草稿:純種美國人

维基百科，自由的百科全书
美國政府在2000年調查的《美國人自我認同表》，其中位於美國東部偏南的、白黃色的狹長帶就是純種美國人的聚集地：
德裔美國人 英裔美國人 挪威裔美國人 荷蘭裔美國人 芬蘭裔美國人 愛爾蘭裔美國人 法裔美國人 意大利裔美國人
墨西哥裔美國人 美洲原住民 西班牙裔美國人 純種美國人 非裔美國人 波多黎各裔美國人

純種美國人（英語：American ancestry），又譯美國血統，指的是一種美國人的自我認同，他們可以否定自己祖先的血統，堅定相信自己只是美國人[1][2]有這種自我認同的人大多數是美國白人，他們不再承認自己的歐洲祖先[3][4]。

純種美國人和歐洲人的的血緣雖然沒有太多差距，但他們在美國生活時衝突就一代代的弱化了，自認為是純種美國人的人基本都是英格蘭人、蘇格蘭人、愛爾蘭人和威爾士人，或者其他英國血統[5][6][7]。

人口學家觀察到，自稱為純種美國人在《人口普查》中經常被低估[8][9][10][11]。儘管美國人口普查數據表明「美國血統」最常在南方腹地、南部高地和阿巴拉契亞地區的白人身上出現[12][13]。但在2020年代後，更多的非白人美國人將也開始自稱是純種美國人，以表示對美利堅合眾國的忠誠[14][15]。

詞源[编辑]

純種美國人，或者美國血統的英文原文是“American ancestry”最早可以追溯到在1500年代，原本的意思是“與歐洲人的生活習慣明顯不同的，居住在西半球的原住民”[16]。在接下來的一個世紀，「純種美國人」的意思開始擴展為歐洲殖民者在美洲繁衍的後代[17]。

根據《牛津英語字典》的定義，純種美國人可以指“在美國本土出生的公民[18]。”

历史来源[编辑]

一部名为《Puck》的漫畫，於1899年8月9日由J.S.Pughe創作。代表美國的山姆大叔看到許多美國選民還保留著自己移民母國的文化，不願做純正的美國人，於是問道“為什麼要讓這些只有一半的美國人投票？”
一無所知黨的旗幟，於1850年繪製。

西奧多·羅斯福總統相信“在美國的版圖內已經形成了一個纯粹的美國人種族，它與盎格魯撒克遜人这样的英国白人種族截然不同[19]:78,131”，同時罗斯福也自信的預言「美國白人對美洲原住民的征服是必要的[20]:78。我們的的國家——美国正在創造一批全新的種族，正在融合為一個新的民族意識[21][22][23][24][25][26]。」

艾瑞克‧考夫曼教授認為，美國本土主義在以前主要由“心理”和“經濟”這兩個角度來解釋，但是在“文化”和“民族”上也同樣對這個主義的誕生有作用。考夫曼認為，如果不考慮“在19世紀的移民潮之前，美国人的爱国认同就已經出現”的事實，就無法真正理解美國本土主義為何[27]。

「本土主義」得名於1840～1850 年代的「美國原住民」政黨[28][29]。在当时，「原住民」一词已经不止指代美洲印第安人了，也可以指原始十三州殖民地居民的後裔[30][31][32]。這些“老美國人”主要是來自英國的新教徒移民，視“从天主教国家来的移民”為“對美國供共和制度”的威胁，因為天主教徒可能更忠於位於梵蒂岡的教皇[33][34]。這種形式的美國民族主義通常和“排外心理”和“反天主教情緒”連接在一起[35]。

從1830～1850年代，美国東北部爆发的美國本土主義的思潮，有效遏制了天主教移民的激增[36]。美國機械協會是在1844年的費城本土主義騷亂之後创立的，属于“兄弟會”一样的黑道组织[37]。紐約市則是当时的反愛爾蘭、反德國、反天主教的中心城市，其中最积极的社團是成立於1848年的“星條旗勳章”，它属于秘密结社[38]。更為流行的、公开的本土主義運動包括1850年代的一無所知党、美國黨和1890年代的移民限制聯盟[39]。

在美国內戰前，即1830～1860 年間，美国政府基於“道德恐慌”的理由而限制住了美國主義的蔓延[40]。美國本土主義最終還是影響了美國國會[41]，1924年，美国国会通过了《限制南歐和東歐國家移民法》，同時提出了各种正式和非正式的反亞裔規定，例如1882年的《排華法案》和1907年的《君子協定》[42][43]。

關聯條目[编辑]

引用資料[编辑]

註釋[编辑]

  1. ^ Ancestry: 2000 2004，第3頁
  2. ^ Jan Harold Brunvand. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2006: 54. ISBN 978-1-135-57878-7. 
  3. ^ Kazimierz J. Zaniewski; Carol J. Rosen. The Atlas of Ethnic Diversity in Wisconsin. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 1998: 65–69. ISBN 978-0-299-16070-8. 
  4. ^ Liz O'Connor, Gus Lubin and Dina Specto. The Largest Ancestry Groups in the United States - Business Insider. 2013 [April 10, 2017]. 
  5. ^ Jack Citrin; David O. Sears. American Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 153–159. ISBN 978-0-521-82883-3. 
  6. ^ Jan Harold Brunvand. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2006: 54. ISBN 978-1-135-57878-7. 
  7. ^ Perez AD, Hirschman C. "The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities". Population and Development Review. 2009;35(1):1-51. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00260.x.
  8. ^ Jack Citrin; David O. Sears. American Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 153–159. ISBN 978-0-521-82883-3. 
  9. ^ Garrick Bailey; James Peoples. Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. Cengage Learning. 2013: 215. ISBN 978-1-285-41555-0. 
  10. ^ Dominic Pulera. Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. 2004: 57–60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. 
  11. ^ Elliott Robert Barkan. Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. ABC-CLIO. 2013: 791–. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7. 
  12. ^ Ancestry: 2000 2004，第6頁
  13. ^ Celeste Ray. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 6: Ethnicity. University of North Carolina Press. February 1, 2014: 19–. ISBN 978-1-4696-1658-2. 
  14. ^ Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip. Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. 1982: 62. ISBN 9780674157262. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. 
  15. ^ Perez AD, Hirschman C. "The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities". Population and Development Review. 2009;35(1):1-51. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00260.x.
  16. ^ American, n. and adj. (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 
  17. ^ American, n. and adj. (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 
  18. ^ American, n. and adj. (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 
  19. ^ Thomas G. Dyer. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. LSU Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1808-5. 
  20. ^ Thomas G. Dyer. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. LSU Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1808-5. 
  21. ^ Thomas G. Dyer. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. LSU Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1808-5. 
  22. ^ Reginald Horsman. Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism. Harvard University Press. 2009: 302–304. ISBN 978-0-674-03877-6. 
  23. ^ John Higham. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925需要免费注册. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 133–136. ISBN 978-0-8135-3123-6. 
  24. ^ Kaufmann, E. P. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the "Universal" Nation, 1776–1850 (PDF). Journal of American Studies. 1999, 33 (3): 437–57. JSTOR 27556685. S2CID 145140497. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006180. In the case of the United States, the national ethnic group was Anglo-American Protestant ("American"). This was the first European group to "imagine" the territory of the United States as its homeland and trace its genealogy back to New World colonists who rebelled against their mother country. In its mind, the American nation-state, its land, its history, its mission and its Anglo-American people were woven into one great tapestry of the imagination. This social construction considered the United States to be founded by the "Americans", who thereby had title to the land and the mandate to mould the nation (and any immigrants who might enter it) in their own Anglo-Saxon, Protestant self-image. 
  25. ^ Tyler Anbinder; Tyler Gregory Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford University Press. 1992: 107. ISBN 978-0-19-507233-4. 
  26. ^ Debo, A. The American H.D.. University of Iowa Press. 2012: 174 [August 26, 2023]. ISBN 978-1-60938-093-9.  |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  27. ^ Kaufmann, E. P. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the "Universal" Nation, 1776–1850 (PDF). Journal of American Studies. 1999, 33 (3): 437–57. JSTOR 27556685. S2CID 145140497. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006180. In the case of the United States, the national ethnic group was Anglo-American Protestant ("American"). This was the first European group to "imagine" the territory of the United States as its homeland and trace its genealogy back to New World colonists who rebelled against their mother country. In its mind, the American nation-state, its land, its history, its mission and its Anglo-American people were woven into one great tapestry of the imagination. This social construction considered the United States to be founded by the "Americans", who thereby had title to the land and the mandate to mould the nation (and any immigrants who might enter it) in their own Anglo-Saxon, Protestant self-image. 
  28. ^ David M. Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen; Mel Piehl. The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic. Cengage Learning. 2017: 218–220. ISBN 978-1-285-19329-8. 
  29. ^ Ralph Young. Dissent: The History of an American Idea. NYU Press. 2015: 268–270. ISBN 978-1-4798-1452-7. 
  30. ^ Katie Oxx. The Nativist Movement in America: Religious Conflict in the 19th Century. Routledge. 2013: 88. ISBN 978-1-136-17603-6. 
  31. ^ Russell Andrew Kazal. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity. Princeton University Press. 2004: 122. ISBN 0-691-05015-5. 
  32. ^ Kaufmann, E. P. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the "Universal" Nation, 1776–1850 (PDF). Journal of American Studies. 1999, 33 (3): 437–57. JSTOR 27556685. S2CID 145140497. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006180. In the case of the United States, the national ethnic group was Anglo-American Protestant ("American"). This was the first European group to "imagine" the territory of the United States as its homeland and trace its genealogy back to New World colonists who rebelled against their mother country. In its mind, the American nation-state, its land, its history, its mission and its Anglo-American people were woven into one great tapestry of the imagination. This social construction considered the United States to be founded by the "Americans", who thereby had title to the land and the mandate to mould the nation (and any immigrants who might enter it) in their own Anglo-Saxon, Protestant self-image. 
  33. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass. The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History. Routledge. 2015: 130. ISBN 978-1-317-45791-6. The upsurge of the faithful fueled bigotry among Americans who demonized cities and discounted foreigners, especially Catholics and Jews, as true citizens. Old stock American nativists feared that "papists"... 
  34. ^ Andrew Robertson. Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History. SAGE. 2010: aa266. ISBN 978-0-87289-320-7. 
  35. ^ Higham, J. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 181 [2023-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-8135-3123-6. 
  36. ^ Larry Ceplair. Anti-communism in Twentieth-century America: A Critical History. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 11. ISBN 978-1-4408-0047-4. 
  37. ^ Katie Oxx. The Nativist Movement in America: Religious Conflict in the 19th Century. Routledge. 2013: 87. ISBN 978-1-136-17603-6. 
  38. ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford University Press. 1992: 20. ISBN 978-0-19-508922-6. 
  39. ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford University Press. 1992: 59 (note 18). ISBN 978-0-19-508922-6. 
  40. ^ van Elteren, M. Americanism and Americanization: A Critical History of Domestic and Global Influence. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 2006: 52 [2023-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-7864-2785-7. 
  41. ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850's. Oxford University Press. 1992: 272. ISBN 978-0-19-508922-6. 
  42. ^ Greg Robinson. A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America需要免费注册. Columbia University Press. 2009: 22. ISBN 978-0-231-52012-6. 
  43. ^ Michael Green; Scott L. Stabler Ph.D. Ideas and Movements that Shaped America: From the Bill of Rights to "Occupy Wall Street". ABC-CLIO. 2015: 714. ISBN 978-1-61069-252-6. 

參考書目[编辑]

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