巨爵座
星座 | |
![]() | |
缩写 | Crt |
---|---|
所有格 | Crateris |
象征物 | the 杯子 |
赤经 | 11h |
赤纬 | −16° |
面积 | 282平方度 (第53) |
主要恒星 | 4 |
拜耳/佛氏 恒星 | 12 |
有行星的恒星 | 7 |
亮度3m以上的恒星 | 0 |
距离在10秒差距(32.62光年)内的恒星 | 0 |
最亮星 | 翼宿七 (3.57m) |
最近的恒星 | LHS 2358 (34.86 ly, 10.69 pc) |
梅西尔天体 | 0 |
流星雨 | 翼宿六流星雨 |
邻接星座 | 狮子座 六分仪座 长蛇座 乌鸦座 室女座 |
可以看见的纬度范围: +65°至−90°之间 最适合观赏的月份:四月 |
巨爵座是南天小星座,拉丁语原名“Crater”源自希腊语“krater”,指用来倒葡萄酒的杯子。巨爵座隶属二世纪天文学家克劳狄乌斯·托勒密排列的48星座,代表的杯子与天神阿波罗有关,放在长蛇座代表的水蛇后背。
巨爵座没有恒星亮度高于三等星,最亮的翼宿七和翼宿一分别是3.56与4.07视星等,都是老化橙巨星,温度低于太阳但体积更大。巨爵座β是白巨星和白矮星组成的联星系。七个恒星系内发现系外行星。巨爵座还有巨爵座2矮星系与NGC 3981等少量知名星系,以及著名类星体RX J1131。
神话
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Noctua%2C_Corvus%2C_Crater%2C_Sextans_Urani%C3%A6%2C_Hydra%2C_Felis%2C_Lupus%2C_Centaurus%2C_Antlia_Pneumatica%2C_Argo_Navis%2C_and_Pyxis_Nautica.jpg/300px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Noctua%2C_Corvus%2C_Crater%2C_Sextans_Urani%C3%A6%2C_Hydra%2C_Felis%2C_Lupus%2C_Centaurus%2C_Antlia_Pneumatica%2C_Argo_Navis%2C_and_Pyxis_Nautica.jpg)
据公元前至少1100年的巴比伦星表记载,今巨爵座范围恒星可能同乌鸦座恒星一起组成巴比伦人的乌鸦座。英国科学家约翰·罗杰斯(John H. Rogers)认为,巨爵座附近的长蛇座在古巴伦规范星表《纲要》代表冥界之神宁吉兹济达(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕)。他推断长蛇座旁边的巨爵座与乌鸦座都是死亡的象征,代表冥界之门。[1]密特拉教的符号和标志里也有巨爵座与乌鸦座,估计该教源于中东,后传入古希腊和罗马[2]。
据希腊神话所述,阿波罗派手下乌鸦去取水,但乌鸦在路上发现无花果后等待果实成熟再吃掉,因此延误行程。乌鸦用杯取水后顺便带回水蛇,谎称是水蛇喝掉水导致延误。[3]阿波罗看出乌鸦的欺骗,愤怒之下把杯子、蛇和乌鸦都朝天上一扔[4]。三者都变成天上星座,所在位置正好确保乌鸦没法儿从杯里喝水,以此警告不要得罪神明[3]。
菲拉尔克斯对巨爵座起源提出不同说法,据称特洛伊附近城池伊莱莎(Eleusa)瘟疫肆虐,统治者德米芬(Demiphon)得到谕示每年需献祭少女一名。德米芬宣布抽签决定献祭人选,但没有把自家女儿的名字列入。贵族马修斯修斯拒绝接受,结果女儿被德米芬献祭。马修斯修斯事后杀害德米芬的女儿,把血混入葡萄酒装在杯里让德米芬饮用。东窗事发后德米芬下令把马修斯修斯和杯子扔进大海,巨爵座便代表杯子。[3]
巨爵座恒星在中国古代天文学属南方朱雀[5],与长蛇座部分恒星组成朱雀的翅膀翼宿,代表第27个月宫。翼宿还代表英勇的弓箭手,弓由长蛇座恒星组成。[6]社会群岛居民把巨爵座称为“Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara”,意为“洗去罪孽的海洋漩涡”[7]。
简介
[编辑]巨爵座覆盖282.4平方度夜空,占0.685%,在88个现代星座排第53[8],北挨狮子座与室女座、东临乌鸦座、南面和西侧是长蛇座,西北靠六分仪座。1922年,国际天文联会确定以三字母缩写“Crt”代指巨爵座。[9]比利时天文学家尤金·德尔波特1930年正式划分星座边界,巨爵座呈六条边组成的多边形(见文首信息框)。星座在赤道坐标系统的赤经位于10h 51m 14s到11h 56m 24s范围,赤纬在−6.66°至−25.20°之间。[10]星座位于南天球,只能在北纬65度线以南观察[8][注 1]。
显著特点
[编辑]恒星
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/CraterCC.jpg/200px-CraterCC.jpg)
德国天体制图师约翰·拜耳用希腊字母Α到Λ为星座大部分明亮恒星命名。约翰·波德为部分恒星编号,但后世留用的只有巨爵座ψ。约翰·佛兰斯蒂德用佛兰斯蒂德命名法为31颗巨爵座及附近的长蛇座恒星编号组成巨爵长蛇座,大部分恒星属长蛇座范围。[11]巨爵座最亮的翼宿七、翼宿一和翼宿二组成三角形,位于长蛇座亮星翼宿五附近[12]。巨爵座共有33颗恒星亮度不低于6.5视星等[注 2][8]。
3.56视星等的翼宿七是巨爵座最亮恒星,离地163±4光年[14],是光谱等级K0III的橙巨星,有1.0至1.4倍太阳质量。该星年代久远,已经冷却并膨胀到22.44±0.28倍太阳半径,但辐射量达171.4±9.0倍太阳光度,外层有效温度4408±57开尔文[15]。翼宿一又称“阿尔克斯”(Alkes),意指“杯子”[16][注 3],代表巨爵座杯底[3],是4.07视星等的橙色星体[17],距地球141±2光年[18]。估计该星质量为太阳1.75±0.24倍,已经耗尽核心的氢并膨胀到13.2±0.55太阳直径[19],光度69倍,有效温度约4600开尔文[20]。
4.5视星等的巨爵座β是联星系,由光谱等级分别是A1III和DA1.4的白巨星与白矮星组成[21],距太阳296±8光年[22]。联星系中的白矮星远比主恒星小,即便用哈勃空间望远镜也无法分开观测[23]。翼宿二是双星,可用小型业余望远镜分辨[24]。其中主星是光谱等级A7V的白主序星,估计有1.81倍太阳质量[25],从星只有9.6视星等和75%太阳质量[25],很可能是橙矮星,两星相互围绕旋转的轨道周期至少有1150年[26]。双星距太阳85.6±0.8光年[27]。
翼宿十与翼宿三代表杯子边缘[3],其中翼宿十是巨爵座肉眼可见的最大恒星[28],已演化成光谱等级K5 III的K型巨星[29],质量和太阳差不多但已膨胀到44.7倍太阳半径[30],光度更达391倍[31],与太阳相距366±8光年[32]。翼宿三也是联星系,距太阳326±9光年[33]。4.95视星等的主星已演化到巨星阶段,光谱等级G8 III[34],是利用核心氦聚变产生能量的红群聚星[35],已膨胀到13倍太阳半径[36],光度157倍[31]。从星亮度7.84视星等[37]。科学家确认翼宿三属天狼星超星系团[38],或许还属大熊座移动星群,该星群包含的恒星可能源自同一疏散星团,太空走向类似[39]。
变星是业余天文学家的热门观测目标,他们的观察对人类理解恒星行为贡献很大[40]。翼宿一附近的红色星体巨爵座R是SRB类半规则变星[12],光谱等级M7,亮度以160天周期在9.8到11.2视星等范围变化[41],距太阳770±40光年[42]。巨爵座TT是激变变星,由接近太阳质量的白矮星和光谱等级K5V的橙矮星组成联星系,两星距离很近,以6小时26分的轨道周期围绕彼此旋转。白矮星从伴星吸收物质,由此形成的吸积盘按周期增亮并爆发。变星沉寂时只有15.9视星等,爆发时增至12.7视星等。[43]巨爵座SZ是8.5视星等的天龙座BY型变星,距太阳42.9±1.0光年[44],还是大熊座移动星群成员[39]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_Galactic_Traffic_Jam_-_potw2009a.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_Galactic_Traffic_Jam_-_potw2009a.tif.jpg)
HD 98800又称巨爵座TV,是约有七百到一千万年历史的恒星系,由分成两组距离很近的四颗恒星组成。其中一组有尘埃和气体组成的岩屑盘环绕两星运转,岩屑盘距两星约三到五天文单位,人类曾以为是原行星盘。[46]。DENIS-P J1058.7−1548是质量不足太阳5.5%的棕矮星,1700至2000开尔文的表面温度已经低到足以形成云层。该星的亮度变化可用肉眼识别,红外光谱显示星体表面覆有大气云层。[47]
HD 96167是1.31±0.09倍太阳质量的恒星,距太阳279±1光年[48]。星体核心的氢很可能已经耗尽并开始膨胀和冷却,目前是1.86±0.07倍太阳直径的黄次巨星,光度是太阳3.4±0.2倍。分析星体径向速度后科学家推断该星有质量下限为木星68%的行星,公转周期498.9±1.0天。行星轨道离心率很高,轨道间隔在0.38至2.22天文单位范围变化。[49]。HD 98649是光谱等级G4V的黄主序星,质量和直径与太阳基本相同但光度只有八成六。2012年科学家用径向速度法发现该星伴有至少六倍木星质量的行星,而且行星公转周期很长,达4951+607
−465天。计算结果表明该行星轨道离心率很高,最远时离恒星有10.6天文单位,有望未来直接成像。[50]BD−10°3166是富含金属的橙主序星,光谱等级K3.0V,距太阳268±10光年[51]。该星拥有质量下限为木星48%的热木星类行星,轨道周期仅3.49天[52]。WASP-34是光谱等级G5V的类太阳恒星,质量为太阳1.01±0.07倍,直径0.93±0.12倍,距太阳432±3光年[53]。该星拥有0.59±0.01倍木星质量的行星,轨道周期只有4.317天[54]。
深空天体
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/A_Galactic_Gem_NGC_3981.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_Galactic_Gem_NGC_3981.tif.jpg)
巨爵座2矮星系是银河系的卫星星系[55],距太阳约38万光年[56]。NGC 3511是靠近星座边缘的螺旋星系,位于巨爵座β以西两度,亮度只有11视星等。NGC 3513是与NGC 3511相隔11弧分的棒旋星系。[57]NGC 3981也是螺旋星系,有两条很宽但相互干扰的螺旋臂[58],NGC 3981是NGC 4038星系群成员,与NGC 3672、NGC 3887等45个星系组成室女超星系团的巨爵座星云[59]。
RX J1131是距太阳约60亿光年的类星体,人类首次直接测量的旋转黑洞就在类星体中间[60]。GRB 011211是人类2001年12月11日发现的伽玛射线暴,共持续270秒,刷新X射线天文学BeppoSAX卫星所测伽玛射线暴时长纪录[61]。2003年3月23日发现的GRB 030323持续26秒[62]。
流星雨
[编辑]翼宿六流星雨较为黯淡,在1月11至22日出现,16至17日达到顶峰[63]。
注释
[编辑]参考资料
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外部链接
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