卷缘桩菇:修订间差异

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建立内容为“{{Speciesbox | image = Navadne podvihanke (Paxillus involutus).jpg | genus = Paxillus | species = involutus | authority = (Batsch) Fr. (1838) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Paxillus involutus">{{cite web |title=''Paxillus involutus'' (Batsch) Fr. 1838 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=191172 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |access-date=2011-06-29}}</ref><…”的新页面
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卷缘桩菇
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲: 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目: 牛肝菌目 Boletales
科: 網褶菌科 Paxillaceae
属: 網褶菌屬 Paxillus
种:
卷缘桩菇 P. involutus
二名法
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch) Fr. (1838)
異名[1][2]

Agaricus contiguus Bull. (1785)
Agaricus involutus Batsch (1786)
Agaricus adscendibus Bolton英语James Bolton (1788)
Omphalia involuta (Batsch) Gray (1821)
Rhymovis involuta (Batsch) Rabenh.英语Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (1844)

Paxillus involutus
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
真菌形态特徵
子實層上有菌褶
蕈傘為扁平
子實層自基部沿蕈柄向下生長
蕈柄裸露
孢印棕色
菌根真菌
致死

卷缘桩菇學名Paxillus involutus)又稱卷边网褶菌,最早於1785年由皮埃尔·比利亚尔描述發表,當時被歸在傘菌屬[3],但翌年由奥古斯特·巴奇發表的學名Agaricus involutus才被視作有效描述[1][4];1838年埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯定立新屬樁菇屬,並將本種作為模式種[5]。本種外型如棕色、木質的陀螺子實體可高約6公分[6]蕈傘直徑為4—12公分[7]菌髓黃色且多汁,並具特殊氣味[7][8]孢子印為棕色,擔孢子呈橢球形,長7.5—9微米,寬5—6微米[9]。許多乳菇屬物種、黑毛樁菇耳狀網褶菌英语Tapinella panuoides等蕈類的外形皆與本種相似[10][11],另外同屬物種Paxillus obscurisporus英语Paxillus obscurisporus為自本種分出,其子實體較本種為大[12]

卷缘桩菇可與許多針葉樹落葉樹形成外菌根英语Ectomycorrhiza[13],且有研究顯示本種與樹木共生時可增加樹木根部對土壤真菌鐮刀菌感染的抗性[14][15],並抑制植株吸收土壤中的有害重金屬[16][17]。本種為北半球溫帶地區常見的蕈類,分布範圍包括歐洲、亞洲與北美洲[10][18],在印度[19]伊朗[20]中國[21]日本也有分布,最北可至阿拉斯加格陵蘭[22][23],並已作為外來種被引入澳洲[24][25]紐西蘭[26]南美洲智利[27]。二戰以前卷缘桩菇在中歐與東歐都被認為在烹煮過可食[7][18],僅知生食後可能引起腸胃症狀[9],但1944年德國真菌學家尤利烏斯·舍費爾英语Julius Schäffer食用此菌後中毒身亡[18][28],後來研究發現卷缘桩菇的一個抗原可激活自體免疫反應,使人體的免疫系統攻擊自身的紅血球,以致自體免疫性溶血,多發生在長期食用此菌者[9][29]。1990年代起本種逐漸被列為不可食用的蕈類[30],但東歐每年仍每年有人食用此菌後中毒而死[31][32][33][34]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. 1838. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-06-29]. 
  2. ^ Agaricus adscendibus Bolton. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2011-07-15]. 
  3. ^ Bulliard, J.B.F. Herbier de la France 5. Paris, France: Chez l'auteur. 1785: 192–240 (法语). 
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  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2005: 35. ISBN 3-8331-1239-5. 
  19. ^ Mukeriji, K.G.; Manoharachary, C. Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian Fungi. New Delhi, India: I.K. International Publishing House. 2010: 204. ISBN 978-93-8002-692-3. 
  20. ^ Asef Shayan, M.R. قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) [Poisonous mushrooms of Iran]. Iran shenasi. 2010: 214. ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8 (波斯语). 
  21. ^ Zhishu, Bi; Zheng, Guoyang; Taihui, Li. The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993: 455. ISBN 962-201-556-5. 
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  23. ^ Knudson, Henning. Arctic and Alpine Mycology 6. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. 2006: 12. ISBN 87-635-1277-7. 
  24. ^ Cleland, John Burton. Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia. Adelaide, Australia: South Australian Government Printer. 1976: 177. 
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  27. ^ Palfner, Götz. Macrofungi from Chile. self. 2004 [2011-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-01-07). 
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