使用者:無聊龍/iNaturalist

維基百科，自由的百科全書

iNaturalist
網站類型
公眾科學
語言阿爾巴尼亞語、阿拉伯語、巴斯克語、布列塔尼語、保加利亞語、加泰隆尼亞語、漢語、捷克語、英語、愛沙尼亞語、丹麥語、荷蘭語、芬蘭語、法語、加利西亞語、德語、希臘人、印尼語、義大利語、日語、朝鮮語、盧森堡語、馬其頓語、奧克語、葡萄牙語、俄語、西班牙語
持有者加利福尼亞州科學院[1]
網址inaturalist.org
商業性質非營利
註冊需要
推出時間2008年，​16年前​（2008）[1]
現狀在線
在野外使用iNaturalist行動應用程式的人群

iNaturalist是一項收集、分享和標記全球各地生物多樣性觀察結果的公眾科學專案，和一項由博物學家、科學愛好者與生物學家使用的社交網路服務[2]。iNaturalist分別可透過網站，或以其行動應用程式存取[3][4]。iNaturalist上的生物觀察紀錄可作為珍貴的開放資料來源，以供科學研究、保育機構、其他機構和公眾使用[5][6][7]。iNaturalist可被視作同類專案的典範，為其他自然歷史的行動應用程式樹立了標準[8]。

History[編輯]

iNaturalist.org began in 2008 as a 加利福尼亞大學柏克萊分校 School of Information（英語：UC Berkeley School of Information） Master's final project of Nate Agrin, Jessica Kline, and Ken-ichi Ueda.[1] Nate Agrin and Ken-ichi Ueda continued work on the site with Sean McGregor, a web developer. In 2011, Ueda began collaboration with Scott Loarie, a research fellow at 史丹佛大學 and lecturer at UC Berkeley. Ueda and Loarie are the current co-directors of iNaturalist.org. The organization merged with the 加利福尼亞州科學院 on April 24, 2014.[9] In 2014, iNaturalist celebrated its one millionth observation.[10] In 2017, iNaturalist became a joint initiative between the California Academy of Sciences and the 國家地理學會.[11]

Observations[編輯]

The iNaturalist platform is based on 眾包 of observations and identifications. An iNaturalist observation records an encounter with an individual organism at a particular time and place.[12] In addition to recording actual audio and photos of the organism, an iNaturalist observation may also record evidence of an organism, such as animal tracks, nests, and scat, but the scope of iNaturalist excludes natural but inert subjects such as 地質學 or 水文學 features. Users typically upload photos as evidence of their findings, though audio recordings are also accepted and such evidence is not a strict requirement. Users may share observation locations publicly, "obscure" them to display a less precise location, or make the locations private.

On iNaturalist, other users add identifications to each other's observations in order to confirm or improve the "community identification." Observations are classified as "casual," "needs ID" (needs identification), or "research grade" based on the quality of the data provided and the community identification process. "Research grade" observations are incorporated into other online databases such as The Global Biodiversity Information Facility.[6] Users have the option to license their observations, photos, and audio recordings in several ways, including for the 公有領域, 創用CC, or with 保留所有權利.

Platforms[編輯]

Users can interact with iNaturalist in several ways:

On the iNaturalist.org website, visitors can search the public data set and interact with the individuals adding observations and identifications. The website provides tools for registered users to discuss and confirm organism identifications. Users can also create project pages to recruit participation in and coordinate work on their topics of interest.[15]

On the primary iNaturalist mobile app, registered users can contribute nature observations to the public, online dataset. Seek, which was designed for children and families, requires no online account registration and all observations may remain private.[16] Automated species identification is included in both apps.[17][18] Seek incorporates features of 遊戲化, such as providing a list of nearby organisms to find and encouraging the collection of badges by doing so.[18] Seek was initially released in the spring of 2018.[16]

Automated species identification[編輯]

In addition to observations being identified by others in the community, iNaturalist includes an automated species identification（英語：automated species identification） 計算機視覺 tool.[19] Images can be identified via an 人工智慧 model which has been trained on the large database of the "research grade" observations on iNaturalist. A broader taxon such as a 屬 or 科 (生物) is typically provided if the model cannot decide what the species is. If the image has poor lighting, is blurry, or contains multiple subjects, it can be difficult for the model to determine the species and it may decide incorrectly. Multiple species suggestions are typically provided; the suggestion that the software believes to be most likely is at the top of the list.

Participation[編輯]

截至2019年6月20日 (2019-06-20), iNaturalist users contributed over 25,600,000 observations of plants, animals, and other organisms worldwide, with around 150,000 users active in the previous 30 days.[20] iNaturalist is the preferred application for crowd-sourced biodiversity data in Mexico and southern Africa.[21][22]

Users have created and contributed to thousands of different projects on iNaturalist.[23] The platform is commonly used to record observations during bioblitz（英語：bioblitz）es, which are biological surveying events that attempt to record all the species that occur within a designated area, and a specific project type on iNaturalist.[24][25][26] Other project types include collections of observations by location or 分類單元, or documenting specific types of observations such as animal tracks（英語：animal tracks） and signs,[27] the spread of 入侵物種, 動物因道路致死現象,[28] 捕魚 catches, or discovering new species.[29] In 2011, iNaturalist was used as a platform to power the Global Amphibian and Global Reptile BioBlitzes, in which observations were used to help monitor the occurrence and distribution of the world's reptiles and amphibian species.[30] The US 美國國家公園管理局 partnered with iNaturalist to record observations from the 2016 National Parks BioBlitz. That project exceeded 100,000 observations in August 2016.[24] In 2017, the 聯合國環境署 teamed up with iNaturalist to celebrate 世界環境日.[31]

The City Nature Challenge

主條目：City Nature Challenge

In 2016, Lila Higgins from the 洛杉磯縣自然歷史博物館 and Alison Young from the 加利福尼亞州科學院 co-founded the City Nature Challenge. In the first City Nature Challenge, naturalists in 洛杉磯 and the 舊金山灣區 documented over 20,000 observations with the iNaturalist platform.[32] In 2017, the challenge expanded to 16 cities across the United States and collected over 125,000 observations of wildlife in 5 days.[33] The challenge expanded to a global audience in 2018, with 68 cities participating from 19 countries, with some cities using 公眾科學 platforms other than iNaturalist to participate.[25] In 4 days, over 17,000 people cataloged over 440,000 nature observations in urban regions around the world.[34] In 2019, the challenge once again expanded. This time 159 cities were involved, and 35,126 participants were engaged in collecting 963,773 observations of over 31,000 species.[25]

References[編輯]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 About. 5 August 2013 [7 August 2013]. 
  2. ^ San Francisco's Parks Scoured in Wildlife Inventory. 7 May 2014 [31 January 2015]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 iNaturalist application (iTunes Store). 25 June 2013 [7 August 2013]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 iNaturalist application (Google Play). 4 June 2013 [7 August 2013]. 
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of Life and iNaturalist work together to support citizen science. 18 June 2012 [7 August 2013]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bowser, A., Wiggins, A., Shanley, L., Preece, J., & Henderson, S. Sharing data while protecting privacy in citizen science (PDF). Interactions. 2014, 21 (1): 70–73. doi:10.1145/2540032. 
  7. ^ Pimm, S.; et al. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science. 30 May 2014, 344 (6187): 1246752 [31 January 2015]. PMID 24876501. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. 
  8. ^ Goldsmith, G. R. The field guide, rebooted. Science. 6 August 2015, 349 (6248): 594. doi:10.1126/science.aac7810. 
  9. ^ California Academy of Sciences Acquires iNaturalist. 14 May 2014 [14 May 2014]. 
  10. ^ Hance, Jeremy. Citizen scientist site hits one million observations of life on Earth. Mongabay（英語：Mongabay）. November 10, 2014. 
  11. ^ About. 2018-05-07 [2018-05-08]. 
  12. ^ Help. iNaturalist.org. [21 June 2019] （英語）. 
  13. ^ Seek by iNaturalist on the App Store. App Store. [2018-12-03]. 
  14. ^ App: Seek. Google Play. [2019-05-26] （英語）. 
  15. ^ Drury, Jonathan P.; Barnes, Morgan; Finneran, Ann E.; Harris, Maddie; Grether, Gregory F. E. Continent-scale phenotype mapping using citizen scientists’ photographs (PDF). Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK / Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [26 May 2019]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Seek App - iNaturalist.org. iNaturalist.org. [2018-12-03] （英語）. 
  17. ^ Jabr, Ferris. Letter of Recommendation: iNaturalist. New York Times Magazine. 2017-12-06 [2018-12-03] （英語）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Elbein, Asher. This New App Is Like Shazam for Your Nature Photos. Earther. 2018-03-21 [2018-12-03]. 
  19. ^ iNaturalist Computer Vision Explorations. iNaturalist.org. 2017-07-27 [2017-08-12]. 
  20. ^ iNaturalist.org Stats. inaturalist.org. 2019-06-21 [2019-06-21]. 
  21. ^ Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection (PDF). Science. 2014, 344 (6187): 1246752. PMID 24876501. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. 
  22. ^ Citizen science. biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org. [2018-10-05]. 
  23. ^ Projects. inaturalist.org. 28 January 2017 [28 January 2017]. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Seltzer, Carrie. Citizen scientists give NPS 100,000+ biodiversity records for 100th birthday. National Geographic Society (blogs). 2016-08-25 [2016-09-17]. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 citynaturechallenge.org. 2019 [21 June 2019]. 
  26. ^ Catling, Paul M.; Kostiuk, Brenda; Heron, Jennifer; Jimenez, Runel; Chapman, Monique; Gamiet, Sharmin; Sterenberg, Velma. Highlights from the Northwest Territories BioBlitzes. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 5 June 2018, 131 (4): 386 [2018-10-05]. doi:10.22621/cfn.v131i4.2099. 
  27. ^ North American Animal Tracking Database. inaturalist.org. 2018-10-05 [2018-10-05]. 
  28. ^ Adventure Scientists Wildlife Connectivity Study. inaturalist.org. 2018-10-05 [2018-10-05]. 
  29. ^ Managing Projects. inaturalist.org. 2018-10-05 [2018-10-05]. 
  30. ^ Holtz, Debra Levi. Reptile, amphibian BioBlitzes tap social media. San Francisco Chronicle. October 10, 2011. 
  31. ^ App brings marvels of tech and nature together to keep the world connected. worldenvironmentday.global. 
  32. ^ City Nature Challenge 2016 iNaturalist Project. 2018 [8 May 2018]. 
  33. ^ City Nature Challenge 2017 iNaturalist Project. 2018 [8 May 2018]. 
  34. ^ Higgins, Lila. City Nature Challenge 2018: A Win For Urban Nature Around the World. Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County. 4 May 2018. 

External links[編輯]

{{Commons category}} {{Wikidata property|P3151|P5683}} * {{Official website|http://inaturalist.org}} * [http://vimeo.com/user7188222/videos iNaturalist] on [[Vimeo]] <!-- 沒有連結 -->[[Category:Biology websites]] [[Category:公众科学]] [[Category:2008年建立的网站]] <!-- 沒有連結 -->[[Category:Biodiversity databases]] <!-- 沒有連結 -->[[Category:Mobile applications]] <!-- 沒有連結 -->[[Category:Wild animals identification]]

取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:無聊龍/iNaturalist&oldid=76933593」