相互理解性

相互理解性 指語言學上的互通程度（亦稱互懂程度），為某種語言的使用者在從未接觸另一種語言（包括聽或學習）的情況下，能通過聽力或（及）閱讀理解另一種語言的程度。這一數據常被用作區分語言與方言的重要根據。另外，社會語言學亦會用作區分的根據。

語言互通有時是不對等的，即語言A與語言B的使用者在交談時，語言A可能更易被語言B的使用者理解，反之則不成立。互通常發生在地理上毗鄰的語言或方言之間，特別是方言連續體中。

例子

書面與聽力

南非荷蘭語：荷蘭語（部分）^[1]
阿塞拜疆語：土耳其語^[2]
布里亞特語：內蒙古方言、喀爾喀蒙古語
白俄羅斯語：俄語、烏克蘭語^[3]
波斯尼亞語：克羅地亞語、黑山語、塞爾維亞語（拉丁字母書寫）^[4]
保加利亞語：馬其頓語^[5]
克羅地亞語：波斯尼亞語、黑山語、塞爾維亞語（拉丁字母書寫）^[4]
捷克語：斯洛伐克語、波蘭語^[6]
丹麥語：瑞典語、挪威語^[7]
芬蘭語：愛沙尼亞語 (部分)^[8]、卡累利阿語 (高度近似)^[9]、克文語及梅安語 (非常高度近似)
荷蘭語：南非荷蘭語（部分）^[1]、西弗里斯語（部分）^[1] ^[10]
英語：低地蘇格蘭語^[11]
加利西亞語：葡萄牙語^[12]
德語：荷蘭語（部分）、盧森堡語^[10]
印尼語：馬來語^[13]
盧旺達語：基隆迪語^[14]
基隆迪語：盧旺達語^[14]
馬其頓語：塞爾維亞語、保加利亞語^[5]
馬來語：印尼語^[13]
黑山語：波斯尼亞語、克羅地亞語、塞爾維亞語^[4]
挪威語：丹麥語、瑞典語^[7]
葡萄牙語：加利西亞語^[12]、西班牙語^[15]^[16]^[17]
俄語：白俄羅斯語、烏克蘭語^[3]
低地蘇格蘭語：英語^[11]
塞爾維亞語：馬其頓語、波斯尼亞語、克羅地亞語、黑山語^[4]
斯洛伐克語：捷克語^[6]
西班牙語：加泰羅尼亞語^[18]、葡萄牙語^[15]^[16]^[17]
瑞典語：丹麥語、挪威語^[7]
托克勞語：圖瓦盧語^[19]
土耳其語：阿塞拜疆語^[2]
圖瓦盧語：托克勞語^[19]
烏克蘭語：白俄羅斯語、俄語^[3]

僅聽力

保加利亞語與馬其頓語：托拉克語、波斯尼亞語、克羅地亞語（前兩者用西里爾字母書寫，後三者用拉丁字母書寫）^[20]
達利語：波斯語、塔吉克語^[21]（塔吉克語用西里爾字母書寫，其他兩者則用波斯-阿拉伯字母書寫）
德語：意第緒語^[22]（德語用拉丁字母書寫，意第緒語則用希伯來字母書寫）
印地語：烏爾都語^[23]（印地語用天城文書寫，烏爾都語則用波斯-阿拉伯語字母書寫）
老撾語：泰語^[24]（各有書寫系統）
波斯語：塔吉克語^[21]（波斯語與達利語用波斯-阿拉伯字母書寫，塔吉克語用西里爾字母書寫）
塔吉克語：波斯語、達利語^[21]（波斯語與達利語用波斯-阿拉伯字母書寫，塔吉克語用西里爾字母書寫）
泰語：老撾語、壯語（僅限傳統詞彙）^[24]
托拉克語：保加利亞語、馬其頓語^[20]
烏爾都語：印地語^[23]
維吾爾語：烏茲別克語^[25]（維吾爾語用阿拉伯字母書寫，烏茲別克語用拉丁字母書寫）
烏茲別克語：維吾爾語^[25]
意第緒語：德語^[22]
東干語：現代標準漢語（各有書寫系統）
現代標準漢語：東干語（使用西里爾字母及延伸型西里爾字母，文字不標註聲調）

僅書面

法羅語：冰島語^[26]
冰島語：法羅語^[26]

古語

古英語與古薩克森語^[27]

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Gooskens, Charlotte. The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (University of Groningen). 2007, 28 (6) [2010-05-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-04-11）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," The Slavonic Languages. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."
C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."
Bernard Comrie. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Greenberg, Robert David. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. 2004: 14. ISBN 9780199258154.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Language profile Macedonian （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, UCLA International Institute
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Trudgill, Peter. Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (PDF). Duszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (編). Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective. Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11. Peter Lang. 2004 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 0820473286. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-06-11）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bø, I. Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen.. Rogalandsforskning. 1976, 4.
^ Katzner, Kenneth. The languages of the world 3rd ed. London: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0203430166. OCLC 51322181.
^ Taagepera, Rein. The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. 1999: 100. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Beerkens, Roos. Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area. Waxmann Publishing Co. 2010: 51 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9783830923466. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-29）.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba 789-1000. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 331. ISBN 9780748612338.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Beswick, Jaine. Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2005, 6 (1): 39–64.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Swan, Michael. Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge University Press. 2001: 279. ISBN 9780521779395.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Kirundi Language. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-28）.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 GAVILANES LASO, J. L. (1996) Algunas consideraciones sobre la inteligibilidad mutua hispano-portuguesa In: Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 175-187.
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Comparação Português e Castelhano. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-05）.
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Algumas observações sobre a noção de língua portuguesa (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-16）.
^ Wright, Sue. Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1996: 80. ISBN 1853593540.
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 Tokelauan language. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-08）.
^ ^20.0 ^20.1 Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century). [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-30）.
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Dari/Persian/Tajik languages (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-10-25）.
^ ^22.0 ^22.1 Avrum Ehrlich, Mark. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 192. ISBN 9781851098736.
^ ^23.0 ^23.1 Gumperz, John J. Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India. The Journal of Asian Studies. February 1957, 16 (2): 251–259.
^ ^24.0 ^24.1 Ausbau and Abstand languages. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-17）.
^ ^25.0 ^25.1 Hahn, Reinard F. Uyghur. Lars Johanson, Éva Csató (編). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 379 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780415082006. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-01）.
^ ^26.0 ^26.1 Barbour, Stephen. Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. 2000: 106 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780199250851. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-30）.
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. 2004: 315 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 1405103167. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-24）.

延伸閱讀

Casad, Eugene H. Dialect intelligibility testing. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1974 [2018-07-31]. ISBN 0-88312-040-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-23）.
Gooskens, Charlotte. Experimental methods for measuring intelligibility of closely related language varieties (PDF). Bayley, Robert; Cameron, Richard; Lucas, Ceil (編). The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press. 2013: 195–213 [2018-07-31]. ISBN 978-0-19-974408-4. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-08-24）.
Gooskens, Charlotte; van Heuven, Vincent J.; Golubović, Jelena; Schüppert, Anja; Swarte, Femke; Voigt, Stefanie. Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe. International Journal of Multilingualism. 2017. doi:10.1080/14790718.2017.1350185.
Grimes, Joseph E. Dialects as Optimal Communication Networks. Language. 1974, 50 (2): 260–269. JSTOR 412437.

參閲

語言改革

外部連結

Harold Schiffman, "Linguists' Definition: mutual intelligibility" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. University of Pennsylvania.
Common words between languages （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[gooskens-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Gooskens, Charlotte. The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (University of Groningen). 2007, 28 (6) [2010-05-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-04-11）.

[Denis_Sinor_p.90-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90

[BlrRusUkr-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," The Slavonic Languages. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."
C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."
Bernard Comrie. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...

[CroBosSerMon-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Greenberg, Robert David. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. 2004: 14. ISBN 9780199258154.

[BulMac-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Language profile Macedonian （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, UCLA International Institute

[CzeSlo-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Trudgill, Peter. Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (PDF). Duszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (編). Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective. Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11. Peter Lang. 2004 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 0820473286. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-06-11）.

[DanNorSve-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Bø, I. Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen.. Rogalandsforskning. 1976, 4.

[8] Katzner, Kenneth. The languages of the world 3rd ed. London: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0203430166. OCLC 51322181.

[9] Taagepera, Rein. The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. 1999: 100. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.

[DeuNed-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Beerkens, Roos. Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area. Waxmann Publishing Co. 2010: 51 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9783830923466. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-29）.

[EngSco-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba 789-1000. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 331. ISBN 9780748612338.

[GalPor-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Beswick, Jaine. Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2005, 6 (1): 39–64.

[IndMal-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Swan, Michael. Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge University Press. 2001: 279. ISBN 9780521779395.

[KinKir-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Kirundi Language. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-28）.

[GAVILANES_LASO,_J._L._1996-15] 15.0 ^15.1 GAVILANES LASO, J. L. (1996) Algunas consideraciones sobre la inteligibilidad mutua hispano-portuguesa In: Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 175-187.

[Comparação_Português_e_Castelhano-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Comparação Português e Castelhano. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-05）.

[cvc.instituto-camoes.pt-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Algumas observações sobre a noção de língua portuguesa (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-16）.

[EspGal-18] Wright, Sue. Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1996: 80. ISBN 1853593540.

[TokTuv-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Tokelauan language. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-08）.

[Bul20-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century). [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-30）.

[DariPersianTajik-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Dari/Persian/Tajik languages (PDF). [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-10-25）.

[DeuYid-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Avrum Ehrlich, Mark. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 192. ISBN 9781851098736.

[HinUrd-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Gumperz, John J. Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India. The Journal of Asian Studies. February 1957, 16 (2): 251–259.

[ThaiLao-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Ausbau and Abstand languages. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-17）.

[UznUig-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Hahn, Reinard F. Uyghur. Lars Johanson, Éva Csató (編). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 379 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780415082006. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-01）.

[IslFao-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Barbour, Stephen. Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. 2000: 106 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780199250851. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-30）.

[27] Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. 2004: 315 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 1405103167. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-24）.

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