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蠕虫病：修订间差异

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==流行病学==
==流行病学==
===死亡===
===死亡===
每年有多达135,000人死于土源性蠕虫病<ref name="who"/><ref name=Lustiman2012>{{cite journal | journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | year=2012 | volume=6 | issue=4 | pages=e1582 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001582 | title=A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases |author1=Lustigman S. |author2=Prichard R. K. |author3=Gazzinelli A. |author4=Grant W. N. |author5=Boatin B. A. |author6=McCarthy J. S. |author7=Basáñez M. G. | pmid=22545164 |pmc=3335854 }}</ref><ref name="yap">{{cite journal |author1=Yap P. |author2=Fürst T. |author3=Müller I. |author4=Kriemler S. |author5=Utzinger J. |author6=Steinmann P. | year=2012 | pmid= 22951972 | title= Determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children | journal=Journal of Visualized Experiments | volume=66 |issue=66 | pages= e3966 | doi=10.3791/3966 | pmc=3486755}}</ref>。

1990至2013年{{tsl|en|Global Burden of Disease Study|全球疾病负担研究}}估计血吸虫病直接致死人数为5,500人<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Naghavi, M. | last2=Wang, H. | title=Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal=The Lancet | volume=385 | issue=9963 | year=2015 | pages=117–171 | issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | display-authors=etal | pmid=25530442 | pmc=4340604| url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext }}</ref>，而2013年估计有超过20万人死因与血吸虫病有关<ref name="The2013">{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref>。此病另外还对2000万人造成严重后果<ref>{{cite journal |author1 =Kheir M. M. |author2 =Eltoum I. A. |author3 =Saad A. M. |author4 =Ali M. M. |author5 =Baraka O. Z. |author6 =Homeida M. M. | title=Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan | journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume=60 | issue=2 | pages=307–10 | date=February 1999 | pmid=10072156 |doi =10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.307 }}</ref>，是被忽视的热带病中最致命的一种<ref name="CDC2011">{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/schisto_burden.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref>。

{| class="wikitable"
!蠕虫属
!俗名
!每年感染者数（百万）
!每年直接致死者数
!多发区域
|-
| colspan="5" |土源性蠕虫病（属于[[被忽视热带病]]）：
|-
| ''[[蛔虫|Ascaris lumbricoides]]''
|[[线虫]]
| 1000至1450
807至1,121<ref name=":8">{{Cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sth/index.html | title=Parasites – Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs) | date=10 January 2013 | accessdate=20 December 2014 | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref>
| 20,000
| 东南亚、非洲、中美洲和南美洲多地<ref name=Jimenez2006>Blanca Jiménez (2006) [http://www.bjimenezc.info/SiteAssets/documentos-art%C3%ADculos/Jimenez%202006%20Irrigation%20%20WW%20Developing%20countries.pdf Irrigation in developing countries using Wastewater], International Review for Environmental Strategies, 6(2): 229–250.</ref><ref name=":1">B. Jiménez (2007) [http://www.iwaponline.com/wst/05501/wst055010485.htm Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse]. Water Sciences & Technology, 55(1–2): 485–493.</ref><ref name=":2">I. Navarro, B. Jiménez, E. Cifuentes and S. Lucario (2009) [http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/007/jwh0070031.htm Application of helminth ova infection dose curve to estimate the risks associated with biosolid application on soil], Journal of Water and Health 31–44.</ref><ref name=":3">Blanca Jiménez, Inés Navarro (2013) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/E-EEM-120046689#.VIhjC9KG8WI Wastewater Use in Agriculture: Public Health Considerations]. Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Ed., Vol. IV, Dr. Sven Erik Jorgensen (Ed.), DOI: 10.1081/E-EEM-120046689 Copyright © 2012 by Taylor & Francis. Group, New York, NY, pp 3,512.</ref><ref name=":4">UN (2003) [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129556e.pdf Water for People Water for Life]. The United Nations World Water Development Report, UNESCOEd, Barcelona, Spain.</ref><ref name=":5">WHO (1995) [http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/ WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drug Use in Parasitic Diseases]. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]''
| [[鞭蟲]]
| 500
604至795<ref name=":8"/>
|
| 亚洲、非洲、中美洲、南美洲和加勒比岛屿的潮湿、温暖、热带地区<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6">WHO (2006). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater – Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture]. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</ref>
|-
|''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[钩虫]]
| rowspan="2" |900至1300
576至740（一般钩虫）<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/index.html | title=Parasites – Hookworm | accessdate=20 December 2014 | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| date=2017-05-02 }}</ref>
|
| rowspan="2" |热带和亚热带国家（撒哈拉以南的非洲地区）<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />
|-
|''[[Necator americanus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[糞小桿線蟲|Strongyloides stercoralis]]''
|[[钩虫]]、[[蟯蟲感染|蟯蟲]]
| 50至100
| 数千人
| 热带和亚热带潮湿多雨地区，以及南欧、东欧和美洲部分地区<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/>
|-
| 所有土源性蠕虫病
|
| 1500至2000<ref name=WHO2015 />
| 135,000<ref name="who"/><ref name="Lustiman2012"/><ref name="yap"/>
| 热带和亚热带地区，尤见于撒哈拉以南的非洲、美洲、中国和东亚<ref name=WHO2015 />
|-
| colspan="5" |不通过土壤传播，但属于被忽视热带病：
|-
|''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]''
| [[血吸虫]]
| 所有血吸虫总计：160至200
（210人“受影响”<ref name="Fen2012">{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases | journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616 | doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref>）
| rowspan="2" | 12,000<ref name="Loz2012">{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | last10=Ahn | first10=Stephanie Y. | last11=Almazroa | first11=Mohammad A. | last12=Alvarado | first12=Miriam | last13=Anderson | first13=H. Ross | last14=Anderson | first14=Laurie M.| last15=Andrews | first15=Kathryn G. | last16=Atkinson | first16=Charles | last17=Baddour | first17=Larry M. | last18=Barker-Collo | first18=Suzanne | last19=Bartels | first19=David H. | last20=Bell | first20=Michelle L. | last21=Benjamin | first21=Emelia J. | last22=Bennett | first22=Derrick | last23=Bhalla | first23=Kavi | last24=Bikbov | first24=Boris | last25=Abdulhak | first25=Aref Bin | last26=Birbeck | first26=Gretchen | last27=Blyth | first27=Fiona | last28=Bolliger | first28=Ian | last29=Boufous | first29=Soufiane | last30=Bucello | first30=Chiara | display-authors=8}}</ref>150,000人死于肾功能衰竭<ref name=":7" />

200,000人死因与血吸虫病有关<ref name="The2013" />
|热带和亚热带地区<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6"/>
|-
| ''[[埃及血吸蟲|Schistosoma haematobium]]''
|
| 112（仅撒哈拉以南的非洲）<ref name=":7">Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh (2014) [http://ebooks.benthamscience.com/book/9781608051489/ Immune Response to Parasitic Infections], Bentham e books, Vol 2, pp. 93–124, {{ISBN|978-1-60805-148-9}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]''
|
| 3<ref>Elisabetta Profumo, Alessandra Ludovisi, Brigitta Buttari, Maria, Angeles Gomez Morales and Rachele Riganò (2014) [http://ebooks.benthamscience.com/book/9781608051489/ Immune Response to Parasitic Infections], Bentham e books, Bentham Science Publishers, Vol 2, pp. 69–91, {{ISBN|978-1-60805-148-9}}</ref>
|
| 发展中国家
|-
| colspan="5" | 不通过土壤传播，也不属于被忽视热带病：
|-
|''[[Toxocara canis]]''
| 狗[[线虫动物门|线虫]]
| 50
|
| 东南亚、非洲、中美洲和南美洲多地<ref name=Jimenez2006 /><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/>
|-
| ''[[Taenia solium]]''
| [[猪肉绦虫]]
| 50
|
| rowspan="4" | 南美洲、东南亚、西非和东非<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/>
|-
|[[Taenia saginata|''Taenia saginata'']]
|[[牛肉绦虫]]
| 50
（所有类型绦虫：40至60<ref name="eck">{{cite book | title=Medical Microbiology | publisher=Thieme | location=Stuttgart | isbn=9781588902450 | pages=560–562 | author=Eckert, J. |editor1=Kayser, F. H. |editor2=Bienz, K. A. |editor3=Eckert, J. |editor4=Zinkernagel, R. M. | chapter=Helminths | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6OCIwb08LwC&printsec | year=2005}}</ref>)
|
|-
|[[Hymenolepis nana|''Hymenolepis nana'']]
|[[侏儒绦虫]]
| rowspan="2" |100
|
|-
| ''[[Hymenolepis diminuta]]''
| [[缩小膜壳绦虫|鼠绦虫]]
|
|-
| ''[[牛羊肝吸蟲|Fasciola hepatica]]''，<br>''[[Fascioloides magna]]''
|[[肝吸虫]]
| rowspan="2" |50
|
| rowspan="2" |主要分布与南亚和东亚，但也见于中欧和东欧<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/>
|-
| ''[[Fasciolopsis buski]]''
| 巨型[[布氏姜片吸虫|肠吸虫]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]''
| [[麦地那龙线虫|几内亚蠕虫]]
| 由于根除计划，如今可以忽略不计<ref name=WHO2014b>{{cite web | title=Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) Fact sheet N°359 (Revised) | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs359/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=7 February 2016 | date=February 2016}}</ref>
|
| 曾在印度、西非和苏丹南部广泛分布<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Trichostrongylus orientalis|''Trichostrongylus orientalis'']]
|[[线虫]]
| 1至3（“数人”）
|
| 亚洲农村<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
| 其它
|
| 100
|
| 全球<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
| colspan="2" |总计（感染人数）
| 约35亿
|
| 全球
|}
== 参考资料 ==
== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

2019年6月14日 (五) 12:22的版本

蠕虫病
X射线图像，以钡作为造影剂，显示南非某感染者小肠中的蛔虫（一种蠕虫）
类型寄生虫病、疾病
病因感染
分类和外部资源
醫學專科傳染病學
ICD-111F90
ICD-9-CM120-129.99、​128.9、​128.8
DiseasesDB28826
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

蠕虫病，也称为蠕虫感染，是人和其他动物一部分身体被寄生蠕虫感染导致的一种巨噬细胞疾病。这些寄生虫种类很多，大致分为絛蟲、吸蟲和线虫。它们通常生活在宿主的胃肠道中，但也可能钻入其他器官，引起生理损伤。

土源性蠕虫病（英语：Soil-transmitted helminthiasis）和血吸虫病是最重要的蠕虫病，属于被忽视热带病[1]。2012年，世界领先的制药工程和非政府组织共同启动了一项名为“被忽视热带病伦敦宣言”的项目，旨在到2020年控制或根除某些被忽视的热带病[2]。

目前已发现蠕虫病会导致婴孩产出不良、认知发育不良、学业和工作表现不佳、社会经济发展不良以及贫困[3][4]。其它次要影响包括慢性病、營養不良和贫血[5]。

土源性蠕虫病（英语：Soil-transmitted helminthiasis）是造成全世界四分之一的寄生虫感染的原因[6]。此类病的一个典型例子是蛔虫病。

迹象和症状

蠕虫病的症状取决于许多因素，包括感染部位、蠕虫类型、蠕虫数量、蠕虫体积、伤害类型、免疫反应等。如果身体供给物质和能量给寄生虫的负担很轻，则可能没有任何症状。某些蠕虫可能会导致特定的症状，例如绦虫可导致癫痫发作[7]。

临床照片示例：几内亚蠕虫感染（麦地那龙线虫病），蠕虫从感染者的脚下钻出
蛔虫感染：由于大量蛔虫导致系膜小肠对向部分裂（南非）

质量和体积

免疫反应

流行病学

死亡

每年有多达135,000人死于土源性蠕虫病[3][8][9]。

1990至2013年全球疾病负担研究（英语：Global Burden of Disease Study）估计血吸虫病直接致死人数为5,500人[10]，而2013年估计有超过20万人死因与血吸虫病有关[11]。此病另外还对2000万人造成严重后果[12]，是被忽视的热带病中最致命的一种[13]。

蠕虫属 俗名 每年感染者数（百万） 每年直接致死者数 多发区域
土源性蠕虫病（属于被忽视热带病）：
Ascaris lumbricoides 线虫 1000至1450

807至1,121[14]

20,000 东南亚、非洲、中美洲和南美洲多地[15][16][17][18][19][20]
Trichuris trichiura 鞭蟲 500

604至795[14]

亚洲、非洲、中美洲、南美洲和加勒比岛屿的潮湿、温暖、热带地区[17][18][19][20][21]
Ancylostoma duodenale 钩虫 900至1300

576至740（一般钩虫）[22]

热带和亚热带国家（撒哈拉以南的非洲地区）[18][21]
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis 钩虫、蟯蟲 50至100 数千人 热带和亚热带潮湿多雨地区，以及南欧、东欧和美洲部分地区[18][19]
所有土源性蠕虫病 1500至2000[6] 135,000[3][8][9] 热带和亚热带地区，尤见于撒哈拉以南的非洲、美洲、中国和东亚[6]
不通过土壤传播，但属于被忽视热带病：
Schistosoma mansoni 血吸虫 所有血吸虫总计：160至200

（210人“受影响”[23]）

12,000[24]150,000人死于肾功能衰竭[25]

200,000人死因与血吸虫病有关[11]

热带和亚热带地区[17][18][19][20][21]
Schistosoma haematobium 112（仅撒哈拉以南的非洲）[25]
Echinococcus granulosus 3[26] 发展中国家
不通过土壤传播，也不属于被忽视热带病：
Toxocara canis 狗线虫 50 东南亚、非洲、中美洲和南美洲多地[15][16][17][18][19][20]
Taenia solium 猪肉绦虫 50 南美洲、东南亚、西非和东非[17][18][19][20]
Taenia saginata 牛肉绦虫 50

（所有类型绦虫：40至60[27])

Hymenolepis nana 侏儒绦虫 100
Hymenolepis diminuta 鼠绦虫
Fasciola hepatica，
Fascioloides magna 		肝吸虫 50 主要分布与南亚和东亚，但也见于中欧和东欧[18][19]
Fasciolopsis buski 巨型肠吸虫
Dracunculus medinensis 几内亚蠕虫 由于根除计划，如今可以忽略不计[28] 曾在印度、西非和苏丹南部广泛分布[18][19]
Trichostrongylus orientalis 线虫 1至3（“数人”） 亚洲农村[18][19]
其它 100 全球[18][19]
总计（感染人数） 约35亿 全球

参考资料

  1. ^ Neglected Tropical Diseases. cdc.gov. 2011-06-06 [2014-11-28]. 
  2. ^ London Declaration. London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases (PDF). 2012-01-30 [2013-03-26]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Report of a WHO Expert Committee (1987). Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infections. World Health Organization, Technical Report Series 749.
  4. ^ Del Rosso, Joy Miller and Tonia Marek (1996). Class Action: Improving School Performance in the Developing World through Better Health and Nutrition. 世界银行, Directions in Development.
  5. ^ WHO. Research priorities for helminth infections. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. 2012, 972 (972): 1–174. PMID 23420950. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Fact sheet N°366. 2015-05 [2015-06-30]. 
  7. ^ Del Brutto OH. Neurocysticercosis: a review. The Scientific World Journal. 2012, 2012: 1–8. PMC 3261519 可免费查阅. PMID 22312322. doi:10.1100/2012/159821. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Lustigman S.; Prichard R. K.; Gazzinelli A.; Grant W. N.; Boatin B. A.; McCarthy J. S.; Basáñez M. G. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2012, 6 (4): e1582. PMC 3335854 可免费查阅. PMID 22545164. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001582. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Yap P.; Fürst T.; Müller I.; Kriemler S.; Utzinger J.; Steinmann P. Determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2012, 66 (66): e3966. PMC 3486755 可免费查阅. PMID 22951972. doi:10.3791/3966. 
  10. ^ Naghavi, M.; Wang, H.; et al. Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015, 385 (9963): 117–171. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 4340604 可免费查阅. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Thétiot-Laurent, S. A.; Boissier, J.; Robert, A.; Meunier, B. Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 27 June 2013, 52 (31): 7936–56. PMID 23813602. doi:10.1002/anie.201208390. 
  12. ^ Kheir M. M.; Eltoum I. A.; Saad A. M.; Ali M. M.; Baraka O. Z.; Homeida M. M. Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. February 1999, 60 (2): 307–10. PMID 10072156. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.307. 
  13. ^ Neglected Tropical Diseases. cdc.gov. 6 June 2011 [28 November 2014]. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Parasites – Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 10 January 2013 [20 December 2014]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Blanca Jiménez (2006) Irrigation in developing countries using Wastewater, International Review for Environmental Strategies, 6(2): 229–250.
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外部链接

分類
編輯維基數據鏈接
外部資源
貧窮病
易忽略疾病
其他
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