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图书馆:埃隆·马斯克收购推特案

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| G1 = Organization | G2 = People | G3 = IT | 1 = zh-cn:埃隆; zh-tw:伊隆; zh-hk:伊隆; zh-mo:伊隆 | 2 = zh-tw:数位;zh-cn:数字 }} {{Current}} {{Infobox acquisition | name = 伊隆·马斯克收购推特案 | logo = Twitter-logo.svg | logo_size = 80px | initiator = 伊隆·马斯克 | target = {{le|推特公司|Twitter, Inc.}} | type = {{le|接管|Takeover|全现金}}全额收购 | cost = {{US$|440亿|link=yes}} | initiated = 2022年4月14日 | completed = 2022年10月27日 }} {{埃隆·马斯克系列}} 2022年4月14日,美国企业家埃隆·马斯克提议以430亿美元的价格收购社交媒体公司推特。而在之前,马斯克便以26.4亿美元的价格收购了推特公司9.1%的股份。在马斯克意图收购推特公司之前,他曾接受推特公司的邀请而加入其董事会。为了应对马斯克的收购提议,推特董事会宣布启动“毒丸计划”,批准股东们在发生恶意收购时购买额外的股票。4月25日,推特公司宣布决定接受马斯克的收购提议。7月8日,马斯克一度宣布取消收购提议。10月3日,马斯克向推特表示计划按此前协议的原报价收购推特公司。[1]10月27日,马斯克完成以440亿美元将推特私有化的交易。[2]

收购背景[编辑]

{{Main|伊隆·马斯克#Twitter}}

埃隆·马斯克于2010年6月在推特上发表了他的第一条推文[3];而截至他收购推特的时候,他的关注者已经超过8,000万人[4]。2017年12月,曾有人建议马斯克收购推特,而马斯克对此的回应是“多少钱?”[5]

2022年3月20日,美国保守派讽刺网站巴比伦蜜蜂的推特账号因为将身为跨性别女性的{{Link-en|美国健康与民众服务部助理部长|Assistant Secretary for Health}}蕾切尔·莱文称为“年度男性”而被暂停使用,推特官方声称巴比伦蜜蜂的这一行为触犯了其有关“仇恨行为”的政策[6]。巴比伦蜜蜂拒绝删除该推文以换取解禁账户的使用权,而推特公司随后也宣布驳回了该网站的上诉[7][8]。根据巴比伦蜜蜂的首席执行官赛斯·狄龙({{lang|en|Seth Dillon}})的说法,他们的账户被停权后不久就接到了马斯克的电话,马斯克的来电是想和他们确认是否已经被暂时停权并表示他“可能需要买下推特”[9]。3月24日,马斯克在推特上发表了针对推特公司的批评声明[10],并就推特是否遵守“言论自由对民主运作至关重要”这一原则进行民意调查[11]

收购目的[编辑]

马斯克表示他收购推特后的第一个计划就是将推特内容源排名算法进行开源,以确保公正性。同时他也表示已计划删除垃圾内容机器人,并要对所有真实的人类用户进行身份验证[12]。同时他还是表示要在推特上增加一个“编辑”按钮,而且还计划要将推特公司位于旧金山的总部改造成无家可归者的收容所。前推特首席执行官杰克·多西发推文表示支持这一收购案,称“埃隆是我信任的唯一解决方案”[13]。而马斯克曾经表示,他对推特管理层没有任何信心[14]

收购过程[编辑]

早期[编辑]

2022年1月31日,马斯克开始购买推特公司股票[10]

4月4日,马斯克宣布他已于3月14日以26.4亿美元的价格成功收购了推特公司9.1%的股份[15],成为该公司的第一大股东[16]。消息公开后,推特公司的股价经历了首次公开募股以来的最大股价涨幅,盘中涨幅高达27%[17]

4月5日,推特公司邀请马斯克加入公司董事会[18],得到马斯克接受[19],条件是禁止马斯克占股超过14.9%[20]

4月10日,在针对马斯克的任命生效前,马斯克发表了数条批评推特公司的推文并在随后改变了加入董事会的决定[21]

中期[编辑]

马斯克在TED 2022上受访谈及收购Twitter

4月14日,马斯克主动提出一项无约束力决议,提议以430亿美元的价格全资收购推特公司(每股54.2美元)[22]。外界认为此举是{{tsl|en|hostile takeover|恶意收购}}[23][24]。推特表示董事会“将仔细审查有关提议,以确定收购计划符合公司及所有Twitter股东最佳利益的行动方案”[25]。马斯克相信公司“将成为全球首屈一指的言论自由平台”,强调言论自由“是民主社会有效运作的必备条件”,自己无意通过收购增加财富[26][27]。有意思的是,54.2美元的每股股价恰好契合{{tsl|en|cannabis culture|大麻文化}}中的420一词[28]。不过,在{{tsl|en|TED||TED}}2022年的一次采访中,马斯克提到420中的42其实是道格拉斯·亚当斯《银河系漫游指南》中的著名典故“生命、宇宙以及任何事情的终极答案[29]

4月15日,推特董事会宣布启动“毒丸计划”,批准股东在恶意收购时购买额外的股份。计划于2023年4月14日前有效[30]。4月20日,马斯克表示已获得摩根士丹利美国银行巴克莱银行三菱日联金融集团法国兴业银行瑞穗银行法国巴黎银行465亿美元融资,计划进行{{tsl|en|tender offer|要约收购}}[31],其中70亿为{{le|高级贷|Senior debt|高级担保银行贷款}}、60亿为次级贷、125亿为马斯克个人保证金贷款、210亿为马斯克持有的特斯拉现金股权,通过变卖特斯拉股票或其他资产获得[32][33][34]。另外,推特借了130亿美元,相当于公司2022年预计营业现金流的七倍。部分贷款的银行发现其中的多重风险太大,只选择参与向马斯克提供125亿美元保证金贷款[35]。据估计,上述贷款{{tsl|en|loan servicing|贷款服务|服务费}}约10亿美元[32]。两天后,马斯克以“X控股”(X Holdings)的名义注册了三家控股公司,为全盘收购做准备[36]。5月4日,马斯克就此次收购对言论自由及“网络危害”的影响接受英国下议院数字、文化、媒体和体育委员会询问[37]。次日,马斯克再获得瓦利德·本·塔拉勒·阿勒沙特拉里·埃里森币安等19个投资者71亿美元的股权投资[38],使得马斯克最初125亿美元的个人银行减少到62.5亿美元,所需的现金股权出资从210亿美元略微减少到200亿美元[39]。以独立投资者身份参与融资的境外实体可能会面临美国海外投资委员会针对国家安全方面的调查[40]

后期[编辑]

2022年4月24日,多家媒体报道称推特公司内部正在进行最后的谈判,以接受马斯克的收购提议[41][42],预计将在第二天达成交易[43]。但是,路透社却在此时警告,该交易仍有可能在最后一刻破裂[44]。推特公司董事会在4月25日公开一致接受了440亿美元的收购要约。该交易一旦在2022年的某个时间点最终完成,推特公司将成为一家私人公司[45]。在接收推特公司之后,马斯克再次强调了他对推特的未来计划,包括引入新功能、使算法开源、减少{{Link-en|垃圾内容机器人|Spambot}}以及对所有人进行身份验证[46],并提议将推特在旧金山的总部改为流浪者收容所[47]。目前该交易仍然需要经过股东大会及监管机构的批准才能最终确定,但是分析师们都认为这笔交易不大可能受到监管机构的反对[48]。据《好莱坞报道》报道,推特首席执行官帕拉格·阿格拉瓦尔从这次收购中获利3,900万美元,而联合创始人杰克·多西则获利9.78亿美元[49]。第二天的交易日中,特斯拉股价下跌超过1250亿美元,导致马斯克损失大约300亿美元的净资产。特斯拉在企业年报中警报称,如果马斯克因个人贷款被迫出售全部股票用作质押,股价会有所下跌,银行因而会要求他卖掉所有股票来偿还贷款[50][51]

4月28日,推特向广告代理商强调不会在引起他人反感的内容中打广告[52]。马斯克向银行家表示会削减人手及开支,鼓励网红创作内容,增加订阅服务[53][54]

收购搁置[编辑]

5月13日,马斯克宣布因需要等待推特提供有关数据确认其垃圾邮件账户以及虚假账户的占比不足5%,决定暂缓收购案,但同时在推特中表示仍然致力于收购案。此决定在市场引发对收购案的担忧,并导致推特股价在美股盘前暴跌逾20%[55][56][57]

5月25日,推特股东向马斯克发起集体诉讼,指控马斯克违反加州公司法进行市场操纵[58][59]

6月3日,收购行动通过美国反垄断审查[60]

6月6日,马斯克向律师发去电子邮件,声称推特拒绝应要求提供用户群体数据,后果可能会是“合并协议终止”[61][62]。对此,推特表示会继续和马斯克合作,保障双方按协议完成交易[63]

2022年7月8日,埃隆·马斯克表示推特严重违反了协议中的多项条款,决定终止收购[64][65]。推特公司董事会主席{{Tsl|en|Bret_Taylor|布雷特·泰勒}}则回应表示,董事会致力于按照与马斯克商定的价格和条款完成交易,并计划采取法律行动来推动并购协议,推特公司有信心在{{Tsl|en|Delaware_Court_of_Chancery|特拉华州衡平法院}}获胜[66]。当地时间7月12日,推特在特拉华州衡平法院正式对特斯拉公司CEO埃隆·马斯克提起诉讼,推特指控马斯克自签署合并协议以来一再贬低推特和收购事项、给推特带来商业风险,对其股价造成下行压力,并以机器人账号的普遍存在等为借口终止协议,推特要求马斯克如约履行合并协议[67][68]。2022年8月30日,马斯克正式向美国证监会和推特公司致函,表示终止440亿美元的收购协议。[69]2022年9月9日,马斯克的律师表示,由于推特公司与一名举报人达成协议并向其支付了775万美元,马斯克440亿美元收购推特公司的协议实际上已被终止。[70]

收购重启[编辑]

10月3日,马斯克代表律师宣布原定计划重启收购[71],条件是Twitter须放弃官司[72]。据马斯克律师团队介绍,之所以重启收购,是因为无法证明交易存在{{tsl|en|material adverse effect|重大不利影响}}。按照原定计划,马斯克和阿格拉瓦尔要分别在10月6日和10日作证[73]。马斯克表示希望通过收购推特来打造一款名为“X”的“万能APP”,将各种服务囊括其中[74]

10月21日,消息指马斯克及推特两方的银行家和律师会在月底前完成收购所需的文书工作,届时收购交易会正式达成[75][76]

10月26日,马斯克在个人推特账号公布一段视频,显示他抱着一个厨房水槽走进推特总部大堂,并附文“Let that sink in”(字面意义为“让它沉入水中”,引申义为消息令人非常惊讶),同时将个人简介修改为“推特首席”(Chief Twit)[77]。与此同时,马斯克向推特员工表示裁员计划仍然有效,但规模没有《华盛顿邮报》此前报道的75%那么多[78]。针对广告商担忧推特日后会步入地狱般的“完全免费”模式,马斯克在公开信中重申收购不是贪婪之举,而是以此打造一个“共享的数字城镇广场”[79]

10月27日,马斯克以440亿美元收购推特(Twitter Inc)的交易[2],而在完成交易后的第一步就是开除这家社群媒体公司数名高阶主管。他曾指控推特高阶主管在垃圾账号数量上误导他。综合路透社及华盛顿邮报报导,知情人士指出,马斯克解雇推特执行长亚格拉沃(Parag Agrawal)、财务长西格尔(Ned Segal)、法律事务和政策主管盖德(Vijaya Gadde)及总顾问艾捷特(Sean Edgett)。[80]当天推特正式从纽约证券交易所退市,标普500指数同步摘牌,由{{le|艾奇资本|Arch Capital Group}}取代[81]

反应评论[编辑]

收购之前[编辑]

4月5日马斯克进入推特董事会后,阿格拉瓦尔表示相信马斯克的任命会为公司带来长期价值,而多西则认为马斯克“非常关心我们的世界,以及推特在其中扮演的角色”[19]。到了4月11日,阿格拉瓦尔转而认为马斯克撤出董事会是“最好的选择”,公司将“对他的意见保持开放态度”[21]。第二天,推特股东起诉马斯克涉嫌操作估价、违反美国证券交易委员会规则[82]

4月14日,推特员工表示关切马斯克对言论自由的看法[83][84],得到其他信息技术从业者赞同[85]。多位立场保守的评论员及政治人物对马斯克推出修改推特规则表示期待[86]。4月19日,全国都市联盟敦促推特拒绝马斯克的收购提议,认为收购行动可能会对用户的公民权利带来反效果[87]。4月22日,美国众议院共和党要求保留所有关于马斯克收购计划的文件,等待在2022年中期选举过后接受国会质询[88]。根据哈佛大学美国政治研究中心与{{tsl|en|Harris Poll|哈里斯民调}}进行的一项联合民调,57%的美国选民赞成马斯克收购[89]佛罗里达州{{tsl|en|Chief Financial Officer of Florida|佛罗里达州首席财务官|首席财务官}}的{{tsl|en|Jimmy Patronis|吉米·帕特罗尼斯}}赞成马斯克的行动,批评推特的毒丸计划[90]

收购之后[编辑]

4月25日,有传推特准备接受马斯克的提议后,公司股价上涨5%[91]。阿格拉瓦尔赞扬收购计划,表示自己对推特的工作“深感骄傲”[92],同时向员工承诺不会有裁员计划[93]。同样地,多西也表示支持,认为“从华尔街收回(推特)是正确的第一步”[94]

共和党国会议员吉姆·乔丹、{{tsl|en|Yvette Herrell|伊薇特·赫雷尔}}、玛莎·布莱克本泰德·克鲁兹赞扬收购,认为言论自由将会恢复。另一方面,民主党议员{{tsl|en|Pramila Jayapal|普拉米拉·贾亚帕尔}}、{{tsl|en|Jesús "Chuy" García|Jesús "Chuy" García|赫苏斯·加西亚}}、{{tsl|en|Marie Newman|玛丽·纽曼}}和马克·波肯批评马斯克和收购计划[95]。前美国总统唐纳德·特朗普赞赏收购,但声明就算解封也不会回归[96],即便马斯克表示完成收购后会解封他[97]。马斯克的仇家、电动车设计师{{tsl|en|Henrik Fisker|亨利克·菲斯克}}在收购计划正式公布后不久离开推特[98]亚马逊创办人杰夫·贝索斯指马斯克的特斯拉在中国有业务,怀疑中国政府可能会透过马斯克影响推特的运营。不过他后来表示这种事情“可能不会发生”[99][100]。部分LGBTQ+用户担心收购计划会让{{tsl|en|suspended Twitter accounts|Twitter封禁账户|被封禁的账户}}卷土重来,助长网络霸凌仇恨言论[101]匿名者Q阴谋论的追随者对表示欢迎,认为马斯克对言论自由的信念能让他们回归[102]。美国联邦证券交易委员会主席{{le|布伦丹·卡尔|Brendan Carr (lawyer)}}批评外界要求委员会阻止交易的呼吁“荒谬”,强调委员会无权干涉[103]

{{tsl|en|European Commissioner for Internal Market|欧盟内部市场委员会}}委员蒂埃里·布雷顿强调任何在欧洲经营的公司需要遵守欧洲的规则。欧洲联盟宣布新的网络法规会“彻底改革”数字市场和科技巨擘[104]。截至4月27日,有3万名用户加入到联邦式去中心化社交平台Mastodon[105][106]。许多左派用户也离开了平台[107]

参考资料[编辑]

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外部链接[编辑]

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  1. ^ {{cite news |title=马斯克计划按原报价收购推特 |url=http://intl.ce.cn/sjjj/qy/202210/05/t20221005_38145442.shtml}}
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 {{cite news |title=马斯克完成以440亿美元将推特私有化的交易 |url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/it/2022-10-28/doc-imqmmthc2389727.shtml}}
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