1874年大彗星

**C/1874 H1 (Coggia)**
	1874年大彗星的素描（分別於6月10日及7月9日觀測）
發現
發現者	耶羅姆·尤金·科吉亞
發現日	1874年4月17日
臨時編號	Comet Coggia, 1874 III, 1874c
軌道特性考
曆元	2405720.5; 1874-Jul-09.3583
遠日點	1144.7 AU
近日點	0.676 AU
半長軸	572.7 AU
離心率	0.9988
週期	~13708 a
軌道傾角	66.3°

1874年大彗星（Great Comet of 1874），也稱為科吉亞彗星（Comet Coggia），正式命名為C/1874 H1，是一顆1874年肉眼可見的彗星。由於其非凡的亮度，它被認為是大彗星之一。

1874年7月13日，彗星視星等達到0至1等之間的峰值^[2]。

觀測歷史[编辑]

1874年4月17日，天文學家耶羅姆·尤金·科吉亞在馬賽天文台發現了這顆彗星。在四月和五月裡，許多天文學家密切觀察了這顆彗星，包括斯特拉斯堡的弗里德里希·奧古斯特·特奧多爾·溫尼克（Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke）、阿切特里的威廉·坦普爾、巴黎的喬治·拉葉、維也納的利波特·舒爾霍夫、漢堡的格奧爾格·弗里德里希·威廉·呂姆克、雅典的約翰·弗里德里希·尤利烏斯·施密特、萊比錫的卡爾·克里斯蒂安·布魯恩斯、格林威治的威廉·克里斯蒂（William Christie）和哥本哈根的約翰·路易·埃米爾·德雷耳。五月中旬，天文學家利用望遠鏡發現了一條微弱的尾巴。

6月初，這顆彗星肉眼可見^[3]^[4]。到了6月底，彗星亮度達到4等。7月初，彗尾已增長到6°，7月16日達到45°。彗星尾巴又直又窄，尾端橫跨天空1°到2^[5]°

從7月16日到7月23日，彗星在天空中迅速向南移動，使得在北半球觀測彗星變得更困難。報告顯示尾長約60°至70°；尾部至少長63°^[6]。7月23日，施密特在雅典從北半球對這顆彗星進行了最後一次觀測。

7月27日^[7]，這顆彗星在南半球變得可見，南非和澳洲的Robert L. J. Ellery進行了觀測^[8]。根據7月29日黎明前亨利·張伯倫·拉塞爾（Henry Chamberlain Russell）觀測指出，「彗核像一等恆星明亮，頭部大約是月球直徑的一半。」^[9]

8月1日至10月7日，約翰·特布特（John Tebbutt）於南威爾斯溫莎於對這顆彗星進行了觀測。10月19日，約翰·M·托梅（John M. Thome）在阿根廷科爾多瓦對科吉亞彗星進行了最後一次觀測^[5]。

參考資料[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Kronk, G. W. J. von Heppeger's orbital calculation for C/1874 H1. Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 2: 1800–1899. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 411. ISBN 0-521-58505-8.
^ Donald K. Yeomans. NASA JPL Solar System Dynamics: Great Comets in History.
^ Coggia's Comet. Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information 17th. NY: Harper and Brothers. 1884: 175. To the casual observer near London the comet became readily visible about July 4th.
^ Bailey, Greg (编). "The Voyage of the F. H. Moore" and Other 19th Century Whaling Accounts. McFarland. 2014: 60. ISBN 9780786478668. According to Samuel Grant Williams’s journal entry for July 10, 1874, “… About the 3d this month we began to see a beautiful comet in the southern sky. It has been visible every night since. We see it a little after sundown and about midnight it fades from sight. …” Williams’s whaling ship (under the command of Captain Soper) might have been near 24.22°N, 85.40°W.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kronk, G. W. C/1874 H1 (Coggia). Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 2: 1800–1899. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 405–412. ISBN 0-521-58505-8.
^ Moore, P.; Rees, R. Table 14.8 Selected list of brilliant comets, 1500–1900. Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011: 270. ISBN 978-0-521-89935-2.
^ Hayter, Henry Heylyn. alleged sightings near Melbourne. Victorian Year Book for 1874. 1875: 226. "July 26.—Coggia's comet first seen in Victoria from Wilson's Promontory, Point Lonsdale, and the suburbs of Melbourne."
^ A. Guillemin, trans. & ed. by J. Glaisher. comet observed by R. L. J. Ellery. The world of comets. London. 1877: 353.
^ The Comet. The Evening News, Sydney, New South Wales. 31 July 1874: 2.

[vonHeppeger-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Kronk, G. W. J. von Heppeger's orbital calculation for C/1874 H1. Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 2: 1800–1899. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 411. ISBN 0-521-58505-8.

[2] Donald K. Yeomans. NASA JPL Solar System Dynamics: Great Comets in History.

[3] Coggia's Comet. Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information 17th. NY: Harper and Brothers. 1884: 175. To the casual observer near London the comet became readily visible about July 4th.

[4] Bailey, Greg (编). "The Voyage of the F. H. Moore" and Other 19th Century Whaling Accounts. McFarland. 2014: 60. ISBN 9780786478668. According to Samuel Grant Williams’s journal entry for July 10, 1874, “… About the 3d this month we began to see a beautiful comet in the southern sky. It has been visible every night since. We see it a little after sundown and about midnight it fades from sight. …” Williams’s whaling ship (under the command of Captain Soper) might have been near 24.22°N, 85.40°W.

[kronk-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kronk, G. W. C/1874 H1 (Coggia). Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 2: 1800–1899. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 405–412. ISBN 0-521-58505-8.

[6] Moore, P.; Rees, R. Table 14.8 Selected list of brilliant comets, 1500–1900. Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011: 270. ISBN 978-0-521-89935-2.

[7] Hayter, Henry Heylyn. alleged sightings near Melbourne. Victorian Year Book for 1874. 1875: 226. "July 26.—Coggia's comet first seen in Victoria from Wilson's Promontory, Point Lonsdale, and the suburbs of Melbourne."

[8] A. Guillemin, trans. & ed. by J. Glaisher. comet observed by R. L. J. Ellery. The world of comets. London. 1877: 353.

[9] The Comet. The Evening News, Sydney, New South Wales. 31 July 1874: 2.

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