苹果猪笼草：修订间差异

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* 在捕食昆虫时起到重要作用的蜜腺已经极为罕见，某些[[变型]]的笼盖上甚至已经完全消失。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 在捕食昆虫时起到重要作用的蜜腺已经极为罕见，某些[[变型]]的笼盖上甚至已经完全消失。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 与其他物种相比，唇上的蜜腺也大量减少。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 与其他物种相比，唇上的蜜腺也大量减少。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 在地面笼中，腺体区几乎延伸到了唇，而唇上只有少量或几乎没有蜡质区，<ref name=Clarke1997 /><ref name=Moran2010 /><ref>Macfarlane, J.M. 1893. [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/os-7/4/403 Observations on pitchered insectivorous plants. (Part II.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120708050718/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/os-7/4/403 |date=2012-07-08 }}. ''Annals of Botany'' '''7'''(4): 403–458.</ref><ref>Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. [[新几内亚的猪笼草报告|An account of ''Nepenthes'' in New Guinea]]. ''Science in New Guinea'' '''17'''(1): 7–54.</ref><ref>Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbmuGOwJrSoC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=&f=false Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in ''Nepenthes'' Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution]. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) ''Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena''. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204.</ref>而蜡质区的作用是使昆虫滑落入笼中的消化液里。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 在地面笼中，腺体区几乎延伸到了唇，而唇上只有少量或几乎没有蜡质区，<ref name=Clarke1997 /><ref name=Moran2010 /><ref>Macfarlane, J.M. 1893. [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/os-7/4/403 Observations on pitchered insectivorous plants. (Part II.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120708050718/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/os-7/4/403 |date=2012-07-08 }}. ''Annals of Botany'' '''7'''(4): 403–458.</ref><ref>Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. [[新几内亚的猪笼草报告|An account of ''Nepenthes'' in New Guinea]]. ''Science in New Guinea'' '''17'''(1): 7–54.</ref><ref>Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbmuGOwJrSoC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=&f=false Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in ''Nepenthes'' Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbmuGOwJrSoC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=&f=false |date=20140309140717 }}. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) ''Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena''. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204.</ref>而蜡质区的作用是使昆虫滑落入笼中的消化液里。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 苹果猪笼草具有猪笼草属中是十分少见的地下茎，让捕虫笼可以如同地毯一般覆盖住土壤，扩大了接住落叶的区域范围。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 苹果猪笼草具有猪笼草属中是十分少见的地下茎，让捕虫笼可以如同地毯一般覆盖住土壤，扩大了接住落叶的区域范围。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼可以维持相对较长时间不枯萎，因为该物种有赖于逐步积累吸收到的营养素。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
* 苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼可以维持相对较长时间不枯萎，因为该物种有赖于逐步积累吸收到的营养素。<ref name=Clarke2001 />
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== 种下类群 ==
== 种下类群 ==
[[Image:Ampullaria4.jpg|thumb|苹果猪笼草的红色[[变型]]]]
[[Image:Ampullaria4.jpg|thumb|苹果猪笼草的红色[[变型]]]]
记载中最常见的变种是发现于[[沙捞越]]的总状苹果猪笼草{{small|（''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''racemosa''）}}，其具有[[总状花序]]。[[B·H·丹瑟]]将其余视为非重要的变种。<ref>Danser, B.H. 1928. [[荷属东印度群岛的猪笼草科植物|The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, '''9'''(3–4): 249–438.</ref>已发表的品种包括：<ref name=db>Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=nepenthes+ampullaria ''Nepenthes ampullaria'']. Carnivorous Plant Database.</ref>
记载中最常见的变种是发现于[[沙捞越]]的总状苹果猪笼草{{small|（''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''racemosa''）}}，其具有[[总状花序]]。[[B·H·丹瑟]]将其余视为非重要的变种。<ref>Danser, B.H. 1928. [[荷属东印度群岛的猪笼草科植物|The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, '''9'''(3–4): 249–438.</ref>已发表的品种包括：<ref name=db>Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=nepenthes+ampullaria ''Nepenthes ampullaria''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=nepenthes+ampullaria |date=20200821121043 }}. Carnivorous Plant Database.</ref>


*''N.&nbsp;ampullacea'' var. ''picta'' Hort.Parker ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)
*''N.&nbsp;ampullacea'' var. ''picta'' Hort.Parker ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)
*''N.&nbsp;ampullacea'' var. ''vittata'' Hort.Van Houtte ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)
*''N.&nbsp;ampullacea'' var. ''vittata'' Hort.Van Houtte ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''geelvinkiana'' [[奥多阿多·贝卡利|Becc.]] (1886)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''geelvinkiana'' [[奥多阿多·贝卡利|Becc.]] (1886)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''guttata'' D.Moore (1872)<ref>Moore, D. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 On the culture of ''Nepenthes'' at Glasnevin.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(11): 359–360.</ref>
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''guttata'' D.Moore (1872)<ref>Moore, D. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 On the culture of ''Nepenthes'' at Glasnevin.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 |date=20131016193222 }} ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(11): 359–360.</ref>
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''longicarpa'' Becc. (1886)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''longicarpa'' Becc. (1886)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''microsepala'' [[约翰·缪尔黑德·麦克法兰|Macfarl.]] (1911)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''microsepala'' [[约翰·缪尔黑德·麦克法兰|Macfarl.]] (1911)
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<!--No longer listed in CP Database: *''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''picta'' Hort. ''ex'' Nichols. (1885)-->
<!--No longer listed in CP Database: *''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''picta'' Hort. ''ex'' Nichols. (1885)-->
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''racemosa'' [[朱马特·哈吉·亚当|J.H.Adam]] & [[克里斯托弗·C·威尔科克|Wilcock]] (1990)
* ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''racemosa'' [[朱马特·哈吉·亚当|J.H.Adam]] & [[克里斯托弗·C·威尔科克|Wilcock]] (1990)
*''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''viridis'' Hort. ''ex'' [[君特·贝克·冯·曼那哥塔-勒驰奈|Teijsm.]] (1859)<ref>{{fr icon}} Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4190519 Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.] ''Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon'' '''2''': 133–142.</ref>''[[裸名|nom.nud.]]''
*''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''viridis'' Hort. ''ex'' [[君特·贝克·冯·曼那哥塔-勒驰奈|Teijsm.]] (1859)<ref>{{fr icon}} Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4190519 Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4190519 |date=20131029192559 }} ''Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon'' '''2''': 133–142.</ref>''[[裸名|nom.nud.]]''
<!--No longer listed in CP Database:
<!--No longer listed in CP Database:
*''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''vittata'' Hort. ''ex'' [[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau|Beck]] (1895) See also: <ref>[Anonymous] 1877. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27985325 Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural]. ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'' '''8'''(197): 441.</ref>-->
*''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' var. ''vittata'' Hort. ''ex'' [[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau|Beck]] (1895) See also: <ref>[Anonymous] 1877. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27985325 Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural]. ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'' '''8'''(197): 441.</ref>-->
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{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [Anonymous] 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126548 Messrs. Veitch's ''Nepenthes''-house.] ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(410): 598–599.
* [Anonymous] 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126548 Messrs. Veitch's ''Nepenthes''-house.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126548 |date=20200803115358 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(410): 598–599.
* [Anonymous] 1883. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26130371 Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes'']. ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'' '''20'''(497): 18–19.
* [Anonymous] 1883. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26130371 Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26130371 |date=20131016133128 }}. ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'' '''20'''(497): 18–19.
* Adam, J.H. 1997. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3641/1/Prey_Spectra_of_Bomean_Nepenthes_Species_%28Nepenthaceae%29_in.pdf Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''20'''(2–3): 121–134.
* Adam, J.H. 1997. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3641/1/Prey_Spectra_of_Bomean_Nepenthes_Species_%28Nepenthaceae%29_in.pdf Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''20'''(2–3): 121–134.
* Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae).]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''22'''(1): 1–7.
* Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae).]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''22'''(1): 1–7.
* {{ms icon}} Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim ''et al.'' 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) ''Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem''. [''Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem''.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157.
* {{ms icon}} Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim ''et al.'' 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) ''Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem''. [''Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem''.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157.
* Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. ''International Journal of Botany'' '''7'''(2): 162–169. {{DOI|10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169}}
* Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. ''International Journal of Botany'' '''7'''(2): 162–169. {{DOI|10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169}}
* {{fr icon}} André, E. 1877. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131110043112/http://biodiversityheritagelibrary.org/page/15954261 ''Nepenthes ampullaria'', Jack. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' var. ''vittata major''.]. ''L'Illustration horticole: revue mensuelle des serres et des jardins'' '''24''': 45–46, t.&nbsp;272. ([http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7029134 alternate scan])
* {{fr icon}} André, E. 1877. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131110043112/http://biodiversityheritagelibrary.org/page/15954261 ''Nepenthes ampullaria'', Jack. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' var. ''vittata major''.]. ''L'Illustration horticole: revue mensuelle des serres et des jardins'' '''24''': 45–46, t.&nbsp;272. ([http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7029134 alternate scan] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7029134 |date=20200611000702 }})
* {{id icon}} Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/1346/1538 Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi ''Nepenthes'' spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak]. ''Protobiont'' '''2'''(1): 1–6. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/1346 Abstract] <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JC1vBq6P-->
* {{id icon}} Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/1346/1538 Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi ''Nepenthes'' spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/1346/1538 |date=20131229042208 }}. ''Protobiont'' '''2'''(1): 1–6. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/1346 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/1346 |date=20131229042145 }} <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JC1vBq6P-->
* Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. ''The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae''. [[自然历史出版社 (婆罗洲)|Natural History Publications (Borneo)]], Kota Kinabalu.
* Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. ''The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae''. [[自然历史出版社 (婆罗洲)|Natural History Publications (Borneo)]], Kota Kinabalu.
* {{fr icon}} Besnard, J. 1991. [http://dionee.gr.free.fr/bulletin/txt/d_23_b.htm ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' "Cantley's red"]. ''[[捕蝇草 (杂志)|Dionée]]'' '''23'''.
* {{fr icon}} Besnard, J. 1991. [http://dionee.gr.free.fr/bulletin/txt/d_23_b.htm ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' "Cantley's red"] {{Wayback|url=http://dionee.gr.free.fr/bulletin/txt/d_23_b.htm |date=20200821121211 }}. ''[[捕蝇草 (杂志)|Dionée]]'' '''23'''.
* Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''42'''(4): 122–128.
* Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''42'''(4): 122–128.
* {{la icon}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] In: ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.]'' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp.&nbsp;5–10.
* {{la icon}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 |date=20141111191754 }} In: ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.]'' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp.&nbsp;5–10.
* Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'', published online on March 24, 2011. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x}}
* Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'', published online on March 24, 2011. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x}}
* Bourke, G. 2011. The ''Nepenthes'' of Mulu National Park. ''[[澳大利亚食虫植物|Carniflora Australis]]'' '''8'''(1): 20–31.
* Bourke, G. 2011. The ''Nepenthes'' of Mulu National Park. ''[[澳大利亚食虫植物|Carniflora Australis]]'' '''8'''(1): 20–31.
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* Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. ''Malayan Nature Journal'' '''47''': 321–323.
* Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. ''Malayan Nature Journal'' '''47''': 321–323.
* Cresswell, J.E. 1998. Morphological correlates of necromass accumulation in the traps of an Eastern tropical pitcher plant, ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack, and observations on the pitcher infauna and its reconstitution following experimental removal. ''Oecologia'' '''113'''(3): 383–390. {{DOI|10.1007/s004420050390}}
* Cresswell, J.E. 1998. Morphological correlates of necromass accumulation in the traps of an Eastern tropical pitcher plant, ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack, and observations on the pitcher infauna and its reconstitution following experimental removal. ''Oecologia'' '''113'''(3): 383–390. {{DOI|10.1007/s004420050390}}
* Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. [http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc/PDF/pdf%202011/Dec/Damayanti%20et%20al.pdf Diversity of ''Nepenthes'' spp. in West Kalimantan.] ''International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation'' '''3'''(13): 705–708. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JAikBsKE-->
* Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. [http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc/PDF/pdf%202011/Dec/Damayanti%20et%20al.pdf Diversity of ''Nepenthes'' spp. in West Kalimantan.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc/PDF/pdf%202011/Dec/Damayanti%20et%20al.pdf |date=20201203231914 }} ''International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation'' '''3'''(13): 705–708. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JAikBsKE-->
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* Dixon, W.E. 1889. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922524 ''Nepenthes''.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922524 |date=20131015030537 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', series 3, '''6'''(144): 354.
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* Fashing, N.J. 2010. {{PDFlink|[http://njfash.people.wm.edu/Trends%20in%20Acarology%202009.pdf Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).]}} In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BBGkhCHzyfkC Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress]''. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. {{DOI|10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5}}
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* Hooker, J.D. 1859. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12906432 XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'', with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12906432 |date=20130703194740 }}. ''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' '''22'''(4): 415–424. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x}}
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* {{cs icon}} Koudela, I. 1998. [http://www.darwiniana.cz/sklad/sklad/Trifid/skeny/600DPI/T1998_2/36.png Klíčí nebo neklíčí]. ''[[三裂|Trifid]]'' '''1998'''(2): 36–37. ([http://www.darwiniana.cz/sklad/sklad/Trifid/skeny/600DPI/T1998_2/37.png page 2])
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* Lam, S.Y. 1982. ''Tripteroides aranoides'' (Theobald) in two pitcher plants, ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack and ''N.&nbsp;gracilis'' Korth., at Kent Ridge (Diptera: Culicidae). B.Sc (Hons.) thesis, National University of Singapore.
* Lam, S.Y. 1982. ''Tripteroides aranoides'' (Theobald) in two pitcher plants, ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack and ''N.&nbsp;gracilis'' Korth., at Kent Ridge (Diptera: Culicidae). B.Sc (Hons.) thesis, National University of Singapore.
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* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.] [pp.&nbsp;279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.] ''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' '''75'''(3): 279–391.
* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 |date=20131228130100 }} [pp.&nbsp;279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 |date=20131228130100 }} ''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' '''75'''(3): 279–391.
* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2001. {{PDFlink|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205635/http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.]}} In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp.&nbsp;244–253.
* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2001. {{PDFlink|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205635/http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.]}} In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp.&nbsp;244–253.
* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] ''Berita Biologi'' '''8'''(5): 335–341. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131228140619/http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/view.html?idm=39057 Abstract]
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* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2008. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 Penelitian ekologi ''Nepenthes'' di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah]. [Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(1): 67–73. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 Abstract] <!---->
* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2008. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 Penelitian ekologi ''Nepenthes'' di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah] {{Wayback|url=http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 |date=20160304025237 }}. [Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(1): 67–73. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 |date=20130912085709 }} <!---->
* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. [https://archive.is/20120708125245/http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/ejurnal/index.php/JTL/article/view/561 Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia]. ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(3): 271–276.
* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. [https://archive.is/20120708125245/http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/ejurnal/index.php/JTL/article/view/561 Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia]. ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(3): 271–276.
* McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[婆罗洲的猪笼草野外指南|Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
* McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[婆罗洲的猪笼草野外指南|Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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* Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. {{PDFlink|[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/83/5/521.pdf Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant species: implications for prey capture.]}} ''Annals of Botany'' '''83''': 521–528.
* Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. {{PDFlink|[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/83/5/521.pdf Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant species: implications for prey capture.]}} ''Annals of Botany'' '''83''': 521–528.
* Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602223803/http://www.botanicgardens.ie/herb/research/nepenthes.htm Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus ''Nepenthes'']. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JOBsiKLL-->
* Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602223803/http://www.botanicgardens.ie/herb/research/nepenthes.htm Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus ''Nepenthes'']. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JOBsiKLL-->
* {{id icon}} Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806/pdf Pembuatan ''flash card'' dari hasil inventarisasi ''Nepenthes'' di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung]. ''Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran'' '''2'''(1): [unpaginated; 14&nbsp;pp.] [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806 Abstract] <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JC3R0wt2-->
* {{id icon}} Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806/pdf Pembuatan ''flash card'' dari hasil inventarisasi ''Nepenthes'' di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806/pdf |date=20131229042230 }}. ''Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran'' '''2'''(1): [unpaginated; 14&nbsp;pp.] [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806 |date=20130629055105 }} <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JC3R0wt2-->
* {{jp icon}} Oikawa, T. 1992. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. In: {{Nihongo||無憂草 – ''Nepenthes''|[[猪笼草属文献列表|Muyū kusa – ''Nepenthes'']]}}. [''The Grief Vanishing''.] Parco Co., Japan. pp.&nbsp;34–37.
* {{jp icon}} Oikawa, T. 1992. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. In: {{Nihongo||無憂草 – ''Nepenthes''|[[猪笼草属文献列表|Muyū kusa – ''Nepenthes'']]}}. [''The Grief Vanishing''.] Parco Co., Japan. pp.&nbsp;34–37.
* Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Annals of Botany'' '''102'''(5): 845–853. {{DOI|10.1093/aob/mcn162}}
* Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Annals of Botany'' '''102'''(5): 845–853. {{DOI|10.1093/aob/mcn162}}
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* Thorogood, C. 2010. ''[[马来西亚的猪笼草：进化及分类学观点|The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives]]''. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
* Thorogood, C. 2010. ''[[马来西亚的猪笼草：进化及分类学观点|The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives]]''. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
* Wong, D. 1996. {{PDFlink|[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv25n1p10_14.pdf Thoughts, reflections, and upper ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' pitcher.]}} ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''25'''(1): 10–14.
* Wong, D. 1996. {{PDFlink|[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv25n1p10_14.pdf Thoughts, reflections, and upper ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' pitcher.]}} ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''25'''(1): 10–14.
* Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. [http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid]. ''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' '''11'''(1): 9–14.
* Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. [http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 |date=20110819044841 }}. ''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' '''11'''(1): 9–14.
<!--http://www.etour-singapore.com/pitcher-plants-in-singapore.html = http://www.webcitation.org/6MCg91W4H (where to find in Singapore)-->
<!--http://www.etour-singapore.com/pitcher-plants-in-singapore.html = http://www.webcitation.org/6MCg91W4H (where to find in Singapore)-->
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}
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== 扩展阅读 ==
== 扩展阅读 ==
{{refbegin|2}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-ampullaria-10.html 苹果猪笼草的照片]
* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-ampullaria-10.html 苹果猪笼草的照片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-ampullaria-10.html |date=20210119155002 }}
{{commons-inline|Nepenthes ampullaria|苹果猪笼草}}
{{commons-inline|Nepenthes ampullaria|苹果猪笼草}}
{{wikispecies-inline|Nepenthes ampullaria|苹果猪笼草}}
{{wikispecies-inline|Nepenthes ampullaria|苹果猪笼草}}

2022年7月16日 (六) 23:37的版本

苹果猪笼草
苹果猪笼草的地面笼，可以看到作為遮雨的籠蓋葉子是外放的，開口隨時用來接取掉落的落葉，摄于婆罗洲巴哥国家公园
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目： 石竹目 Caryophyllales
科： 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属： 猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：
苹果猪笼草 N. ampullaria
二名法
Nepenthes ampullaria
Jack, 1835
異名

苹果猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes ampullaria）是一种分布广泛的猪笼草。其存在于在婆罗洲、摩鹿加群岛、新几内亚、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏门答腊和泰国。[1][2][3][4][5][6]其种加词“ampullaria”来源于拉丁文“ampulla”，意为“烧瓶”。

与其他物种的区别在于其食虫性已退化，并已具有部分的食腐性，转为以捕虫笼收集和消化落叶。[7][8][9]因此素食性使得相當多的生物居住其中，形成特殊的共生關係，而這些生物有時能提供氮源。

植物学史

苹果猪笼草的攀援茎和地面笼

苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼形态和生长习性均十分独特，与其余同属植物具有显著的不同。弗朗西斯·欧内斯特·劳埃德翻译了特罗尔（Troll）在1932年对苹果猪笼草的描述：[注 1][10]

形态特征

苹果猪笼草的茎呈淡棕色，可以攀爬至15米的高处。[11]植株生长到一定程度后倒伏，由植株基本再生长出侧芽，使其呈丛状。[1]

苹果猪笼草的叶片呈浅绿色，可长达25厘米，宽至6厘米。笼蔓可长达15厘米。 [11]

苹果猪笼草水罐状的捕虫笼一般都很小，很少超过10厘米高，7厘米宽。唇大大内趋，内缘部分约占截面表面总长度的85%。[12]上位笼十分罕见，且其尺寸远小于下位笼。笼盖后翻，不具遮雨功能。[1]捕虫笼的颜色为浅绿色至深红色；据记录。苏门答腊和西马来西亚的苹果猪笼草几乎都为全绿色或为绿底红斑；全红的苹果猪笼草大多只存在于婆罗洲。在新几内亚曾记录到具巨大捕虫笼的苹果猪笼草。[11][13]

苹果猪笼草的花序为密集的圆锥花序。它是在苏门答腊和西马来西亚发现的唯一有着圆锥花序的猪笼草属植物。[13]

苹果猪笼草幼株的各个部位均长有密集的棕色短毛，但成株的毛被除了花序部分都很稀疏。[11]

原生地

苹果猪笼草是猪笼草属内分布较为广泛的物种之一，其存在于婆罗洲、摩鹿加群岛、新几内亚、马来西亚半岛、新加坡、苏门答腊、泰国。[2]其也存在于周围许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加島、望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（西比路島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、納土納群島[14]、廖内岛）、魯帕島[15]

苹果猪笼草一般生长在海拔1200米[1]或2100米[16]以下的潮湿阴凉的森林中。在婆罗洲，苹果猪笼草主要分布在海拔0至1000米相对平坦的巽他荒原森林、泥炭沼泽森林和退化沼泽林（degraded swamp forest）中。[11]

在苏门答腊和西马来西亚，苹果猪笼草生长于海拔1100米以下荒原森林的平坦地带、巴丹疏林（“巴丹”即“padang”，在马来语中意为“平原”）、贝鲁卡（英语：belukar）（矮灌木林）、泥炭沼泽林、退化沼泽森林以及浅水区域中。[13]

在新几内亚，苹果猪笼草主要生长在南洋杉林中。亦曾发现于次生林、开放小型叶植被和低湿地植被中。[16]

食虫性

参见：原食虫植物
苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼非常适于接住落叶

苹果猪笼草与其他猪笼草相比，其捕获猎物的数量极少，捕虫笼内多为其他植物的落叶。因此，其被认为是靠吸收捕虫笼内腐败有机质释放的营养素而获取营养，[1]由此看来，苹果猪笼草已拥有部分的食腐性。

苹果猪笼草已进化出了多种适应获得落叶的特征：

  • 在猪笼草属中，苹果猪笼草是少数几种捕虫笼中缺少“新月形”细胞的物种。[17][18]这些经过形态改变的气孔保卫细胞，被认为可以让昆虫更加容易地滑入笼中。[10]
  • 不同于其他猪笼草，苹果猪笼草的笼盖较小，且是向内翻折的，有助于落叶直接落入笼中。[13]
  • 在捕食昆虫时起到重要作用的蜜腺已经极为罕见，某些变型的笼盖上甚至已经完全消失。[13]
  • 与其他物种相比，唇上的蜜腺也大量减少。[13]
  • 在地面笼中，腺体区几乎延伸到了唇，而唇上只有少量或几乎没有蜡质区，[11][18][19][20][21]而蜡质区的作用是使昆虫滑落入笼中的消化液里。[13]
  • 苹果猪笼草具有猪笼草属中是十分少见的地下茎，让捕虫笼可以如同地毯一般覆盖住土壤，扩大了接住落叶的区域范围。[13]
  • 苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼可以维持相对较长时间不枯萎，因为该物种有赖于逐步积累吸收到的营养素。[13]
  • 一些猪笼草底内动物，如孑孓，被认为能够促进落叶的分解，并通过排泄铵离子的方式为植物转化出可利用的氮。一些分解落叶的细菌也可以帮助产生铵离子。[13]

这些叶片为它的生长提供了大量的营养。实验表明，生长于森林树冠下（有落叶供给）的苹果猪笼草，其叶内氮-15的丰度要远低于没有落叶供给的同类。然而，前者总体的氮浓度却高于生长于空旷地带的后者。2003年的研究估算，生长于森林树冠下的苹果猪笼草，其叶内有35.7%（±0.1%）的氮素来自落叶。[7]2011年的研究发现，苹果猪笼草叶片42.7%（±5.5%）和捕虫笼54.8%（±7.0%）的氮素来源于落叶，这表明食腐可增加叶片的净光合速率。[8]

底内生物

在苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼内已记录到了59种底内生物。[22]已知最小的旧大陆蛙——猪笼草姬蛙（Microhyla nepenthicola）和一种蟹蛛——猪笼草花蛛（Misumenops nepenthicola），生存于苹果猪笼草的捕虫笼中。[23][24]

种下类群

苹果猪笼草的红色变型

记载中最常见的变种是发现于沙捞越的总状苹果猪笼草（N. ampullaria var. racemosa），其具有总状花序。B·H·丹瑟将其余视为非重要的变种。[25]已发表的品种包括：[26]

  • N. ampullacea var. picta Hort.Parker ex Rafarin (1869)
  • N. ampullacea var. vittata Hort.Van Houtte ex Rafarin (1869)
  • N. ampullaria var. geelvinkiana Becc. (1886)
  • N. ampullaria var. guttata D.Moore (1872)[27]
  • N. ampullaria var. longicarpa Becc. (1886)
  • N. ampullaria var. microsepala Macfarl. (1911)
  • N. ampullaria var. papuana Becc. in sched. nom.nud.
  • N. ampullaria var. racemosa J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
  • N. ampullaria var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)[28]nom.nud.
  • N. ampullaria var. vittata-major Mast. (1872)[29]

自然杂交种

苹果猪笼草每年开花一至两次，花期数周。它的花期与其他许多猪笼草属植物吻合，因此它很容易和其他种形成自然杂交种。以下为已发现的自然杂交种。

  • 苹果猪笼草与真穗猪笼草的自然杂交种
    苹果猪笼草与真穗猪笼草的自然杂交种
  • 毛果猪笼草
    毛果猪笼草
  • 苹果猪笼草与新几内亚猪笼草的自然杂交种
    苹果猪笼草与新几内亚猪笼草的自然杂交种
  • 虎克猪笼草
    虎克猪笼草

注释

  1. ^ F·E·劳埃德翻译特罗尔1932年对苹果猪笼草的描述原文：[10]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 48–50. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  3. ^ （意大利文） Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
  4. ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  5. ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  6. ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(4): 635–639. doi:10.1086/375422
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Pavlovič, A., Ľ. Slováková & J. Šantrůček 2011. Nutritional benefit from leaf litter utilization in the pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria. Plant, Cell & Environment 34(11): 1865–1873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02382.x
  9. ^ Pavlovič, A. 2012. Adaptive radiation with regard to nutrient sequestration strategies in the carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(2): 295–297. doi:10.4161/psb.18842
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lloyd, F.E. 1942. The Carnivorous Plants. Chronica Botanica 9. Ronald Press Company, New York, U.S.A. xvi + 352 pp.
  11. ^ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  12. ^ Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  13. ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  14. ^ （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-09-21.
  15. ^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  17. ^ Pant, D.D. & S. Bhatnagar 1977. Morphological studies in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Phytomorphology 27: 13–34.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(5): 1365–1374. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq004
  19. ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1893. Observations on pitchered insectivorous plants. (Part II.) Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-07-08. Annals of Botany 7(4): 403–458.
  20. ^ Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54.
  21. ^ Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204.
  22. ^ Adlassnig, W., M. Peroutka & T. Lendl 2011. Traps of carnivorous pitcher plants as a habitat: composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Annals of Botany 107(2): 181–194. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq238
  23. ^ Das, I. & A. Haas. 2010. New species of Microhyla from Sarawak: Old World’s smallest frogs crawl out of miniature pitcher plants on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae).PDF Zootaxa 2571: 37–52.
  24. ^ Gururaja, K.V. 2010. Old World’s smallest frog discovered residing in killer plants.PDF Current Science 99(8): 1000.
  25. ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
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  27. ^ Moore, D. 1872. On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(11): 359–360.
  28. ^ （法文） Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.
  29. ^ Masters, M.T. 1872. The cultivated species of Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(16): 540–542.
  30. ^ Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
  31. ^ Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. doi:10.4308/hjb.19.1.18
  32. ^ Lowrie, A. 1983. {{PDFlink|Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）|1.25 MiB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
  33. ^ （印尼文） Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-03-03.. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-03-04.

扩展阅读

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：苹果猪笼草 維基物種上的相關信息：苹果猪笼草

猪笼草属 Nepenthes （列表）
分類單元識別碼
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