挪得之地
挪得之地[注 1]（希伯来语：אֶרֶץ־נוֹד – ʾereṣ-Nōḏ，英语：Land of Nod），思高本作诺得地方[2]，希伯来圣经《创世纪》中提及、位于“伊甸东边的地方”，也是该隐谋害其弟亚伯而被上帝放逐后到达的区域。《创世纪》第4章第16节如此描述：
于是该隐离开耶和华的面，去住在伊甸东边挪得之地[1]。
וַיֵּ֥צֵא קַ֖יִן מִלִּפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב בְּאֶֽרֶץ־נֹ֖וד קִדְמַת־עֵֽדֶן׃
后续的《创世纪》第4章第17节提到该隐在该地安稳下来后，与其妻生下一子以诺，并以后者的名字建立同名之城[3]。在英语中“Nod”有“打瞌睡”之义，因而衍生出双关性的熟语“Be in the land of nod”（进入梦乡）[4][5]。
字义
[编辑]“挪得”（נוד）在希伯来语中是动词“流浪”（לנדוד）的字根，因此“身处挪得之地”有过著颠沛流离生活之意[6]。德国神学家与希伯来语言学家威廉·盖森尼厄斯对“挪得”的定义如下[7]：
移动、摇动，此处特指被风吹动的芦苇（列王纪上 14:15）
从此流浪、逃亡（耶利米书 4:1；创世纪 4:12, 14；诗篇 56:9）
逃离（诗篇 11:1；耶利米书 49:30）
比喻，“所收割的、都飞去了”（以赛亚书 17:11）
就像《创世纪》第4章第1节中该隐的名字含义与“得到”有关那样，“挪得”一词可在同章第12中看出与通常被译作“拿得”的“נָד”十分相像（通用希腊语《七十士译本》对同一经文 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）的翻译“上帝咒骂该隐理应颤栗”）[8]。在《梵蒂冈专名学》（Onomastica Vaticana）中，“挪得”希腊语译法为“Ναίν”，可能源自意指“休息、睡眠”的复数“נחים”。无论巧合与否，这译法皆与英语中的“Nod”双关词吻合[5]。
解读
[编辑]弗拉维奥·约瑟夫斯在其史书《犹太古史》（约93年）中叙述该隐来到挪得之地后在当地建立度量衡制度、划分地界与修筑坚城，但仍持续作奸犯科，诉诸暴力和盗窃[9][10]。
挪得之地据信感受不到上帝的存在、看不见衪的面容。俄利根形容该地是“颤栗之地”，为背弃上帝之人的处境象征[11]。希波的奥古斯丁则指未皈依大公教会的犹太人有如“挪得之地的子民”，并称他们是乱源和“世俗的祸根”[12]。其他早期解读视挪得之地为伊甸园的对立面，比其他人类流放地更其恶劣。在英格兰传统中，挪得之地有时被描述为尽是凶禽猛兽的沙漠，或是漆黑一片的无光地带，甚至是远离上帝面容的地底[13]。
以挪得之地命名的地方
[编辑]英格兰
[编辑]
在英格兰内有多处以挪得之地命名的地方，其中包括邻近东约克郡斯伯丁沼地畔霍尔姆、位于3.2公里长的洛克巷（Lock Ln）终端的小村庄（53°49′07″N 0°43′17″W / 53.8185°N 0.7215°W）[14]和汉普郡黑德利唐的一条私家路（Land of Nod Private Drive，51°07′16″N 0°47′59″W / 51.1211°N 0.7998°W）[15]。
美国
[编辑]位于麻萨诸塞州沃本附近的“大田地”（Great Plot）以北（1,214.1公顷）的土地被1640–42年的当地人命名为“挪得之地”。历史学家与第二任查尔斯顿市长小罗伯特·弗罗辛厄姆在其著作《麻萨诸塞州查尔斯顿的历史》（The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts）中指出：“这名字可能是在暗示其空旷凄惶的状况、远离教仪规范，就如该隐离开主面前后便四处飘荡一样”。此外，该地的传统原住民叫法为“内纳萨瓦塔瓦托克兹”（Nena Saawaattawattocks）[16]。缅因州温德姆也有一条住宅道路名叫挪得之地（43°45′02″N 70°22′43″W / 43.7506°N 70.3787°W）。
在流行文化之中
[编辑]第一次有纪录使用“Be in the land of nod”来形容“睡眠”为1737年乔纳森·斯威夫特的《上流贤明的对语全集》[17]。后来罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森亦在其诗《挪得之地》中（The Land of Nod）使用这一短语，该诗随后被收录进《儿童诗园》（1885年）内[18]。在尼尔·舒斯特曼的《杀戒》三部曲（Arc of a Scythe）中，挪得之地被虚构化成对抗刈镰王国（Scythedom）的失效安全装置，且在第三集《玄钟》（The Toll）中发挥关键作用[19]。而终极动员令系列则有一个派系被称作“NOD兄弟会”，由神秘且富魅力的肯恩领导[20]。
注释与参考资料
[编辑]注释
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 创世纪 4:16 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 圣经和合本
- ^ 创世纪 4:16 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 圣经思高本
- ^ 创世纪 4:17 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 圣经和合本
- ^ Land of Nod | Define Land of Nod at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. [2012-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-26）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Howard Jacobson, "The Land of Nod （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Journal of Theological Studies, New Series, 41(1), April 1990. "Since the early part of the eighteenth century (according to the OED) the phrase 'Land of Nod' has been used to mean 'sleep'. Scholars seem in agreement that this is a play on the Biblical place-name grounded in the use of the verb 'nod' in the sense 'sleep' (first in the early seventeenth century, according to the OED). But we have now seen that 'Land of Nod' as 'Land of the sleepers' goes back centuries and more, and to Graeco-Hebrew etymologies. What are we to think? is this nothing more than utterly remarkable coincidence? Or has our Onomastic etymology influenced the English usage? I leave the question to students of the history of the English language."
- ^ Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's guide to the Bible : the Old and New Testaments
Reprint [der Ausg.] in 2 vol. 1968–1969. New York: Wings Books. 1981. ISBN 0-517-34582-X.
- ^ Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, translated by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles; London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1846; p. DXXXVIII.
- ^ Byron 2011, p. 101. "Some authors carried the groaning and shaking interpretation over to Gen 4:16 when they commented on Cain's dwelling place. In the Hebrew version we read that Cain lived in the land of Nod. The name Nod is related to the participle נָ֖ד in 4:12 which the LXX translated as τρέμων (trembling). This led some interpreters to understand the Land of Nod as the 'land of shaking.'
Now Cain dwelt in the land of trembling, in keeping with what God had appointed for him after he killed Abel his brother. (Pseudo-Philo, L.A.B. 2:1)
The land of Nod is so called because it was the land in which Cain wandered about in fear and trembling. (Ephrem, Commentary on Genesis 3:11)
Cain left God's presence and went to live in the land of Nod, opposite Eden, Nod means disturbance. (Clement of Alexandria, Strom. 2.51.4–5) - ^ Titus Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, Book I (on Wikisource), Chapter II; quoted in Delaney (1996), p. 56.
- ^ Byron (2011), pp. 125–126. "Consequently, Cain's activity as a builder serves two purposes in Josephus. First, it demonstrates that Cain has not learned the lessons of his previous crime and his greed has developed to the point that he now marks off property that he has obtained so that it might not be stolen back from him. Second, the founding of a fortified city not only adds to the protection of his property it also concentrates his power by causing his family to live in one place. In the end, Josephus's Cain is still a greedy grasper who, rather than repenting from his original crimes, has actually managed to perfect them. Thus, the building of a city becomes a lasting monument to Cain's ongoing evil activity."
- ^ Origen, Jeremiah Homily; quoted in Delaney (1996), pp. 116–117. "Let us interject something of a mystery, which is said concerning the sinner Cain, who 'having gone out from the face of God, lived in the land of Nod opposite Eden.' 'Nod' in the Greek language means trembling. Whoever indeed forsakes God, who abandons understanding, whose thinking is continually 'in the land of Nod' dwells there today also, that is, that person remains in wicked unsettlement of heart and in commotion of mind."
- ^ Augustine, Contra Faustum XII （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）:13; quoted in Delaney (1996), p. 169.
- ^ Oliver F. Emerson, "Legends of Cain, Especially in Old and Middle English （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 21(4), 1906; po. 865, 871.
- ^ Crowther, Bruce. Yesterday's Yorkshire. David & Charles. 1991: 118 [8 July 2017]. ISBN 9780715394717 （英语）.
- ^ What's on around Petersfield and East Hampshire today, May 7, 2017. Petersfield Post. 7 May 2017 [8 July 2017]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）.
- ^ Frothingham Jr., Richard. The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown. 1845: 111–112 [30 October 2018].
- ^ The Land of Nod. Everything2.com. 2001-03-04 [2012-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-17）.
- ^ Stevenson, Robert Louis. A Child's Garden of Verses. Longmans, Green. 1885: 21 [8 July 2017] （英语）.
- ^ Shusterman, Neal. Scythe. Simon & Schuster, 2017.
- ^ Westwood Studios. Command & Conquer: Red Alert. Electronic Arts.
Nadia: This temporary chaos in Europe will only help to fuel the Brotherhood's cause. For centuries we have waited to emerge from the shadows and now we will make ourselves known. And Cain went out from the presence of The LORD. And took up residence... in the Land of Nod.
书籍
[编辑]- Byron, John. Cain and Abel in text and tradition : Jewish and Christian interpretations of the first sibling rivalry. Leiden: Brill, 2011. ISBN 978-90-04-19252-2
- Delaney, David Kevin. The Sevenfold Vengeance of Cain: Genesis 4 in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation. PhD dissertation accepted at University of Virginia, May 1996.