挪得之地
挪得之地[註 1]（希伯來語：אֶרֶץ־נוֹד – ʾereṣ-Nōḏ，英語：Land of Nod），思高本作諾得地方[2]，希伯來聖經《創世紀》中提及、位於「伊甸東邊的地方」，也是該隱謀害其弟亞伯而被上帝放逐後到達的區域。《創世紀》第4章第16節如此描述：
於是該隱離開耶和華的面，去住在伊甸東邊挪得之地[1]。
וַיֵּ֥צֵא קַ֖יִן מִלִּפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב בְּאֶֽרֶץ־נֹ֖וד קִדְמַת־עֵֽדֶן׃
後續的《創世紀》第4章第17節提到該隱在該地安穩下來後，與其妻生下一子以諾，並以後者的名字建立同名之城[3]。在英語中「Nod」有「打瞌睡」之義，因而衍生出雙關性的熟語「Be in the land of nod」（進入夢鄉）[4][5]。
字義
[編輯]「挪得」（נוד）在希伯來語中是動詞「流浪」（לנדוד）的字根，因此「身處挪得之地」有過著顛沛流離生活之意[6]。德國神學家與希伯來語言學家威廉·蓋森尼厄斯對「挪得」的定義如下[7]：
移動、搖動，此處特指被風吹動的蘆葦（列王紀上 14:15）
從此流浪、逃亡（耶利米書 4:1；創世紀 4:12, 14；詩篇 56:9）
逃離（詩篇 11:1；耶利米書 49:30）
比喻，「所收割的、都飛去了」（以賽亞書 17:11）
就像《創世紀》第4章第1節中該隱的名字含義與「得到」有關那樣，「挪得」一詞可在同章第12中看出與通常被譯作「拿得」的「נָד」十分相像（通用希臘語《七十士譯本》對同一經文 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）的翻譯「上帝咒罵該隱理應顫慄」）[8]。在《梵蒂岡專名學》（Onomastica Vaticana）中，「挪得」希臘語譯法為「Ναίν」，可能源自意指「休息、睡眠」的複數「נחים」。無論巧合與否，這譯法皆與英語中的「Nod」雙關詞吻合[5]。
解讀
[編輯]弗拉維奧·約瑟夫斯在其史書《猶太古史》（約93年）中敘述該隱來到挪得之地後在當地建立度量衡制度、劃分地界與修築堅城，但仍持續作奸犯科，訴諸暴力和盜竊[9][10]。
挪得之地據信感受不到上帝的存在、看不見衪的面容。俄利根形容該地是「顫栗之地」，為背棄上帝之人的處境象徵[11]。希波的奧古斯丁則指未皈依大公教會的猶太人有如「挪得之地的子民」，並稱他們是亂源和「世俗的禍根」[12]。其他早期解讀視挪得之地為伊甸園的對立面，比其他人類流放地更其惡劣。在英格蘭傳統中，挪得之地有時被描述為盡是兇禽猛獸的沙漠，或是漆黑一片的無光地帶，甚至是遠離上帝面容的地底[13]。
以挪得之地命名的地方
[編輯]英格蘭
[編輯]
在英格蘭內有多處以挪得之地命名的地方，其中包括鄰近東約克郡斯伯丁沼地畔霍爾姆、位於3.2公里長的洛克巷（Lock Ln）終端的小村莊（53°49′07″N 0°43′17″W / 53.8185°N 0.7215°W）[14]和漢普郡黑德利唐的一條私家路（Land of Nod Private Drive，51°07′16″N 0°47′59″W / 51.1211°N 0.7998°W）[15]。
美國
[編輯]位於麻薩諸塞州沃本附近的「大田地」（Great Plot）以北（1,214.1公頃）的土地被1640–42年的當地人命名為「挪得之地」。歷史學家與第二任查爾斯頓市長小羅伯特·弗羅辛厄姆在其著作《麻薩諸塞州查爾斯頓的歷史》（The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts）中指出：「這名字可能是在暗示其空曠悽惶的狀況、遠離教儀規範，就如該隱離開主面前後便四處飄蕩一樣」。此外，該地的傳統原住民叫法為「內納薩瓦塔瓦托克茲」（Nena Saawaattawattocks）[16]。緬因州溫德姆也有一條住宅道路名叫挪得之地（43°45′02″N 70°22′43″W / 43.7506°N 70.3787°W）。
在流行文化之中
[編輯]第一次有紀錄使用「Be in the land of nod」來形容「睡眠」為1737年喬納森·斯威夫特的《上流賢明的對語全集》[17]。後來羅伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森亦在其詩《挪得之地》中（The Land of Nod）使用這一短語，該詩隨後被收錄進《兒童詩園》（1885年）內[18]。在尼爾·舒斯特曼的《殺戒》三部曲（Arc of a Scythe）中，挪得之地被虛構化成對抗刈鐮王國（Scythedom）的失效安全裝置，且在第三集《玄鐘》（The Toll）中發揮關鍵作用[19]。而終極動員令系列則有一個派系被稱作「NOD兄弟會」，由神秘且富魅力的肯恩領導[20]。
註釋與參考資料
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 創世紀 4:16 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 聖經和合本
- ^ 創世紀 4:16 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 聖經思高本
- ^ 創世紀 4:17 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 聖經和合本
- ^ Land of Nod | Define Land of Nod at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. [2012-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-26）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Howard Jacobson, "The Land of Nod （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", Journal of Theological Studies, New Series, 41(1), April 1990. "Since the early part of the eighteenth century (according to the OED) the phrase 'Land of Nod' has been used to mean 'sleep'. Scholars seem in agreement that this is a play on the Biblical place-name grounded in the use of the verb 'nod' in the sense 'sleep' (first in the early seventeenth century, according to the OED). But we have now seen that 'Land of Nod' as 'Land of the sleepers' goes back centuries and more, and to Graeco-Hebrew etymologies. What are we to think? is this nothing more than utterly remarkable coincidence? Or has our Onomastic etymology influenced the English usage? I leave the question to students of the history of the English language."
- ^ Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's guide to the Bible : the Old and New Testaments
Reprint [der Ausg.] in 2 vol. 1968–1969. New York: Wings Books. 1981. ISBN 0-517-34582-X.
- ^ Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, translated by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles; London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1846; p. DXXXVIII.
- ^ Byron 2011, p. 101. "Some authors carried the groaning and shaking interpretation over to Gen 4:16 when they commented on Cain's dwelling place. In the Hebrew version we read that Cain lived in the land of Nod. The name Nod is related to the participle נָ֖ד in 4:12 which the LXX translated as τρέμων (trembling). This led some interpreters to understand the Land of Nod as the 'land of shaking.'
Now Cain dwelt in the land of trembling, in keeping with what God had appointed for him after he killed Abel his brother. (Pseudo-Philo, L.A.B. 2:1)
The land of Nod is so called because it was the land in which Cain wandered about in fear and trembling. (Ephrem, Commentary on Genesis 3:11)
Cain left God's presence and went to live in the land of Nod, opposite Eden, Nod means disturbance. (Clement of Alexandria, Strom. 2.51.4–5) - ^ Titus Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, Book I (on Wikisource), Chapter II; quoted in Delaney (1996), p. 56.
- ^ Byron (2011), pp. 125–126. "Consequently, Cain's activity as a builder serves two purposes in Josephus. First, it demonstrates that Cain has not learned the lessons of his previous crime and his greed has developed to the point that he now marks off property that he has obtained so that it might not be stolen back from him. Second, the founding of a fortified city not only adds to the protection of his property it also concentrates his power by causing his family to live in one place. In the end, Josephus's Cain is still a greedy grasper who, rather than repenting from his original crimes, has actually managed to perfect them. Thus, the building of a city becomes a lasting monument to Cain's ongoing evil activity."
- ^ Origen, Jeremiah Homily; quoted in Delaney (1996), pp. 116–117. "Let us interject something of a mystery, which is said concerning the sinner Cain, who 'having gone out from the face of God, lived in the land of Nod opposite Eden.' 'Nod' in the Greek language means trembling. Whoever indeed forsakes God, who abandons understanding, whose thinking is continually 'in the land of Nod' dwells there today also, that is, that person remains in wicked unsettlement of heart and in commotion of mind."
- ^ Augustine, Contra Faustum XII （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）:13; quoted in Delaney (1996), p. 169.
- ^ Oliver F. Emerson, "Legends of Cain, Especially in Old and Middle English （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 21(4), 1906; po. 865, 871.
- ^ Crowther, Bruce. Yesterday's Yorkshire. David & Charles. 1991: 118 [8 July 2017]. ISBN 9780715394717 （英語）.
- ^ What's on around Petersfield and East Hampshire today, May 7, 2017. Petersfield Post. 7 May 2017 [8 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-01）.
- ^ Frothingham Jr., Richard. The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown. 1845: 111–112 [30 October 2018].
- ^ The Land of Nod. Everything2.com. 2001-03-04 [2012-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-17）.
- ^ Stevenson, Robert Louis. A Child's Garden of Verses. Longmans, Green. 1885: 21 [8 July 2017] （英語）.
- ^ Shusterman, Neal. Scythe. Simon & Schuster, 2017.
- ^ Westwood Studios. Command & Conquer: Red Alert. Electronic Arts.
Nadia: This temporary chaos in Europe will only help to fuel the Brotherhood's cause. For centuries we have waited to emerge from the shadows and now we will make ourselves known. And Cain went out from the presence of The LORD. And took up residence... in the Land of Nod.
書籍
[編輯]- Byron, John. Cain and Abel in text and tradition : Jewish and Christian interpretations of the first sibling rivalry. Leiden: Brill, 2011. ISBN 978-90-04-19252-2
- Delaney, David Kevin. The Sevenfold Vengeance of Cain: Genesis 4 in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation. PhD dissertation accepted at University of Virginia, May 1996.