馬拉色菌屬

馬拉色菌屬
	放大花斑癬病患皮屑所看到的秕糠馬拉癬菌
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱：	馬拉色菌綱 Malasseziomycetes
目：	馬拉色菌目 Malasseziales
科：	馬拉色菌科 Malasseziaceae
屬：	馬拉色菌屬 Malassezia; Baill., 1889
模式種
	秕糠馬拉癬菌 Microsporum furfur; C.P. Robin
種
	參見文中內容

馬拉色菌屬（學名：Malassezia），前稱為糠秕孢子菌（Pityrosporum）真菌界下的一個屬級分類元，被認為是酵母類真菌，本屬的物種自然存在於人和動物的皮膚上。該屬物種有時會造成機會性感染，進而導致胸背等部位出現色素淡化（英語：hypopigmentation）或色素增多（英語：hyperpigmentation）。

命名[編輯]

由於鑑定不易以及在實驗室條件下繁殖極慢，該屬的研究較為困難，物種的命名及分類史也較為混亂。1846年，艾希施泰特（Eichstedt）描述了一種與變色糠疹相關的一種真菌^[2]。德國皮膚科醫師海因里希·寇伯納（英語：Heinrich Koebner）將身上病灶的真菌移植到兔子身上^[3]。1853年，查爾斯-菲力浦·羅賓（英語：Charles-Philippe Robin）成功自病灶中分離病原體，將其分類為小孢癬菌屬（Microsporum），並命名為「Microsporum furfur」^[2]。1889年，亨利·歐內斯特·巴永（英語：Henri Ernest Baillon）以 Microsporum furfur 為模式種，發表「Malassezia」（馬拉色菌屬）此一獨立新屬，因此該物種也被重新命名為「Malassezia furfur」（秕糠馬拉癬菌）^[4]。1904年，雷蒙·薩博勞發表了一種導致頭皮屑的微生物，將其命名為「Pityrosporum malassez」，以紀念路易斯-查理·馬拉色（英語：Louis-Charles Malassez），並以此物種發表了糠秕孢子菌屬（Pityrosporum）此一新屬^[5]。

但後人發現，秕糠馬拉癬菌具有單細胞與菌絲體兩種形態型，「Malassezia furfur」的原始描述是其菌絲體，而「Pityrosporum malassez」則是同一物種的單細胞型（yeast form）^[2]。但至於要選擇哪一個學名為有效名尚有爭議，因此混用的情形相當常見^[6]。1984年後，按命名優先原則，學界將「Malassezia furfur」定為有效名，「Pityrosporum」遂成為「Malassezia」的同物異名^[5]。

物種[編輯]

目前，人類共發現了10個種：

Malassezia arunalokei Honnavar, Rudramurthy & G.S.Prasad, 2016
巴西馬拉色菌 Malassezia brasiliensis F.J.Cabañes, S.D.A.Cout., Bragulat & G.Castellá, 2016
Malassezia caprae J.Cabañes & Boekhout, 2007
Malassezia cuniculi J.Cabañes & G.Castellá, 2011^[7]
Malassezia dermatis ^[8]
Malassezia equi
Malassezia equina
秕糠馬拉癬菌 Malassezia furfur
球型馬拉色菌 Malassezia globosa ^[9]
日本馬拉色菌 Malassezia japonica
Malassezia macfadyeni
納納馬拉色菌 Malassezia nana ^[10]
Malassezia obtusa
Malassezia ochoterenai
厚皮馬拉色菌 Malassezia pachydermatis ^[11]
Malassezia psittaci
限制性馬拉色菌 Malassezia restricta ^[12]
斯洛菲馬拉色菌 Malassezia slooffiae ^[13]
合軸馬拉色菌 Malassezia sympodialis ^[14]
Malassezia vespertilionis
Malassezia yamatoensis ^[15]

在人類疾病中扮演的角色[編輯]

近年來鑑別皮膚上馬拉色菌的手段與法醫用來鑑別嫌疑犯的分子學或者基因相關的技術手段很類似，這些研究表明這種菌屬能引起絕大多數的皮膚病，比如大部分情況下的頭皮屑和脂溢性皮炎是球形馬拉色菌屬引起的（雖然通常也和限制性馬拉色菌屬有關）^[9]。花斑癬通常也和這種真菌的感染有關。

由於這種真菌需要油脂來生長，因此它通常會感染[脂腺]發達區域，例如：頭皮^[16]、臉部以及上半身。當這些真菌繁殖速度過快時，細胞的自然更新過程就會受到干擾，瘙癢及皮屑就會出現（和其它真菌或者細菌感染的情況類似）。球形馬拉色菌在人的頭部皮膚上的數量可以超過一千萬個。

2007年啟動的一個球形馬拉色菌屬基因測序計劃，發現該菌屬有4,285個基因^[17]，大約是人類基因大小的三百分之一。該菌使用8種不同的油脂分解酶以及3種磷脂分解酶來分解頭皮上的油脂。另一個令人驚奇的發現是，球形馬拉色菌屬可能有有性繁殖的能力^[17]^[18]，不過並沒有在實驗室或者其它任何條件下觀測到這一現象。

頭部感染治療[編輯]

頭皮感染的徵狀通常使用含有硫化硒或者酮康唑的洗髮水來治療。其它治療的方式包括使用含有環吡酮胺、煤焦油、鋅羥基吡啶硫酮（ZPT）、咪康唑或者千層樹油的洗髮水。伊曲康唑等（參見：脂溢性皮炎。）

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Ran Yuping. Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (編). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. 2016. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. doi:10.5772/61850.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Ashbee, H. R. Update on the genus Malassezia. Medical Mycology. 2007-06-01, 45 (4): 287–303 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 1369-3786. doi:10.1080/13693780701191373. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）（英語）.
^ Moore, Morris. LXXXIII.—MALASSEZIA FURFUR, THE CAUSE OF TINEA VERSICOLOR: CULTIVATION OF THE ORGANISM AND EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 1940-02-01, 41 (2): 253–260. ISSN 0096-6029. doi:10.1001/archderm.1940.01490080062003 （英語）.
^ Baillon, H. (Henri), H. Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique, suivi du tableau du droguier de la Faculté de médecine de Paris. Paris: O. Doin. 1889 [2021-02-11]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5409. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Inamadar AC, Palit A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003, 69 (4): 265–70 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17642908. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-06）.
^ Inamadar, A. C.; Palit, A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2003-07, 69 (4): 265–270 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 0973-3922. PMID 17642908. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.
^ F. J. Cabañes, S. Vega & G. Castellá (2011) Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin, Medical Mycology, 49:1, 40-48, DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.493562
^ Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T; et al. New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. April 2002, 40 (4): 1363–7. PMC 140359 . PMID 11923357. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR; et al. Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1. J. Invest. Dermatol. September 2007, 127 (9): 2138–46. PMID 17460728. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844.
^ Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K; et al. Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. March 2004, 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. PMID 15023986. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Coutinho SD, Paula CR. Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system. Rev Iberoam Micol. June 1998, 15 (2): 85–7 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17655416. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.
^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (10): 755–9. PMID 15502408. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL. Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat. Vet. Dermatol. October 2007, 18 (5): 348–52. PMID 17845623. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A. Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?. Arch Dermatol. August 1998, 134 (8): 995–8. PMID 9722730. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M; et al. A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (8): 579–83. PMID 15322337. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ BBC NEWS | Health | Genetic code of dandruff cracked. [2008-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-22）.
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P; et al. Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. November 2007, 104 (47): 18730–5. PMC 2141845 . PMID 18000048. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104.
^ Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E. The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts. Parassitologia. June 2008, 50 (1-2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.

外部連結[編輯]

IJMS Vol 29 No. 4 March 2004 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
aafp Diagnosis and Management of Common Tinea Infections July 1998 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
M Shams Ghahfarokhi; M. Razzaghi Abyaneh. Rapid Identification of Malassezia furfur from other Malassezia Species: A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor (PDF). Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. March 2004, 29 (1). （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-04-25）.
Noble SL, Forbes RC, Stamm PL. Diagnosis and management of common tinea infections. Am Fam Physician. July 1998, 58 (1): 163–74, 177–8. PMID 9672436.

[1] Ran Yuping. Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (編). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. 2016. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. doi:10.5772/61850.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Ashbee, H. R. Update on the genus Malassezia. Medical Mycology. 2007-06-01, 45 (4): 287–303 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 1369-3786. doi:10.1080/13693780701191373. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）（英語）.

[3] Moore, Morris. LXXXIII.—MALASSEZIA FURFUR, THE CAUSE OF TINEA VERSICOLOR: CULTIVATION OF THE ORGANISM AND EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 1940-02-01, 41 (2): 253–260. ISSN 0096-6029. doi:10.1001/archderm.1940.01490080062003 （英語）.

[4] Baillon, H. (Henri), H. Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique, suivi du tableau du droguier de la Faculté de médecine de Paris. Paris: O. Doin. 1889 [2021-02-11]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5409. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.

[pmid17642908-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Inamadar AC, Palit A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003, 69 (4): 265–70 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17642908. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-06）.

[6] Inamadar, A. C.; Palit, A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2003-07, 69 (4): 265–270 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 0973-3922. PMID 17642908. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.

[7] F. J. Cabañes, S. Vega & G. Castellá (2011) Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin, Medical Mycology, 49:1, 40-48, DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.493562

[pmid11923357-8] Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T; et al. New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. April 2002, 40 (4): 1363–7. PMC 140359 . PMID 11923357. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002.

[pmid17460728-9] 9.0 ^9.1 DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR; et al. Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1. J. Invest. Dermatol. September 2007, 127 (9): 2138–46. PMID 17460728. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844.

[pmid15023986-10] Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K; et al. Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. March 2004, 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. PMID 15023986. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid17655416-11] Coutinho SD, Paula CR. Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system. Rev Iberoam Micol. June 1998, 15 (2): 85–7 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17655416. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.

[pmid15502408-12] Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (10): 755–9. PMID 15502408. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid17845623-13] Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL. Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat. Vet. Dermatol. October 2007, 18 (5): 348–52. PMID 17845623. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid9722730-14] Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A. Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?. Arch Dermatol. August 1998, 134 (8): 995–8. PMID 9722730. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid15322337-15] Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M; et al. A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (8): 579–83. PMID 15322337. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[urlBBC_NEWS_|_Health_|_Genetic_code_of_dandruff_cracked-16] BBC NEWS | Health | Genetic code of dandruff cracked. [2008-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-22）.

[pmid18000048-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P; et al. Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. November 2007, 104 (47): 18730–5. PMC 2141845 . PMID 18000048. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104.

[pmid18693563-18] Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E. The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts. Parassitologia. June 2008, 50 (1-2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.

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