美洲擬獅:修订间差异
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內容擴充 2016年將擬獅獨立為一種而非獅子亞種,因此更新內容 |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Subspeciesbox |
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| fossil_range =[[更新世]] {{fossil range|0.34|0.011}} |
| fossil_range =[[更新世]] {{fossil range|0.34|0.011}} |
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| image = Panthera leo atrox Sergiodlarosa.jpg |
| image = Panthera leo atrox Sergiodlarosa.jpg |
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| extinct = yes |
| extinct = yes |
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| genus = Panthera |
| genus = Panthera |
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| species = |
| species = atrox |
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| range_map = Cave lion range.png |
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| subspecies = atrox |
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| range_map_caption = [[穴獅]]分布區域(紅色)</br> 美洲擬獅分布區域(藍色)</br> [[獅]]分布區域(綠色)</br> |
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| species link = 狮 |
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| authority = ([[約瑟夫·萊迪|Leidy]], 1853) |
| authority = ([[約瑟夫·萊迪|Leidy]], 1853) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''美洲擬獅'''([[學名]]:{{lang|la|''Panthera |
'''美洲擬獅'''([[學名]]:{{lang|la|''Panthera atrox''}})又名'''擬獅'''或'''擬獅兽''',是一種從[[化石]]得知已[[滅絕]]的[[貓科]][[動物]],生存於[[更新世]]時期的[[北美洲]](340,000 - 11,000 年前)<ref name=dinosaurs.about>{{cite web | last = Strauss | first = Bob | authorlink = | title = American Lion (''Panthera leo atrox'') | work = About.Com Dinosaurs | publisher = [[The New York Times Company]] | url =http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/mesozoicmammals/p/American-Lion-Panthera-Leo-Atrox.htm | accessdate = 2012-03-10}}</ref>。基因研究顯示牠是[[穴獅]]的[[旁系群]]<ref name=Barnett>{{Cite journal | last1 = Barnett | first1 = R. | last2 = Shapiro | first2 = B. | authorlink2=Beth Shapiro| last3 = Barnes | first3 = I. A. N. | last4 = Ho | first4 = S. Y. W. | last5 = Burger | first5 = J. | authorlink5=Joachim Burger| last6 = Yamaguchi | first6 = N. | last7 = Higham | first7 = T. F. G. | last8 = Wheeler | first8 = H. T. | last9 = Rosendahl | first9 = W. | last10 = Sher | first10 = A. V. | last11 = Sotnikova | first11 = M. | last12 = Kuznetsova | first12 = T. | last13 = Baryshnikov | first13 = G. F. | last14 = Martin | first14 = L. D. | last15 = Harington | first15 = C. R. | last16 = Burns | first16 = J. A. | last17 = Cooper | first17 = A. | title = Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 1668–1677 | year = 2009 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 | pmid = 19302360| pmc = }}</ref>,為{{link-en|更新世巨型動物群|Pleistocene megafauna}},化石主要發現於[[美國]][[洛杉磯]]的[[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]。美洲擬獅體型與[[更新世]]中期的[[原始獅]]大小相近,且比現今[[非洲]]的獅子大25%,為目前已知體型最大的貓科<ref name=SDNHM>{{Cite web|author=Dr. Tom Deméré|title=SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide:American Lion|publisher=San Diego Natural History Museum|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/mystery/fg_lion.html|accessdate=2007-07-31|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625205421/http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/mystery/fg_lion.html|archivedate=2009-06-25}}</ref>。 |
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==描述== |
==描述== |
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[[Image:Panthera atrox.jpg|thumb|left|美洲擬獅骨骼,展於[[美國]][[拉布雷亞瀝青坑#喬治·C·佩奇博物館|喬治·C·佩奇博物館]]]] |
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美洲擬獅的體長估計為1.6-2.5米<ref name="Quaternary extinctions">{{Cite book en|author=Paul S. Martin|title=Quaternary Extinctions|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|year=1984|id=ISBN 0-8165-1100-4}}</ref>,可比牠的近親[[原始獅]],但仍小於同期體型最大的[[短面熊]]。 |
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[[Image:Panthera Atrox.jpg|thumb|left|美洲擬獅顱骨,展於[[美國國立自然史博物館]]]] |
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美洲擬獅的體長(不含尾巴)估計為 {{convert|1.6|to|2.5|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Quaternary extinctions">{{Citation | last = Anderson | first = Elaine | author-link = Elaine Anderson| chapter = Who's Who in the Pleistocene: A Mammalian Bestiary| chapterurl = http://google.com/books?id=qIDC7ybvHQEC&pg=PA59| editor-last = Martin | editor-first = P. S. | editor-link = Paul S. Martin| editor2-last = Klein | editor2-first = R. G. | editor2-link = Richard Klein (paleoanthropologist)| title = Quaternary Extinctions |publisher= [[The University of Arizona Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-8165-1100-6 |url= http://google.com/books?id=qIDC7ybvHQEC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>,肩高則為 {{Convert|1.2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}},可比牠的近親[[原始獅]],且大於[[斯劍虎]](體重可達 {{Convert|280|kg|lb|abbr=on}}),但仍小於同期體型最大的[[短面熊]](當時北美洲體型最大的[[食肉目]]).<ref name = "Christiansen">{{cite journal | last = Christiansen | first = P. | authorlink = |author2=Harris, J. M. | title = Body size of ''Smilodon'' (Mammalia: Felidae) | journal = [[Journal of Morphology]] | volume = 266 | issue = 3| pages = 369–384 | date = 2005-10-18 | language = | jstor = | doi = 10.1002/jmor.10384 | pmid=16235255}}</ref>。一項 2008 年的研究認為美洲擬獅的體重可達 {{Convert|420|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sorkin | first = B. | authorlink = | title = A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators | journal = [[Lethaia]] | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–347 | date = 2008-04-10 | language = | doi = 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x }}</ref><ref>[[John Campbell Merriam|Merriam, J. C.]] & Stock, C. 1932: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 442, 1–231.</ref>。一項 2009 年針對最大體型樣本的研究則認為雄獅的體重平均為 {{convert|256|kg|lbs|abbr=on}},雌獅則為 {{convert|351|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Christiansen & Harris 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=Per |last2=Harris |first2=John M. |year=2009 |title=Craniomandibular Morphology and Phylogenetic Affinities of ''Panthera atrox'': Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of the Lion Lineage |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=934–945 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0314}}</ref>。一項 2008 年的研究預估雄獅的體重為 {{convert|235|-|523|kg|lb|abbr=in}},雌獅為 {{convert|175|-|365|kg|lb|abbr=in}},高於斯劍虎<ref name="DeSantisetal.,2012">{{cite journal|author1=DeSantis, L. R. |author2=Schubert, B. W. |author3=Scott, J. R. |author4=Ungar, P. S. |title=Implications of diet for the extinction of saber-toothed cats and American lions |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e52453 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0052453 |pmid=23300674 |pmc=3530457 |year=2012 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...752453D}}</ref>。 |
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在[[洛杉磯]][[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]中已發現約有 |
在[[洛杉磯]][[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]中已發現約有80個美洲擬獅標本,故此對牠有較多資料<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-rlb-mammals|title=About Rancho La Brea Mammals|date=2012-08-06|website=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref>。美洲擬獅的特徵及[[牙齒]]非常像現今的[[獅子]],但體型較大。 |
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==分佈== |
==分佈== |
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美洲擬獅在[[更新世]]最先出現於[[阿拉斯加]]南部([[桑加蒙間冰期]],為最後一次的[[間冰期]]),並散佈至[[亞伯達省]]與[[馬里蘭州]],最南可至[[墨西哥]][[恰帕斯州]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marisol Montellano | first1 = Ballesteros | last2 = Carbot-Chanona | first2 = Gerardo | title = ''Panthera leo atrox'' (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico | url = https://chiapas.academia.edu/GerardoCarbotChanona/Papers/1033452/Panthera_leo_atrox_Mammalia_Carnivora_Felidae_in_Chiapas_Mexico | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 54 | issue = 2| pages = 217–222 | doi=10.1894/clg-20.1| year = 2009 }}</ref>,北美洲中只有[[加拿大東部]]及[[美國東北部]]不見其蹤影,可能因為當時當地環境為[[北方針葉林]]的關係<ref name="Quaternary extinctions" /><ref name="Database">{{cite web|url=http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=162281|title=''Panthera leo atrox''|last=|first=|date=|work=[[Paleobiology Database]]|publisher=|format=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2012-03-11}}</ref><ref name="Harrington1996">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/Lion_1996.pdf|title=American Lion|last=Harrington|first=C. R.|date=March 1996|website=[[Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030054134/http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/Lion_1996.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-30|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>。原先美洲擬獅被認為在[[南北美洲生物大遷徙]]時擴展至[[南美洲]]東北部<ref name="Kurtén1980">{{cite book|last1= Kurtén|first1= B.|last2= Anderson|first2= E.|title= Pleistocene Mammals of North America|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWVngEACAAJ|year= 1980|publisher= Columbia University Press|isbn= 978-0231037334|oclc= 759120597}}</ref>,然而[[祕魯]][[塔拉拉]]瀝青坑發現的化石其實屬於一種大型的[[美洲豹]]<ref name="Seymour1983">{{Cite thesis |last=Seymour |first=Kevin L. |title=The Felinae (Mammalia: Felidae) from the Late Pleistocene tar seeps at Talara, Peru, with a critical examination of the fossil and recent felines of North and South America |date=1983 |degree=MSc |publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seymour |first=Kevin L. |date=2015 |title=Perusing Talara: Overview of the Late Pleistocene fossils from the tar seeps of Peru |url=http://www.tarpits.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Scott%20et%20al%202015.%20LACM%20SS%2042.pdf#page=107 |journal=Science Series |volume=42 |pages=97–109}}</ref><ref name="Yamaguchi2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Yamaguchi | first1 = N. | last2 = Cooper | first2 = A. | last3 = Werdelin | first3 = L. | last4 = MacDonald | first4 = D. W. | title = Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): A review | doi = 10.1017/S0952836904005242 | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 263 | issue = 4 | pages = 329 | year = 2004 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>不過另一方面在[[阿根廷]]及[[智利]]南部發現的化石,原先屬於已絕種的美洲豹亞種 ''Panthera onca mesembrina'' ,現在則認為屬於美洲擬獅<ref name = "Chimento2017">{{Cite journal|last1= Chimento|first1= N. R.|last2= Agnolin|first2=F. L.|year= 2017 |title= The fossil American lion (''Panthera atrox'') in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications |journal= Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume= 16|issue= 8|pages= 850–864|doi= 10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009}}</ref>。就像其他巨大的[[哺乳動物]],牠於約1萬年前的更新世末[[滅絕]]。美洲擬獅的遺骸在[[育空]]及[[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]中非常普遍。 |
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美洲擬獅在[[更新世]]最先出現於[[阿拉斯加]]南部,並散佈至[[秘魯]],美洲中只有[[北美洲]]東部及[[科羅拉多州]]不見其蹤影。<ref name="Quaternary extinctions" />就像其他巨大的[[哺乳動物]],牠於約1萬年前的更新世末[[滅絕]]。美洲擬獅的遺骸在[[育空]]及[[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]中非常普遍。 |
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==生活環境== |
==生活環境== |
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一些美洲擬獅是生活在冰冷的[[氣候]]環境。牠們有可能生活於洞穴中或岩縫間,以躲避冰冷的天氣。牠們可能以草或樹葉鋪巢,就像[[東北虎]]般。 |
美洲擬獅和現代[[獅子]]一樣生活在[[疏林草原]]和[[草原]]<ref name="SDNHM" />,一些美洲擬獅是生活在冰冷的[[氣候]]環境。牠們有可能生活於[[洞穴]]中或岩縫間,以躲避冰冷的天氣<ref name="Harrington1996" />。牠們可能以草或樹葉鋪巢,就像[[東北虎]]般<ref name="Harrington1996" />。 |
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美洲擬獅在[[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]中的數量較[[斯劍虎]]或[[恐狼]]為少,相信牠們比劍齒虎更有智慧避開陷阱<ref name=SDNHM/>,或不是獵食坑中獵物。美洲擬獅似乎是獵食[[鹿]]、[[ |
美洲擬獅在[[拉布雷亞瀝青坑]]中的數量較[[斯劍虎]]或[[恐狼]]為少,相信牠們比劍齒虎更有智慧避開陷阱<ref name=SDNHM/>,或不是獵食坑中獵物。美洲擬獅似乎是獵食[[鹿]]、{{link-en|史氏馬|Equus scotti}}、[[駱駝]]、{{link-en|加州貘|California tapirs}}、[[美洲野牛]]、[[猛獁象]]及其他巨型的[[草食性]][[有蹄類]]<ref name="Christiansen & Harris 2009" /><ref name="Harrington1996" />。 |
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美洲擬獅的[[滅絕]]與[[全新世滅絕事件]]有關。牠們的骨頭可以在[[舊石器時代]][[美洲原住民]]的垃圾中發現,所以被[[人類]]獵殺有可能是成因之一。 |
美洲擬獅的[[滅絕]]與[[全新世滅絕事件]]有關。牠們的骨頭可以在[[舊石器時代]][[美洲原住民]]的垃圾中發現,所以被[[人類]]獵殺有可能是成因之一<ref name="Quaternary extinctions"/><ref name="Harrington1996" />。 |
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美洲擬獅的第一個標本是一個[[顎骨]],其複製品現正擺放在 |
美洲擬獅的第一個標本是一個[[顎骨]],其複製品現正擺放在{{link-en|費城自然科學學院|Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University}}的[[約瑟夫·萊迪]](Joseph Leidy)雕像之下。 |
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==分類== |
==分類== |
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美洲擬獅被認為是[[獅]]的[[亞種]],但有的認為本身是一個[[種]]。在比較[[頭顱骨]]後,有指[[穴獅]]較美洲擬獅更為接近[[老虎]]<ref name=Groiss1996>{{Cite journal en|author=Groiss, J.Th.|year=1996|title=Der Hohlentiger ''Panthera tigris spelaea'' (Goldfuss)|journal=Neves Jahrb. Geol. Palaont. Abh.|volume=7|pages=399-414}}</ref>,但是[[基因]]研究結果指美洲擬獅與現今[[獅子]]有更接近的基因關係。<ref>{{Cite journal en|author=Burger, Joachim ''et al.''|year=2004|title=Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea''|journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.|volume=30|pages=841-849|url=http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925204424/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-25}}</ref> |
美洲擬獅被認為是[[獅]]的[[亞種]],但有的認為本身是一個[[種]]。在比較[[頭顱骨]]後,有指[[穴獅]]較美洲擬獅更為接近[[老虎]]<ref name=Groiss1996>{{Cite journal en|author=Groiss, J.Th.|year=1996|title=Der Hohlentiger ''Panthera tigris spelaea'' (Goldfuss)|journal=Neves Jahrb. Geol. Palaont. Abh.|volume=7|pages=399-414}}</ref>,但是[[基因]]研究結果指美洲擬獅與現今[[獅子]]有更接近的基因關係。<ref>{{Cite journal en|author=Burger, Joachim ''et al.''|year=2004|title=Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea''|journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.|volume=30|pages=841-849|url=http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925204424/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-25}}</ref> |
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== 參見 == |
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{{Portal|滅絕與瀕危物種}} |
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* [[原始獅]] |
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* [[穴獅]] |
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* [[巨型動物群]] |
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==名称== |
==名称== |
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==外部連結== |
==外部連結== |
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{{ |
{{Wikispecies|Panthera leo atrox}} |
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{{Commons|Panthera leo atrox|American lion}} |
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* [http://www.messybeast.com/cat-prehistory.htm Prehistoric cats and prehistoric cat-like creatures], from the Messybeast Cat Resource Archive. |
* [http://www.messybeast.com/cat-prehistory.htm Prehistoric cats and prehistoric cat-like creatures], from the Messybeast Cat Resource Archive. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210080545/http://www.beringia.com/02/02maina5.html American lion], by C. R. Harrington, from Yukon Beringia Interpretative Center. |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210080545/http://www.beringia.com/02/02maina5.html American lion], by C. R. Harrington, from Yukon Beringia Interpretative Center. |
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* [http://www.newanimal.org/pantheraatrox.htm Panthera Atrox in Cryptozoology] |
* [http://www.newanimal.org/pantheraatrox.htm Panthera Atrox in Cryptozoology] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q242358}} |
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[[Category:獅]] |
[[Category:獅]] |
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[[Category:古動物]] |
[[Category:古動物]] |
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[[Category:更新世哺乳類]] |
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[[Category:北美洲史前哺乳動物]] |
2019年2月5日 (二) 01:44的版本
美洲擬獅 化石时期:更新世
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科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
目: | 食肉目 Carnivora |
科: | 猫科 Felidae |
属: | 豹属 Panthera |
种: | †美洲擬獅 P. atrox
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二名法 | |
†Panthera atrox (Leidy, 1853)
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穴獅分布區域(紅色) 美洲擬獅分布區域(藍色) 獅分布區域(綠色) |
美洲擬獅(學名:Panthera atrox)又名擬獅或擬獅兽,是一種從化石得知已滅絕的貓科動物,生存於更新世時期的北美洲(340,000 - 11,000 年前)[1]。基因研究顯示牠是穴獅的旁系群[2],為更新世巨型動物群,化石主要發現於美國洛杉磯的拉布雷亞瀝青坑。美洲擬獅體型與更新世中期的原始獅大小相近,且比現今非洲的獅子大25%,為目前已知體型最大的貓科[3]。
描述
美洲擬獅的體長(不含尾巴)估計為 1.6至2.5米(5英尺3英寸至8英尺2英寸)[4],肩高則為 1.2米(3.9英尺),可比牠的近親原始獅,且大於斯劍虎(體重可達 280公斤(620磅)),但仍小於同期體型最大的短面熊(當時北美洲體型最大的食肉目).[5]。一項 2008 年的研究認為美洲擬獅的體重可達 420公斤(930磅)[6][7]。一項 2009 年針對最大體型樣本的研究則認為雄獅的體重平均為 256公斤(564磅),雌獅則為 351公斤(774磅)[8]。一項 2008 年的研究預估雄獅的體重為 235—523公斤(518—1,153英磅),雌獅為 175—365公斤(386—805英磅),高於斯劍虎[9]。
在洛杉磯拉布雷亞瀝青坑中已發現約有80個美洲擬獅標本,故此對牠有較多資料[10]。美洲擬獅的特徵及牙齒非常像現今的獅子,但體型較大。
分佈
美洲擬獅在更新世最先出現於阿拉斯加南部(桑加蒙間冰期,為最後一次的間冰期),並散佈至亞伯達省與馬里蘭州,最南可至墨西哥恰帕斯州[11],北美洲中只有加拿大東部及美國東北部不見其蹤影,可能因為當時當地環境為北方針葉林的關係[4][12][13]。原先美洲擬獅被認為在南北美洲生物大遷徙時擴展至南美洲東北部[14],然而祕魯塔拉拉瀝青坑發現的化石其實屬於一種大型的美洲豹[15][16][17]不過另一方面在阿根廷及智利南部發現的化石,原先屬於已絕種的美洲豹亞種 Panthera onca mesembrina ,現在則認為屬於美洲擬獅[18]。就像其他巨大的哺乳動物,牠於約1萬年前的更新世末滅絕。美洲擬獅的遺骸在育空及拉布雷亞瀝青坑中非常普遍。
生活環境
美洲擬獅和現代獅子一樣生活在疏林草原和草原[3],一些美洲擬獅是生活在冰冷的氣候環境。牠們有可能生活於洞穴中或岩縫間,以躲避冰冷的天氣[13]。牠們可能以草或樹葉鋪巢,就像東北虎般[13]。
美洲擬獅在拉布雷亞瀝青坑中的數量較斯劍虎或恐狼為少,相信牠們比劍齒虎更有智慧避開陷阱[3],或不是獵食坑中獵物。美洲擬獅似乎是獵食鹿、史氏馬、駱駝、加州貘、美洲野牛、猛獁象及其他巨型的草食性有蹄類[8][13]。
美洲擬獅的滅絕與全新世滅絕事件有關。牠們的骨頭可以在舊石器時代美洲原住民的垃圾中發現,所以被人類獵殺有可能是成因之一[4][13]。
美洲擬獅的第一個標本是一個顎骨,其複製品現正擺放在費城自然科學學院的約瑟夫·萊迪(Joseph Leidy)雕像之下。
分類
美洲擬獅被認為是獅的亞種,但有的認為本身是一個種。在比較頭顱骨後,有指穴獅較美洲擬獅更為接近老虎[19],但是基因研究結果指美洲擬獅與現今獅子有更接近的基因關係。[20]
參見
名称
因为目前业界对其是否能确定为狮类尚存在较大争议,故本文未从原文以美洲狮作译名,而是改译为美洲拟狮
參考文献
- ^ Strauss, Bob. American Lion (Panthera leo atrox). About.Com Dinosaurs. The New York Times Company. [2012-03-10].
- ^ Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A.; Cooper, A. Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology. 2009, 18 (8): 1668–1677. PMID 19302360. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dr. Tom Deméré. SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide:American Lion. San Diego Natural History Museum. [2007-07-31]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-25).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Anderson, Elaine, Who's Who in the Pleistocene: A Mammalian Bestiary, Martin, P. S.; Klein, R. G. (编), Quaternary Extinctions, The University of Arizona Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-8165-1100-6
- ^ Christiansen, P.; Harris, J. M. Body size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae). Journal of Morphology. 2005-10-18, 266 (3): 369–384. PMID 16235255. doi:10.1002/jmor.10384.
- ^ Sorkin, B. A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators. Lethaia. 2008-04-10, 41 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x.
- ^ Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C. 1932: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 442, 1–231.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Christiansen, Per; Harris, John M. Craniomandibular Morphology and Phylogenetic Affinities of Panthera atrox: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of the Lion Lineage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2009, 29 (3): 934–945. doi:10.1671/039.029.0314.
- ^ DeSantis, L. R.; Schubert, B. W.; Scott, J. R.; Ungar, P. S. Implications of diet for the extinction of saber-toothed cats and American lions. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e52453. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752453D. PMC 3530457 . PMID 23300674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052453.
- ^ About Rancho La Brea Mammals. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2012-08-06 [2017-10-28].
- ^ Marisol Montellano, Ballesteros; Carbot-Chanona, Gerardo. Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist. 2009, 54 (2): 217–222. doi:10.1894/clg-20.1.
- ^ Panthera leo atrox. Paleobiology Database. [2012-03-11].
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Harrington, C. R. American Lion (PDF). Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre. March 1996 [2017-10-30]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-30).
- ^ Kurtén, B.; Anderson, E. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0231037334. OCLC 759120597.
- ^ Seymour, Kevin L. The Felinae (Mammalia: Felidae) from the Late Pleistocene tar seeps at Talara, Peru, with a critical examination of the fossil and recent felines of North and South America (MSc论文). University of Toronto. 1983.
- ^ Seymour, Kevin L. Perusing Talara: Overview of the Late Pleistocene fossils from the tar seeps of Peru (PDF). Science Series. 2015, 42: 97–109.
- ^ Yamaguchi, N.; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, D. W. Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): A review. Journal of Zoology. 2004, 263 (4): 329. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005242.
- ^ Chimento, N. R.; Agnolin, F. L. The fossil American lion (Panthera atrox) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2017, 16 (8): 850–864. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009.
- ^ Groiss, J.Th. Der Hohlentiger Panthera tigris spelaea (Goldfuss). Neves Jahrb. Geol. Palaont. Abh. 1996, 7: 399–414.
- ^ Burger, Joachim; et al. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 30: 841–849. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-25).
外部連結
- Prehistoric cats and prehistoric cat-like creatures, from the Messybeast Cat Resource Archive.
- American lion, by C. R. Harrington, from Yukon Beringia Interpretative Center.
- Panthera atrox 1853, from the Academy of Natural Sciences. (the original specimen)
- Panthera Atrox in Cryptozoology
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