长链非编码核糖核酸：修订间差异

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==参考文献==
==参考文献==
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</div>

{{RNA类型}}
{{RNA类型}}


2014年2月1日 (六) 18:19的版本

长链非编码RNA类（英語：Long non-coding RNAs，简称为lncRNA）指的是长于200核苷酸的不编码蛋白质的转录物（Perkel 2013）。该有些武断的界定将长链非编码RNA类与较小的调控RNA类区分开来，后者如微RNA类（miRNAs）、小干扰RNA类（siRNAs）、Piwi互作RNA类（piRNAs）、小核仁RNA类（snoRNAs）及其它短RNA类（Ma 2013）。

长链非编码RNA类的丰度

近年研究显示人类基因组中的转录只有五分之一与蛋白编码基因有关（Kapranov 2007），这说明至少有较编码RNA序列四倍多的长链非编码RNA。而像FANTOM（哺乳动物cDNA功能注释）等的大规模互补DNA（cDNA）测序计划揭示了转录的复杂性（Carninci 2005）。FANTOM3计划从约一万个不同的基因座中鉴定出了约三万五千条非编码转录物它们有着与mRNA类类似的特征，包括5'端有帽、受到剪接及多聚腺苷酸化，但只有很小的開放閱讀框（ORF）或根本没有（Carninci 2005）。然而长链非编码RNA的丰度是意料之外的，其数目代表的是保守估计的最低值，因为这种方法忽略了许多单独的转录物及非多腺苷酸化的转录物（瓦片阵列数据显示出40%以上的转录物是非多腺苷酸化的）（Cheng 2005）。尽管如此，在这些cDNA文库中明确鉴定非编码RNA类仍是充满挑战的，因为该方法无法区分非编码转录物及蛋白编码转录物。

长链非编码RNA类的基因组组织

目前将哺乳动物基因组的全景描绘为：长段的基因间空间将多个转录“焦点”分割开（Carninci 2005）。然而长链非编码RNA类正位于这些基因间区段中并由此转录出来，其中大多数是与其它转录物之间呈错综复杂的正义或反义重叠，这些转录物往往包括了蛋白编码基因（Kapranov 2007）。在正义或反义链上的多个不同的编码或非编码转录物共享这些转录焦点中的基因组序列（Birney 2007），使得这些重叠的亚型之间产生复杂的层次结构。例如，8961个cDNA中的3012个曾被FANTOM2计划注释为编码序列中的一段截短序列，但后来又重新被指定为蛋白编码cDNA中的新非编码RNA变异体（Carninci 2005）。尽管编码RNA及非编码RNA的交错排列具备一定的丰度和保守性并意味着它们之间具有某些生物学关联性，但仍无法对这些复杂的焦点结构进行简单的评价。

GENCODE共同体已综合性整理及分析了一些人类长链非编码RNA的注释及它们的基因组结构、修饰、细胞定位及组织表达谱（Derrien 2012）。他们的分析结果说明人类长链非编码RNA易形成具有两个外显子的转录物（Derrien 2012）。

长链非编码RNA类的保守性

如微RNA类及小核仁RNA类等的众多小型RNA类都显现出了跨多物种的保守性（Bentwich 2005）。与之相反，大多数长链非编码RNA则保守性不强，这一点常被引用为其不具备功能的证据（Brosius 2005；Struhl 2007）。然而，如Air及Xist等经过详细研究的长链非编码RNA，它们的保守性也很差（Nesterova 2001），这意味着非编码RNA类可能受到不同的选择压力（Pang 2006）。mRNA必须保守密码子的正常用法并防止单个长ORF中出现移码突变，然而对长链非编码RNA的选择压力可能只会令其保守其中的较短区域，这些较短区域对于结构或序列特异性相互作用较为关键。因此，我们可见选择压力只会作用于长链非编码RNA转录物的小块区域。仍然要看到：尽管长链非编码RNA总体来说保守性较低，但仍可见许多长链非编码RNA具有较强的保守元件。例如，高度保守的phastCons元件中有19%存在于已知的内含子中，而其它32%存在于未注释的区域之中（Siepel 2005）。此外，人类长链非编码RNA中的具有代表性的一类显现出a representative set of human long ncRNAs exhibit small, yet significant, reductions in substitution and insertion/deletion rates indicative of purifying selection that conserve the integrity of the transcript at the levels of sequence, promoter and splicing (Ponjavic 2007).

The poor conservation of ncRNAs may be the result of recent and rapid adaptive selection. For instance, ncRNAs may be more pliant to evolutionary pressures than protein-coding genes, as evidenced by the existence of many lineage specific ncRNAs, such as Xist or Air (Pang 2006). Indeed, those conserved regions of the human genome that are subject to recent evolutionary change relative to the chimpanzee genome occurs mainly in non-coding regions, many of which are transcribed (Pollard 2006; Pollard 2006). This includes a ncRNA, HAR1F, which has undergone rapid evolutionary change in humans and is specifically expressed in the Cajal-Retzius cells in the human neocortex (Pollard 2006). The observation that many functionally validated RNAs are evolving quickly (Pang 2006; Smith 2004), may result from these sequences having more plastic structure-function constraints, and we may expect a great deal of evolutionary innovation to occur in such sequences. This is supported by the existence of thousands of sequences in the mammalian genome that show poor conservation at the primary sequence level but have evidence of conserved RNA secondary structures (Torarinsson 2006; Torarinsson 2008).

长链非编码RNA类的功能

长链非编码RNA类在基因转录调控中的作用

长链非编码RNA类在基因转录后调控中的作用

长链非编码RNA类在表观遗传调控中的作用

长链非编码RNA类在衰老与疾病中的作用

外部链接

另见

参考文献

蛋白质生物合成
RNA加工
基因表达调控
顺式调控元件
寄生
其他
遗传学索引
描述
疾病
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=长链非编码核糖核酸&oldid=30031619”