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科瓦语
Chitrali
کهووار
母语国家和地区巴基斯坦印度[1]
区域Chitral District, 查谟-克什米尔邦[1]
族群科人英语Kho people
母语使用人数
290,000 (2004)[2]
语系
文字科瓦文英语Khowar alphabet (基于阿拉伯字母
语言代码
ISO 639-3khw
Glottologkhow1242[3]
语言瞭望站59-AAB-aa
科瓦文中特有的一个阿拉伯字母

科瓦语(کهووار,Khō-wār),或称奇特拉尔语,是使用于巴基斯坦印度的一种语言,该语言系属于印欧语系印度-伊朗语族达尔德语英语Dardic languages,为科人英语Kho people的母语。在英属印度时期,这种语言曾被称作奇特拉尔语(Chitrālī)或Qāshqār ,而现今多称为科瓦语。“科瓦”(Khō-wār)一词为科人对自己语言的称呼,其中“科”(Khō)指科人,“瓦”(wār)意为语言,“科瓦”即科人的语言(Khowar)[4]

吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦

Khowar (), also known as Chitrali, is an 印度-雅利安语支 of the|Dardic subbranch.[5]

"Kho" means the people of Chitral, "War" means language. It is spoken by the Kho people in the Chitral District, 吉泽尔县 district of


(including the Yasin Valley英语Yasin Valley, Golaghmuli Valley英语Golaghmuli Valley, Phandar Ishkoman英语Ishkoman and Gupis) and in parts of Upper 斯瓦特县 (Mateltan Village), 巴基斯坦, as well as in 查谟-克什米尔邦, 印度.[1]

历史

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Morgenstierne英语Georg Morgenstierne noted that "Khowar, in many respects [is] the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of 梵语 case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form."[6]:3

音系

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Khowar has a variety of dialects, which may vary phonemically.[7] The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.[8][9]

元音

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前元音 央元音 后元音
闭元音 i u
中元音 e o
开元音 a

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of 元音长度 /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."[7] Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language英语Kalasha-mun, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.[8]

辅音

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唇音 舌冠音 卷舌音 硬腭音 软腭音 小舌音 声门音
鼻音 (辅音) m n
塞音 清音英语Voicelessness p t ʈ k (q)
浊音 b d ɖ g
送气 ʈʰ
塞擦音 voiceless英语Voicelessness ts ʈʂ
清浊音 dz ɖʐ
送气 tsʰ (?) ʈʂʰ tʃʰ
擦音 voiceless英语Voicelessness f s ʂ ʃ x h
清浊音 z ʐ ʒ ɣ
近音 l(ʲ) ɫ j w
Rhotic英语Rhotic consonant ɾ

The phonemic status of /tsʰ/ is unclear in the sources

Tone

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Khowar, like many Dardic languages英语Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.[10]

书写系统

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Since the early twentieth century Khowar has been written in the Khowar alphabet英语Khowar alphabet, which is based on the 乌尔都字母 and uses the 波斯体. Prior to that, the language was carried on through 口头传统. Today 乌尔都语 and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been occasionally written in a version of the Roman script called Roman Khowar英语Roman Khowar since the 1960s.

方言

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  • Standard Khowar
  • Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
  • Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley/ Gramchashma Valley)
  • Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
  • Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan), spoken by a few families in Gilgit city.

Khowar media

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Television channels

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TV Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Khyber News TV (خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن‬) News and current affairs   http://www.khybernews.tv/
AVT Khyber TV (اے وی ٹی خیبر‬) Entertainment   http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
K2 TV (کے ٹو‬) Entertainment, news and current affairs   http://www.kay2.tv/
Zeal News (ذیل نیوز) News and Current Affairs 2016 http://www.khowar.zealnews.tv

Radio

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These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.

Radio Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Radio Pakistan Chitral Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Peshawar Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Gilgit Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
FM105 Chitral Entertainment http://www.hotfm.com.pk

报纸

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Newspaper City(ies) Founded Official Website
Chitral Vision (چترال وژن‬) Karachi, Chitral英语Chitral, 巴基斯坦    
Chitral Today     http://chitraltoday.net

See also

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition. Dallas: SIL国际. 2017 (English). 
  2. ^ 科瓦语于《民族语》的链接(第19版,2016年)
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Khowar. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ Template:LSI
  5. ^ electricpulp.com. DARDESTĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica. 
  6. ^ Morgenstierne, Georg. Languages of Nuristan and surrounding regions. Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (编). Cultures of the Hindukush: selected papers from the Hindu-Kush Cultural Conference held at Moesgård 1970. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Südasien-Institut Universität Heidelberg Bd. 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 1974: 1–10. ISBN 978-3-515-01217-1. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Edelman, D. I. The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). 1983: 210. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Bashir, Elena L., Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective (PDF), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1988: 37–40 
  9. ^ Bashir, Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig, A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio 
  10. ^ Baart, Joan L. G., Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics: 3, 6, 2003 

Additional references

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  • Bashir, Elena (2001) "Spatial Representation in Khowar". Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • Decker, D. Kendall. Languages of Chitral. 1992. ISBN 969-8023-15-1. 
  • L'Homme, Erik (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L'Harmattan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg英语Georg Morgenstierne (1936) "Iranian Elements in Khowar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
  • Badshah Munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher. Pakistan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) "Some Features of Khowar Morphology". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S. K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267–72]
  • Mohammad Ismail Sloan英语Sam Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
  • Zeal News

外部链接

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Template:Dardic languages