原始印欧语小品词
原始印欧语小品词(particle：质点、粒子)已经被现代语言学家重构了，基于了跨越所有印欧语系语言所找到的相似性。本文列出并讨论它们的假定形式。
副词[编辑]
用做后置和前置的副词[编辑]
很多小品词可以用作副词和后置词二者。这类似于现代语言；比较一下英语的“He is above in the attic”(副词)和“The bird is above the house”(前置词)。除了安纳托利亚语族、印度-伊朗语族和萨比尼语，和退化于拉丁语和古希腊语中之外，在后代语言中后置词变成了前置词。[1]
| 小品词 | 意义 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| *apo | from | Ved. ápa “away, forth”, Gk. apó, Lat. ab “from”, Eng. of, off[2] |
| *epi / *opi | near, at, upon, by | Ved. ápi“by, on”, Gk. epí“on”, Lat. ob“on”, Arm. ew“and”,[2] Av. aipi, Lith. api-, apie, Alb. afër“near” |
| *h₁ad | to, by, at | Lat. ad, Osc. adpúd, Umb. ař, Goth. at, ON at, Eng. æt/at, Gm. az/--, Ir. ad/ad, Welsh add, Gaul. ad, Phryg. addaket, XMK addai |
| *(h₁?)en | in | Gk. en, Lat. in, Eng. in/in, Gm. in/in, īn/ein-, Welsh yn, Arm. i, OPruss. en, OCS vŭ(n)-,[2] Luw. anda, Carian nt_a, Goth. in, ON í, Ir. in/in, Lith. į, Ltv. iekšā |
| *(h₁?)en-ter | within, inside | Ved. antár“between”, Lat. inter“between, among”, Gm. untar/unter“between, among”, Ir. eter/?“between”, Alb. ndër“between, in”[2] |
| *h₂en / *h₂eno | on, upon | Av. ana, Gk. ano, Lat. in (在某些情况下), ON á, Goth. ana, Eng. an/on, Gm. ?/an, Lith. ant |
| *h₂euo | off, away, down from | Ved. ava, Lith. nuo |
| *h₂n̥-bʰi / *h₂m̥-bʰi | around[3](→ both) | Ved. abhi, Av. aiwito, aibi, Pers. abiy/?, Gk. amphi, ON um, Eng. bi/by; ymbi/umbe (废弃了), Gm. umbi/um; ?/bei, Gaul. ambi, Ir. imb/um, Welsh am, Toch. āmpi/?, Lith. abu, OCS oba, Russ. ob |
| *kata / *km̥ta | down | Hitt. katta“with”, Gk. katá“down”[2] |
| *kom | with | Lat. cum, Ir. co/?[2] |
| *n̥dʰ-er | under | Ved. adhás, Av. aδairi, Lat. īnfr-ā, Eng. under/under, Arm. ənd,[2] Pers. ?/zēr, ON und, Goth. undar, Gm. untar/unter, Arm. ĕndhup/ĕnthub |
| *ni | down, under | Ved. ní, Eng. ne-ther, Arm. ni, OCS ni-zŭ[2] |
| *nu | now | Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, Ved. nū, Pers. nūra/?, Gk. nú, Lat. nunc, ON nū, Goth. nu, Eng. nū/now, Gm. nu/nun, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, OPruss. teinu, OCS nu, Arb. naní (参见后面的连词段落) |
| *pe | with, together | Hitt. pe- |
| *per(i) | around, through | Ved. pári“around, forth”, Gk. perí“around”, Lat. per“through”, OPruss. per, Alb. për[2] |
| *per / *pero / *prō | before, forth, in front of, ahead of | Hitt. per, Ved. prā, Lat. per, prō, Eng. for/fore-, Gm. ?/vor, Lith. per, pro |
| *r̥ | for (前接词) | Ved. r̥ |
| *uper | above | Ved. upári, Gk. hupér, Lat. s-uper, Eng. over, Ir. for/?, Arm. (i) ver "up"[2] Alb. sipër |
| *up / *upo | under, below | Ved. úpa“up to”, Gk. hupó“below”, Lat. s-ub, Ir. fo/fo,[2] Hitt. upzi, Av. upa, Pers. upa/?, Umb. sub, Osc. sup, ON upp, Goth. iup, Eng. upp/up, Gm. uf/auf, Welsh go, Gaul. voretus, Toch. ?/spe, Lith. po |
未翻译的反映和 PIE 词有相同的意义。
在下列语言中，两个反映用斜杠分开意味着:
否定词[编辑]
可以重构两个否定词 *ne 和 *mē，后者只用于否定性命令。所谓的否定前缀(pivative prefix) *n̥- 可能是 *ne 的零等级。
| 小品词 | 意义 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| *ne | 句子否定词 | Ved. ná, Lat. nē/ne-, Eng. ne/no, Gm. ne/nein, Lith. nè, OCS ne,[4] Hitt. natta, Luw. ni-, Lyc. ni-, Lyd. ni-, Av. na, Pers. na/?, Gk. ne-, Osc. ne, Umb. an-, ON né, Goth. ni, Ir. ní/ní, Welsh ni, Arm. an-, Toch. an-/en-, Ltv. ne, OPruss. ne, Pol. nie, Russ. ne, net, Alb. nuk |
| *n̥- | 否定前缀 | Hitt. am-, Ved. a(n)-, Gk. a(n)-, Lat. in-, Eng. un-[4] |
| *mē | 命令否定词 | Ved. mā, Gk. mē[4] Alb. mos |
从形容词派生的副词[编辑]
从形容词派生出的副词(比如英语的 bold-ly, beautiful-ly)可论证的不能归类为小品词。在原始印欧语中，它们简单的是形容词的格形式因此更好分类为名词。例如 *meǵh₂“greatly”，是主格-宾格单数。[5]
连词[编辑]
| 小品词 | 意义 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| *kʷe | and, 词或短语连接词† | Hitt. -ku, Ved. ca, Av. ca, Gk. te, Lat. -que |
| *wē | or, 词或短语连接词† | Ved. vā, Gk. -(w)ē, Lat. -ve |
| *de | and, 句子连接词 | Gk. dé |
| *nu | and, 句子连接词 | Hitt. nu, Ved. nú, Gk. nú, Toch. ?/nu, Ir. no-/?, OCS nŭ (参见前面副词段落) |
†放置在被连接的词的后面，如拉丁语 Senatus populus-que Romanus ("Senate and people of Rome"), -que 连接起 senatus 和 populus。
感叹词[编辑]
只有第一个是可安全重构的 PIE 感叹词，第二个是试探性的:[6]
| 小品词 | 意义 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| *wai! | 表达悲伤和或痛苦 | Hitt. uwai, Lat. vae, Welsh gwae, Eng. woe |
| *ō! / *eh₃! (?) | oh! | Gk. ō[7], Lat. ō[8], Eng. oh!, Gm. oh!, Russ. o![9] |
参见[编辑]
注释[编辑]
- ^ Fortson (2004:133–4页)
- ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Fortson (2004:134页)
- ^ Fortson (2004:239页)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fortson (2004:133页)
- ^ Fortson (2004:132–3页)
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Fortson (2004:134–5页)
- ^ Schäfer & Zimmermann (1990:457页)
- ^ Petschenig (1994:339页)
- ^ Schenk (1998)
引用[编辑]
- Fortson, Benjamin W., Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
- Petschenig, M, Der kleine Stowasser, Vienna: Oldenbourg Schulbuchverlag, 1994, ISBN 3486134051 （德语）
- Schäfer, K-H; Zimmermann, B, Taschenwörterbuch Altgriechisch 3, Munich: Langenscheidt, 1990, ISBN 3-468-10031-0 （德语）
- Schenk, W, Handwörterbuch Russisch, Munich: Langenscheidt, 1998, ISBN 3468072910 （德语）
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||