較短、較粗壯,但體重較大,主要為泰坦巨龍類腕龍科;另一群的體型較為修長,但體重較輕,主要為梁龍科

最長的蜥脚形亚目

數種大型代表蜥腳下目恐龍的體型比較圖。分別為:阿根廷龍(紅)、馬門溪龍(綠)、超龍(橘)、梁龍(紫)、富塔隆柯龍(藍)
  1. 阿根廷龍Argentinosaurus):35到39.7公尺。[31][32]
  2. 巴塔哥巨龙属英语PatagotitanPatagotitan):33到37公尺。[33][34][2][35]
  3. 超龍(Supersaurus):32到35公尺。[33][36][2]
  4. 梁龍D. hallorum):29到35公尺。原為地震龍Seismosaurus)。[2][36][5][37]
  5. 阿拉莫龍Alamosaurus):28到35公尺。[2][38][5]
  6. 马门溪龙Mamenchisaurus):26到35公尺。[2][39]
  7. 波塞東龍Sauroposeidon): 27到34公尺。備註:目前已知最高的恐龍,身高18公尺。[33][40][2][41]
  8. 巨大南极龙"Antarctosaurus" giganteus): 23到33公尺。[33][5]
  9. 新疆巨龙Xinjiangtitan):30到32公尺。[42]

最重的蜥脚形亚目

  1. 阿根廷龍Argentinosaurus):50至90公噸。[43][2][17]
  2. 巴塔哥巨龙属英语PatagotitanPatagotitan):55到77公噸。[44]
  3. 南巨龙属Notocolossus):44.9到75.9公噸。[43]
  4. 马门溪龙Mamenchisaurus):44到75公噸。[2]
  5. 阿拉莫龍Alamosaurus):39.5到73公噸。[43][2][19]
  6. 迷惑龍Apatosaurus):32.7到72.6公噸。一般大眾俗稱的雷龍[45]
  7. 波塞東龍Sauroposeidon):40到60公噸。[40][2][41]
  8. 无畏巨龙Dreadnoughtus):22.1到59.3公噸。[43][46]
  9. 潮汐龙Futalognkosaurus):20到59公噸。[2][47]

最小的蜥脚形亚目

  1. 歐姆殿龍Ohmdenosaurus): 4米(13英尺)[5]
  2. 貝里肯龍Blikanasaurus): 4—5米(13—16英尺)[2][5]
  3. 细长龙Lirainosaurus): 4—7米(13—23英尺)[2][48]
  4. 馬扎爾龍Magyarosaurus): 5.3—6米(17—20英尺)[2][5]
  5. 歐羅巴龍Europasaurus): 5.7—6.2米(19—20英尺)[2][5][49]
  6. 火山齒龍Vulcanodon): 6.5—11米(21—36英尺)[2][5]
  7. 伊森龍Isanosaurus): 6.5—17米(21—56英尺)[5][50]
  8. 萨尔塔龙Saltasaurus): 7—12.8米(23—42英尺)[2][51][35]
  9. 内乌肯龙Neuquensaurus): 7—15米(23—49英尺)[5][52]
  10. 雷前龍Antetonitrus): 8—12.2米(26—40英尺)[5][53]

鳥腳亞目

最長的鳥腳亞目

數種大型鳥腳類恐龍的體型相比。由左到右分別為:山東龍巨保羅龍鴨龍埃德蒙頓龍
  1. 山東龍Shantungosaurus):14.7—18.7米(48—61英尺)[18][5][54][55][56]
  2. 埃德蒙頓龍Edmontosaurus):9—15.2米(30—50英尺)[5][2][57][58][59][60]
  3. 阔步龙Hypsibema):15米(49英尺)?[5]
  4. 贝尼萨尔禽龙Iguanodon):10—13米(33—43英尺)[5][61]
  5. 卡戎龍Charonosaurus):10—13米(33—43英尺)[2][62]
  6. 巨保罗龙Magnapaulia):12.5米(41英尺)[63]
  7. 窄吻櫛龍Saurolophus angustirostris):12米(39英尺)[2][64]

最重的鳥腳亞目

  1. 寬尾賴氏龍Lambeosaurus laticaudus):可達23公噸。[65]
  2. 山東龍Shantungosaurus):可達16公噸。[66]
  3. 埃德蒙頓龍Edmontosaurus):4.0公噸。[66]
  4. 亞冠龍Hypacrosaurus):4.0公噸。[66]
  1. 山東龍: 9.9—22.5 t(10.9—24.8 short ton)[2][17][18][66]
  2. 加尔韦禽龙: 15.3 t(16.9 short ton)[17]
  3. 连接埃德蒙顿龙: 3—13.2 t(3.3—14.6 short ton)[67][18][68][58]
  4. 栉龙: 5—11 t(5.5—12.1 short ton)[17][69]
  5. 贝尼萨尔禽龙: 3.08—8.3 t(3.40—9.15 short ton)[17][70]
  6. 帝王埃德蒙顿龙: 4—7.6 t(4.4—8.4 short ton)[17][66]
  7. 加拿大短冠龙: 4.5—7 t(5.0—7.7 short ton)[2][17]
  8. 巨齿兰州龙: 6 t(6.6 short ton)[2]
  9. 沃克氏副栉龙: 2.5—5.1 t(2.8—5.6 short ton)[17][18][71][72]
  10. 嘉荫卡戎龙: 5 t(5.5 short ton)[2]

角龍亞目

最長的角龍亞目

以下為身長(包含尾巴)超過6公尺以上的角龍類恐龍。

  1. 始三角龍Eotriceratops):8.5米(28英尺)[2]
  2. 三角龍Triceratops):8米(26英尺)[2]
  3. 牛角龍Torosaurus):8米(26英尺)[2]
  4. 白杨山角龙Ojoceratops):8米(26英尺)[5]
  5. 泰坦角龙Titanoceratops):6.5—6.8米(21—22英尺)[2][73]
  6. 厚鼻龍Pachyrhinosaurus): 6米(20英尺)[2]
  7. 河神龙Achelousaurus): 6米(20英尺)[2]

最小的角龍亞目

  1. 阎王角龙Yamaceratops):50公分。[2]
  2. 辽宁角龙Liaoceratops):50公分。[2]

厚頭龍亞目

最大的厚頭龍亞目

  1. 厚頭龍Pachycephalosaurus):4.5—7米(15—23英尺)[2][5]

最小的厚頭龍亞目

  1. 皖南龍Wannanosaurus):60公分。[74]

装甲类

最長的装甲类

以下为长度超过8米的装甲类恐龙:

  1. 劍龍屬Stegosaurus):6.5—9米(21—30英尺)[2][5]
  2. 雪松甲龙Ankylosaurus):5—9米(16—30英尺)[2][5][75]
  3. 锐龙Dacentrurus):7—8米(23—26英尺)[2][5][76]
  4. 甲龍Ankylosaurus):6.25—8米(20.5—26.2英尺)[5][77][78]
  5. 多智龙Tarchia):4.5—8米(15—26英尺)[2][5]

最小的装甲类

  1. 遼寧龍Liaoningosaurus):34公分,但化石為幼年體。[5]
  2. 小盾龍Scutellosaurus):1.2公尺。[5]
  3. 龍胄龍Dracopelta):2公尺。[5]
  4. 敏迷龍Minmi):2公尺。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Fabri, Matteo; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Myhrvold, Nathan; Lurino, Dawid A. Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur. Science. 2014, 345 (6204): 1613–6. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1613I. PMID 25213375. doi:10.1126/science.1258750.  Supplementary Information 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2015-09-24.
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition. United States of America: Princeton University Press. 2016: 70–348. ISBN 978-0-691-16766-4. 
  3. ^ Coria, R. A.; Currie, P. J. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina (PDF). Geodiversitas. 2006, 28 (1): 71–118. ISSN 1280-9659. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-26). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Therrien, F.; Henderson, D. M. My theropod is bigger than yours...or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2007, 27 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 Holtz, Thomas R., Jr.; Rey, Luis V. Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages. New York: Random House. 2007 [2012-01-26]. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.  引用错误:带有name属性“Holtz2008”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Kellner, Alexander W.A.; Sergio A.K. Azevedeo; Elaine B. Machado; Luciana B. Carvalho; Deise D.R. Henriques. A new dinosaur (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Alcântara Formation, Cajual Island, Brazil (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2011, 83 (1): 99–108 [2011-04-11]. ISSN 0001-3765. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100006. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-18). 
  7. ^ Chure, Daniel J. A reassessment of the gigantic theropod Saurophagus maximus from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Oklahoma, USA. A. Sun; Y. Wang (编). Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 1995: 103–106. 
  8. ^ Coria, R. A.; Currie, P. J. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas. 2006, 28 (1): 71–118. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.624.2450可免费查阅. ISSN 1280-9659. 
  9. ^ Madsen, James H., Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: A Revised Osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109 2nd. Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Survey. 1993 [1976]. 
  10. ^ dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; Mendez, M. A. New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on its sizes and affinities. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Submitted manuscript). 2005, 25 (4): 888–896. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Therrien, F.; Henderson, D.M. My theropod is bigger than yours...or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2007, 27 (1): 108–115. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2. 
  12. ^ Glut, D.F. The New Dinosaur Dictionary. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. 1982: 226–228. ISBN 978-0-8065-0782-8. 
  13. ^ Hutchinson J.R.; Bates K.T.; Molnar J.; Allen V; Makovicky P.J. A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (10): e26037. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626037H. PMC 3192160可免费查阅. PMID 22022500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 引用错误:没有为名为Campioneetal的参考文献提供内容
  15. ^ Anderson, JF; Hall-Martin, AJ; Russell, Dale. Long bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology. 1985, 207 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x. 
  16. ^ Bakker, Robert T. The Dinosaur Heresies. New York: Kensington Publishing. 1986. ISBN 978-0-688-04287-5. OCLC 13699558. [页码请求]
  17. ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 Benson, RBJ; Campione, NE; Carrano, MT; Mannion, PD; Sullivan, C; Evans, DC; et al. Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage. PLoS Biol. 2014, 12 (5): e1001853. PMC 4011683可免费查阅. PMID 24802911. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Seebacher, F. A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2001, 21 (1): 51–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.255可免费查阅. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs (PDF). Historical Biology. 2004, 16 (2–4): 71–83 [2008-01-08]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.1650可免费查阅. doi:10.1080/08912960410001715132. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-02-25). 
  20. ^ Coria, R.A.; Salgado, L. A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia.. Nature. 1995, 377 (6546): 225–226. Bibcode:1995Natur.377..224C. doi:10.1038/377224a0. 
  21. ^ Bates, KT; Manning, PL; Hodgetts, D; Sellers, WI. Estimating Mass Properties of Dinosaurs Using Laser. PLoS ONE. 2009, 4 (2): e4532. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4532B. PMC 2639725可免费查阅. PMID 19225569. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004532. 
  22. ^ Currie, Philip J.; Carpenter, Kenneth. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000, 22 (2): 207–246. (原始内容存档于2007-11-14). 
  23. ^ Lee, Yuong-Nam; Barsbold, Rinchen; Currie, Philip J.; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Lee, Hang-Jae; Godefroit, Pascal; Escuillié, François; Chinzorig, Tsogtbaatar. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 2014, 515 (7526): 257–260 [22 October 2014]. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..257L. PMID 25337880. doi:10.1038/nature13874. 
  24. ^ Brusatte, S.L.; Chure, D.J.; Benson, R.B.J.; Xu, X. The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia (PDF). Zootaxa. 2010, 2334: 1–46 [2017-09-01]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2334.1.1. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-02-04). 
  25. ^ Benson R.B.J.; Carrano M.T; Brusatte S.L. A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften. 2010, 97 (1): 71–78. Bibcode:2010NW.....97...71B. PMID 19826771. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. 
  26. ^ Zhang, F.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Sullivan, C. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers. Nature (Submitted manuscript). 2008, 455 (7216): 1105–8 [2018-09-21]. Bibcode:2008Natur.455.1105Z. PMID 18948955. doi:10.1038/nature07447. (原始内容存档于2012-02-20). 
  27. ^ Xu, X., Zhao, Q., Norell, M., Sullivan, C., Hone, D., Erickson, G., Wang, X., Han, F. and Guo, Y. (2009). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin." Chinese Science Bulletin, 6 pages, accepted November 15, 2008.
  28. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为theropoddatabase的参考文献提供内容
  29. ^ Ji, Q., Ji, S., Lu, J., You, H., Chen, W., Liu, Y., and Liu, Y. (2005). "First avialan bird from China (Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.)." Geological Bulletin of China, 24(3): 197-205.
  30. ^ Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, Mark. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight (pdf). Science. 2007, 317: 1378–1381. doi:10.1126/science.1144066. 
  31. ^ Yong, Ed. Biggest Dinosaur Ever? Maybe. Maybe Not. – Phenomena. BMC Biology. 18 May 2014, 10: 60 [11 June 2016]. PMC 3403949可免费查阅. PMID 22781121. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-60. (原始内容存档于5 November 2017). 
  32. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为bbc.co.uk的参考文献提供内容
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 引用错误:没有为名为KC06的参考文献提供内容
  34. ^ Sellers, W. I.; Margetts, L.; Coria, R. A. B.; Manning, P. L. Carrier, David , 编. March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e78733. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...878733S. PMC 3864407可免费查阅. PMID 24348896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 Jianu, Coralia-Maria; Weishampel, David B. The smallest of the largest: a new look at possible dwarfing in sauropod dinosaurs.. Geologie en Mijinbouw. 1999, 78. 
  36. ^ 36.0 36.1 Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny. Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 2007, 65 (4): 527–544. 
  37. ^ Herne, Matthew C.; Lucas, Spencer G. Seismosaurus hallorum: Osteological reconstruction from the holotype. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 36. 
  38. ^ Royo-Torres, R.; Cobos, A.; Alcalá, L. A Giant European Dinosaur and a New Sauropod Clade. Science. 2006, 314 (5807): 1925–1927. Bibcode:2006Sci...314.1925R. PMID 17185599. doi:10.1126/science.1132885. 
  39. ^ Russell, Dale A.; Zheng, Zhong. A large mamenchisaurid from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1993, 30 (10): 2082–2095. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2082R. doi:10.1139/e93-180. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Wedel, Mathew J.; Cifelli, R.L.; Sanders, R..K. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2000, 45: 343–388 [2009-07-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-07-05). 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Wedel, Mathew J.; Cifelli, Richard L. Sauroposeidon: Oklahoma's Native Giant (PDF). Oklahoma Geology Notes. Summer 2005, 65 (2): 40–57. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-20). 
  42. ^ Wu, Wen-hao; Zhou, Chang-Fu; Wings, Oliver; Toru, Sekiya; Dong, Zhi-ming. A new gigantic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Shanshan, Xinjiang (PDF). Global Geology. 2013, 32 (3): 437–446 [2014-06-28]. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2013.03.002. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-11-10). 
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 González Riga, Bernardo J.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Ortiz David, Leonardo D.; Calvo, Jorge O.; Coria, Juan P. A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6: 19165. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619165G. PMC 4725985可免费查阅. PMID 26777391. doi:10.1038/srep19165. 
  44. ^ José L. Carballido; Diego Pol; Alejandro Otero; Ignacio A. Cerda; Leonardo Salgado ; Alberto C. Garrido ; Jahandar Ramezani ; Néstor R. Cúneo ; Javier M. Krause (2017). "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1860): 20171219. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219.
  45. ^ Wedel, M. 2013. A giant, skeletally immature individual of Apatosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Oklahoma 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2014-09-07.. The Annual Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy 2013:45.
  46. ^ Bates, Karl T.; Falkingham, Peter L.; Macaulay, Sophie; Brassey, Charlotte; Maidment, Susannah C.R. Downsizing a giant: re-evaluating Dreadnoughtus body mass. Biol Lett. 2015, 11 (6): 20150215. PMC 4528471可免费查阅. PMID 26063751. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0215. 
  47. ^ Burness, G.P.; Flannery, T.; Flannery, T. Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001, 98 (25): 14518–14523. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9814518B. PMC 64714可免费查阅. PMID 11724953. doi:10.1073/pnas.251548698. 
  48. ^ V. D. Diaz, X. P. Suberpiola, and J. L. Sanz. 2013. Appendicular skeleton and dermal armour of the Late Cretaceous titanosaur Lirainosaurus astibia (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Spain. Palaeontologia Electronica 16(2):19A
  49. ^ Stein, K.; Csiki, Z.; Curry Rogers, K.; Weishampel, D.B.; Redelstorff, R.; Carballidoa, J.L.; Sandera, P.M. Small body size and extreme cortical bone remodeling indicate phyletic dwarfism in Magyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 20. 2010, 107 (20): 9258–9263. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.9258S. PMC 2889090可免费查阅. PMID 20435913. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000781107. 
  50. ^ Buffetaut, E.; Suteethorn, V.; Cuny, G.; Tong, H.; Le Loeuff, J.; Khansubha, S.; Jongautchariyakul, S. The earliest known sauropod dinosaur. Nature. 2000, 407 (6800): 72–74. Bibcode:2000Natur.407...72B. PMID 10993074. doi:10.1038/35024060. 
  51. ^ Henderson, Donald. Sauropod Necks: Are They Really for Heat Loss?. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e77108. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...877108H. PMC 3812985可免费查阅. PMID 24204747. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077108. 
  52. ^ Wilson. J. A. (2006): An Overview of Titanosaur Evolution and Phylogeny. En (Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico Salense, Ed.): Actas de las III Jornadas sobre Dinosaurios y su Entorno. 169-190. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, España. 169
  53. ^ Yates, A.M.; Kitching, J.W. The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 2003, 270 (1525): 1753–1758. PMC 1691423可免费查阅. PMID 12965005. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2417. 
  54. ^ Zhao, X.; Li, D.; Han, G.; Hao, H.; Liu, F.; Li, L.; Fang, X. Zhuchengosaurus maximus from Shandong Province. Acta Geoscientia Sinica. 2007, 28 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10114-005-0808-x. 
  55. ^ Zhao Xijin; Wang Kebai; Li Dunjing. Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens. Geological Bulletin of China. 2011, 30 (11): 1671–1688. 
  56. ^ Glut, Donald F. Shantungosaurus. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1997: 816–817. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4. 
  57. ^ Sues, Hans-Dieter. ornithopods. James Orville Farlow; M. K. Brett-Surman (编). The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1997: 338. ISBN 978-0-253-33349-0. 
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 Archived copy (PDF). [2016-06-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04). 
  59. ^ Glut, Donald F. Edmontosaurus. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1997: 389–396. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4. 
  60. ^ Lambert, David; the Diagram Group. The Dinosaur Data Book. New York: Avon Books. 1990: 60. ISBN 978-0-380-75896-8. 
  61. ^ Naish, Darren; David M. Martill. Ornithopod dinosaurs. Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. London: The Palaeontological Association. 2001: 60–132. ISBN 978-0-901702-72-2. 
  62. ^ Dixon, Dougal. The Complete Book of Dinosaurs. London: Anness Publishing Ltd. 2006: 216. ISBN 978-0-681-37578-9. 
  63. ^ Prieto-Márquez, A.; Chiappe, L. M.; Joshi, S. H. Dodson, Peter , 编. The lambeosaurine dinosaur Magnapaulia laticaudus from the Late Cretaceous of Baja California, Northwestern Mexico. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (6): e38207. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738207P. PMC 3373519可免费查阅. PMID 22719869. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038207. 
  64. ^ Glut, Donald F. Saurolophus. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1997: 788–789. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4. 
  65. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为WJM81的参考文献提供内容
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 Horner, John R.; Weishampel, David B.; and Forster, Catherine A. Hadrosauridae. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (编). The Dinosauria 2nd. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004: 438–463. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.  引用错误:带有name属性“HWF04”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  67. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (1997). "Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs". Dinofest International 1997: 129–154.
  68. ^ Glut, Donald F. Anatotitan. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1997: 132–134. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4. 
  69. ^ Paul, Greg. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2010: 335. 
  70. ^ Glut, Donald F. Iguanodon. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia.. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1997: 490–500. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4. 
  71. ^ Glut, Donald F. Parasaurolophus. Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1997: 678–684. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4. 
  72. ^ Bakker, R. T. 1980. Dinosaur heresy-dinosaur renaissance; pp. 351-462 in R. D. K. Thomas and E. C. Olson (eds.), A Cold Look at the Warm-blooded Dinosaurs. AAAS Selected Symposia Series No. 28.
  73. ^ Lehman, T.M. A Gigantic Skull and Skeleton of the Horned Dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergi from New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology. 1998, 72 (5): 894–906. doi:10.1017/s0022336000027220. 
  74. ^ Butler, R.J. and Zhao, Q. "The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis and Wannanosaurus yansiensis from the Late Cretaceous of China." Cretaceous Research, Corrected Proof, Available online 8 April 2008 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002
  75. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth; Bartlett, Jeff; Bird, John; Barrick, Reese. Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2008, 28 (4): 1089–1101. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089. 
  76. ^ Galton, Peter M.; Upchurch, Paul, 2004, "Stegosauria" In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 344-345
  77. ^ Carpenter, K. Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2004, 41 (8): 961–986. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41..961C. doi:10.1139/e04-043. 
  78. ^ Arbour. V.M.; Mallon, J.C. Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris. FACETS. 2017, 2 (2): 764–794. doi:10.1139/facets-2017-0063. 
  • (英文)Gregory S. Paul. Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs. Dinofest International. 1997, 1997: 129–154. 

外部連結