莱佛士猪笼草：修订间差异

莱佛士猪笼草
	产自婆罗洲的莱佛士猪笼草
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	莱佛士猪笼草 N. rafflesiana
二名法
	Nepenthes rafflesiana; Jack (1835)
異名
	同物异名 Nepenthes hookeriana; Low (1848) nom.nud.; Nepenthes kookeriana; Low ex Becc. (1886) sphalm.typogr.; Nepenthes nigropurpurea; (Mast.) Mast. (1882); Nepenthes raflesea; Rafarin (1869) sphalm.typogr.; Nepenthes sanderi; Hort. (1908) sphalm.typogr.; Nepenthes sanderiana; Burb. (1904); 异物同名 Nepenthes rafflesiana; auct. non Jack: Low (1848); [=N. × hookeriana]; Nepenthes rafflesiana; auct. non Jack: Hook.f. (1873); [=N. rafflesiana/N. × hookeriana]; Nepenthes rafflesiana; auct. non Jack: Haberl. (1893); [=N. gymnamphora];

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2022年2月10日 (四) 00:39的版本

莱佛士猪笼草^[2]^:63-64（学名：Nepenthes rafflesiana）得名于斯坦福·莱佛士。其分布极为广泛，包括婆罗洲、苏门答腊、西马来西亚和新加坡。已描述的莱佛士猪笼草的变型和变种是猪笼草属中最多的。仅在婆罗洲就至少有3种不同的变种。莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的捕虫笼大小可与马来王猪笼草（N. rajah）相媲美。

植物学史

左：1872年，《园丁纪事与农业公报》中莱佛士猪笼草英国种植植株的插图。
右：1847年，《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》中沃尔特·胡德·菲奇所作的莱佛士猪笼草的插图。

1819年，威廉·杰克博士（Dr. William Jack）发现了莱佛士猪笼。并在《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》上刊登了威廉·杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信，他这样写道：^{[注 1]}^[3]

“

来到位于马六甲海峡附近的群岛上，无法想象还有什么地方能比新加坡更美丽。镜子般的海面上镶嵌着覆盖茂密森林的小岛，它们都沐浴在明媚的阳光下……我恰巧看到了斧头是怎么做成，还获得许多有趣的发现，特别是两种新的猪笼草（莱佛士猪笼草和苹果猪笼草）。它们的美丽远超过了其他欧洲已知物种。我对他们进行全面的描述，并画了两张配图。莱佛士爵士十分的着急，他认为我们应该想方设法把我们的发现发表出去。他建议应这些新种寄回国，使得在国内的人也能看到它的美丽，并能引起那边人们对苏门答腊植物的重视。

”

在那时，莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的猪笼草属中体型最大的物种。1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志》（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）中，对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述：^{[注 2]}^[3]

“

无论谁看到这个植物都一定会想这肯定是植物王国里最令人惊叹的植物之一。其捕虫笼令人无法忘记；它是猪笼草属中最大最宏伟的物种，远远超过其他欧洲已知的物种。

”

形态特征

莱佛士猪笼草为藤本植物。茎可长达15米，直径可达10毫米。节间距最长达20厘米。^[4]笼蔓最长可超过110厘米。

莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状，具发达的笼翼。下位笼的高度很少超过20厘米，但莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的高度也可达35厘米，宽至15厘米。上位笼呈漏斗状，唇的前端凸出。这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈。

捕虫笼的颜色丰富，可为暗紫色至几乎全白。莱佛士猪笼草典型变型的下位笼为浅绿色且带有紫色斑点，上位笼则为奶油色。

莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序，长16至70厘米。花为红色或紫色。每个花梗通常只带一个朵花，偶尔带两朵。

幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脱落的长毛，成株则仅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全无毛。

原生地

莱佛士猪笼草为分布广泛的低地猪笼草。其常见于婆罗洲和廖内群岛，但在西马来西亚和苏门答腊分布局限。在西马来西亚仅于东南地区分别广泛，特别是在柔佛州相当充裕。而在苏门答腊莱佛士猪笼草仅存在于因陀罗补罗到巴鲁斯（Barus）之间的西部海岸。^[4]其也分布于周围一些小型岛屿，包括邦加島、纳闽岛^[5]、大納土納島^[6]及林加群島。^[7]

莱佛士猪笼草一般生长于开阔的砂质潮湿地区中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼泽森林边缘、石楠林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草。其海拔分布范围为0至1200米^[4]或至1500米的地区。^[8]

种下类群

由于莱佛士猪笼草分布广泛，所以莱佛士猪笼草的捕虫笼无论是在形状或颜色方面都存在很大差异。以下为已被描述的莱佛士猪笼草种下类群。其中大部分在现在已被认为是非正式的。原被非正式描述为长莱佛士猪笼草的类群在2011年被描述为巴兰猪笼草（N. baramensis）^[9]，现被置于赫姆斯利猪笼草（N. hemsleyana）下^[10]。

左、中：赫姆斯利猪笼草的下位笼和上位笼，原被称为长莱佛士猪笼草。
右：莱佛士猪笼草卓越变种的大型下位笼的插图，其具深紫色条纹^[3]，来源于1882年的《园丁纪事》。

Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua Beck (1895)^[11]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort.Kew ex Dyer (1897) nom.nud. [=N. hemsleyana]^[9]^[10]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) Beck (1895)^[11][=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873)^[12]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia]^[4]^[13]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpureaMast. (1882)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook.f. (1873)^[12]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort.Veitch ex Burb. (1883) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)^[14]nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)^[15][=N. hemsleyana]^[10]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck (1895)^[11]nom.illeg.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)^[14]nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima" Burb. (1880)^[16][=N. hemsleyana]^[10]

莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼，示其具翼的笼蔓
莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型，示其边缘呈波浪状的叶片
浅色捕虫笼莱佛士猪笼草变种的下位笼

莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型（从左至右）：高达30厘米的下位笼；长达110厘米的笼蔓；高约45厘米的上位笼

巨型变型

莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型（N. rafflesiana f. gigantea）^[2]存在于婆罗洲西北海岸的一些相互分离的地区，及古晋以西110公里的海滨小镇三马丹（Sematan）。^[17]该变型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特别是植被边缘的地区。^[17]

莱佛士猪笼草巨型的方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草更大。其茎可攀至15米的高处。叶片长度可达典型变型的2.5倍。下位笼可高达35厘米，宽至15厘米，容积可达到1升。^[17]其捕虫笼的颜色多种多样，可为白底红斑至深紫色。上位笼可能为全绿或带斑点。花序也很巨大，可长达1米。花梗可达1.5厘米，具暗红色的花被片。^[17]

除了大小之外，莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型的发育中叶片也与典型变型不同，其叶片具深红棕色光泽。人工种植的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型也具有这样的特征，所以其并非由特殊的环境因素造成的。^[17]

曾记录到野外的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型捕获老鼠。^[2]

自然杂交种

N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana^[18]^[19]
N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana]^[17]^[20]^[21]
? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]^[18]
N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana^[17]
? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma^[17]
N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana^[22]
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana^[17]^[23]^[24]
N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana^[10]
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana^[17]（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）^[2]^:87^[22]

N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana
N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana

注释

^ 威廉·杰克博士刊登于《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》上信件的原文：^[3]

“

It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to Singapore, through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of the Straits of Malacca. Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets, clothed in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full brilliance of a tropical sky... I have just arrived in time to explore the woods before they yield to the axe, and have made many interesting discoveries, particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher-plant [Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria], far surpassing any yet known in Europe. I have completed two perfect drawings of them with ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxious that we should give publicity to our researches in one way or other and has planned bringing out something at Bencoolen. He proposes sending home these pitcher-plants that such splendid things may appear under all the advantages of elegant execution, by way of attracting attention to the subject of Sumatran botany.

”

^ 1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志》中对莱佛士猪笼草描述的原文：^[3]

“

Whoever has seen this plant in a living state must undoubted be constrained to consider it as one of the most astonishing productions of the whole vegetable kingdom. The resemblance that a portion of it bears to our more familiar domestic utensils leaves a lasting impression on the minds of spectators that is not easily eradicated; it is the largest and most magnificent of the genus, far surpassing any hitherto known in Europe.

”

参考文献

^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes rafflesiana （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Database.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
^ （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-09-21.
^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
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^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 （德文） Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
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^ ^14.0 ^14.1 （法文） Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.
^ Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.^{[失效連結]} International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352
^ Burbidge, F.W. 1880. The Gardens of the Sun （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Murray, London.
^ ^17.00 ^17.01 ^17.02 ^17.03 ^17.04 ^17.05 ^17.06 ^17.07 ^17.08 ^17.09 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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^ Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. doi:10.4308/hjb.19.1.18
^ ^22.0 ^22.1 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
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扩展阅读

食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中莱佛士猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中翼状莱佛士猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中巨大莱佛士猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中白莱佛士猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
（法文） Gaume, L. N.d. Piège viscoélastique Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-02-13. [videos] UMR AMAP.

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：莱佛士猪笼草

維基物種上的相關信息：莱佛士猪笼草

英語维基文库中与本条目相关的原始文献：《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》73期4285

[P&L1-4] 威廉·杰克博士刊登于《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》上信件的原文：^[3]

“ It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to Singapore, through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of the Straits of Malacca. Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets, clothed in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full brilliance of a tropical sky... I have just arrived in time to explore the woods before they yield to the axe, and have made many interesting discoveries, particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher-plant [Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria], far surpassing any yet known in Europe. I have completed two perfect drawings of them with ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxious that we should give publicity to our researches in one way or other and has planned bringing out something at Bencoolen. He proposes sending home these pitcher-plants that such splendid things may appear under all the advantages of elegant execution, by way of attracting attention to the subject of Sumatran botany. ”

[P&L2-5] 1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志》中对莱佛士猪笼草描述的原文：^[3]

“ Whoever has seen this plant in a living state must undoubted be constrained to consider it as one of the most astonishing productions of the whole vegetable kingdom. The resemblance that a portion of it bears to our more familiar domestic utensils leaves a lasting impression on the minds of spectators that is not easily eradicated; it is the largest and most magnificent of the genus, far surpassing any hitherto known in Europe. ”

[Schlauer-1] Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes rafflesiana （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Database.

[夏洛特2007-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[P&L-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Clarke2001-6] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[7] Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.

[8] （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-09-21.

[maps-9] Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.

[10] Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.

[baramensis-11] 9.0 ^9.1 Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121

[hemsleyana-12] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465

[Beck-13] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 （德文） Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.

[Hooker-14] 12.0 ^12.1 （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.

[15] Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.

[Teijsmann-16] 14.0 ^14.1 （法文） Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.

[17] Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.^{[失效連結]} International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352

[Burbidge1880-18] Burbidge, F.W. 1880. The Gardens of the Sun （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Murray, London.

[Clarke1997-19] 17.00 ^17.01 ^17.02 ^17.03 ^17.04 ^17.05 ^17.06 ^17.07 ^17.08 ^17.09 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Lowrie-20] 18.0 ^18.1 Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.

[McPherson-21] McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[22] Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes Hookeriana. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(417): 812–813.

[23] Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. doi:10.4308/hjb.19.1.18

[P&L2008-24] 22.0 ^22.1 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[25] Tan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85.

[26] Bednar, B.L. 1985. Nepenthes ✕ dominii and var. intermedia.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106.

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@@ 第9行： / 第9行： @@
 |taxon=Nepenthes rafflesiana
 |authority = [[威廉·杰克|Jack]] (1835)
-|synonyms_ref=<ref name=Schlauer>Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+rafflesiana ''Nepenthes rafflesiana'']. Carnivorous Plant Database.</ref>
+|synonyms_ref=<ref name=Schlauer>Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+rafflesiana ''Nepenthes rafflesiana''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+rafflesiana |date=20200821122247 }}. Carnivorous Plant Database.</ref>
 |synonyms =
 <small>[[同物异名]]</small>
@@ 第91行： / 第91行： @@
 *''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''nivea'' [[约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克|Hook.f.]] (1873)<ref name=Hooker />
 *''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''pallida'' Hort.[[維奇苗圃|Veitch]] ''ex'' [[弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇|Burb.]] (1883) [=(''[[印度猪笼草|N.&nbsp;khasiana]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''[[小猪笼草|N.&nbsp;gracilis]]'')&nbsp;×&nbsp;''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana'']
-*''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''striata'' Hort. ''ex'' [[约翰内斯·伊莱亚斯·特斯曼|Teijsm.]] (1859)<ref name=Teijsmann>{{fr icon}} Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4190519 Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.] ''Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon'' '''2''': 133–142.</ref>''[[裸名|nom.nud.]]''
+*''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''striata'' Hort. ''ex'' [[约翰内斯·伊莱亚斯·特斯曼|Teijsm.]] (1859)<ref name=Teijsmann>{{fr icon}} Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4190519 Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4190519 |date=20131029192559 }} ''Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon'' '''2''': 133–142.</ref>''[[裸名|nom.nud.]]''
 *''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''subglandulosa'' [[朱马特·哈吉·亚当|J.H.Adam]] & Hafiza (2006)<ref>Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. [http://www.ansijournals.com/qredirect.php?doi=ijb.2006.340.352&linkid=pdf Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.]{{dead link|date=十月 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} ''International Journal of Botany'' '''2'''(4): 340–352. {{DOI|10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352}}</ref>[=''[[赫姆斯利猪笼草|N. hemsleyana]]'']<ref name=hemsleyana />
 *''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''typica'' [[君特·贝克·冯·曼那哥塔-勒驰奈|Beck]] (1895)<ref name=Beck />''[[不合法名|nom.illeg.]]''
 *''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''viridis'' Hort. ''ex'' [[约翰内斯·伊莱亚斯·特斯曼|Teijsm.]] (1859)<ref name=Teijsmann />''[[裸名|nom.nud.]]''
 *''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''vittata'' Lauffenburger (1995) ''[[裸名|nom.nud.]]''
-*''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' "''glaberrima''" [[弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇|Burb.]] (1880)<ref name=Burbidge1880>Burbidge, F.W. 1880. ''[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/115841 The Gardens of the Sun]''. Murray, London.</ref>[=''[[赫姆斯利猪笼草|N. hemsleyana]]'']<ref name=hemsleyana />
+*''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' "''glaberrima''" [[弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇|Burb.]] (1880)<ref name=Burbidge1880>Burbidge, F.W. 1880. ''[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/115841 The Gardens of the Sun] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/115841 |date=20201001212020 }}''. Murray, London.</ref>[=''[[赫姆斯利猪笼草|N. hemsleyana]]'']<ref name=hemsleyana />
 <gallery>
@@ 第153行： / 第153行： @@
 == 自然杂交种 ==
 *''[[白环猪笼草|N.&nbsp;albomarginata]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana''<ref name=Lowrie>Lowrie, A. 1983. {{PDFlink|[http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv12n4p88_95.pdf Sabah ''Nepenthes'' Expeditions 1982 & 1983.]|1.25&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1313355 bytes -->}} ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''12'''(4): 88–95.</ref><ref name=McPherson>McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''[[旧大陆的猪笼草|Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref>
-*''[[苹果猪笼草|N.&nbsp;ampullaria]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana'' [=''[[虎克猪笼草|N.&nbsp;×&nbsp;hookeriana]]'']<ref name=Clarke1997 /><ref>Masters, M.T. 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126766 New garden plants. ''Nepenthes Hookeriana''.] ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(417): 812–813.</ref><ref>Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in ''Nepenthes hookeriana'' Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. ''HAYATI Journal of Biosciences'' '''19'''(1): 18–24. {{DOI|10.4308/hjb.19.1.18}}</ref>
+*''[[苹果猪笼草|N.&nbsp;ampullaria]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana'' [=''[[虎克猪笼草|N.&nbsp;×&nbsp;hookeriana]]'']<ref name=Clarke1997 /><ref>Masters, M.T. 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126766 New garden plants. ''Nepenthes Hookeriana''.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126766 |date=20200524141527 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(417): 812–813.</ref><ref>Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in ''Nepenthes hookeriana'' Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. ''HAYATI Journal of Biosciences'' '''19'''(1): 18–24. {{DOI|10.4308/hjb.19.1.18}}</ref>
 *? (''[[苹果猪笼草|N.&nbsp;ampullaria]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana'')&nbsp;×&nbsp;''[[奇异猪笼草|N.&nbsp;mirabilis]]'' [=''[[虎克猪笼草|N.&nbsp;×&nbsp;hookeriana]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''[[奇异猪笼草|N.&nbsp;mirabilis]]'']<ref name=Lowrie />
 *''[[二齿猪笼草|N.&nbsp;bicalcarata]]''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana''<ref name=Clarke1997 />
@@ 第177行： / 第177行： @@
 {{reflist|2}}
 {{refbegin|2}}
-* [Anonymous] 1848. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30821032 New garden plants, published in books.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1848(6): 87. <!--Low's hookeriana = rafflesiana-->
+* [Anonymous] 1848. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30821032 New garden plants, published in books.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30821032 |date=20200524141537 }} ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1848(6): 87. <!--Low's hookeriana = rafflesiana-->
-* [Anonymous] 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126548 Messrs. Veitch's ''Nepenthes''-house.] ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(410): 598–599.
+* [Anonymous] 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126548 Messrs. Veitch's ''Nepenthes''-house.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126548 |date=20200803115358 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', new series, '''16'''(410): 598–599.
-* [Anonymous] 1883. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26130371 Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes'']. ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'' '''20'''(497): 18–19.
+* [Anonymous] 1883. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26130371 Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26130371 |date=20131016133128 }}. ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'' '''20'''(497): 18–19.
-* [Anonymous] 1887. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26088048 ''Nepenthes'' culture.] ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', series 3, '''2'''(41): 442–443.
+* [Anonymous] 1887. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26088048 ''Nepenthes'' culture.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26088048 |date=20200524141551 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', series 3, '''2'''(41): 442–443.
 * Adam, J.H. 1997. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3641/1/Prey_Spectra_of_Bomean_Nepenthes_Species_%28Nepenthaceae%29_in.pdf Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''20'''(2–3): 121–134.
 * Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae).]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''22'''(1): 1–7.
@@ 第192行： / 第192行： @@
 * Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. ''The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae''. [[自然历史出版社 (婆罗洲)|Natural History Publications (Borneo)]], Kota Kinabalu.
 * Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' taxa. ''Arthropod-Plant Interactions'' '''6'''(1): 147–158. {{DOI|10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2}}
-* {{la icon}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] In: ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.]'' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp.&nbsp;5–10.
+* {{la icon}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 |date=20141111191754 }} In: ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.]'' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp.&nbsp;5–10.
 * Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' '''191'''(2): 545–554. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x}}
 * Brearley, F.Q. & M. Mansur 2012. Nutrient stoichiometry of ''Nepenthes'' species from a Bornean peat swamp forest. ''[[食虫植物通讯|Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''41'''(3): 105–108.
 * Cannon, J., V. Lojanapiwatna, C. Raston, W. Sinchai & A. White 1980. The Quinones of ''Nepenthes rafflesiana''. The Crystal Structure of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-E) and a Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-Methoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-C). ''Australian Journal of Chemistry'' '''33'''(5): 1073–1093. {{DOI|10.1071/CH9801073}}
 * {{IUCN2006|assessors=Clarke ''et al.''|year=2000|id=39689|title=Nepenthes rafflesiana|downloaded=12 May 2006}}
-* Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. [http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc/PDF/pdf%202011/Dec/Damayanti%20et%20al.pdf Diversity of ''Nepenthes'' spp. in West Kalimantan.] ''International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation'' '''3'''(13): 705–708. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JAikBsKE-->
+* Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. [http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc/PDF/pdf%202011/Dec/Damayanti%20et%20al.pdf Diversity of ''Nepenthes'' spp. in West Kalimantan.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc/PDF/pdf%202011/Dec/Damayanti%20et%20al.pdf |date=20201203231914 }} ''International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation'' '''3'''(13): 705–708. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JAikBsKE-->
 * Di Giusto, B., V. Grosbois, E. Fargeas, D.J. Marshall & L. Gaume 2008. Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plant from Borneo. ''Journal of Biosciences'' '''33'''(1): 121–136. {{DOI|10.1007/s12038-008-0028-5}}
-* Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbmuGOwJrSoC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=&f=false Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in ''Nepenthes'' Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution]. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) ''Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena''. Volume 2. Springer. pp.&nbsp;183–204.
+* Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbmuGOwJrSoC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=&f=false Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in ''Nepenthes'' Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RbmuGOwJrSoC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=&f=false |date=20140309140717 }}. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) ''Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena''. Volume 2. Springer. pp.&nbsp;183–204.
 * Di Giusto, B., J.-M. Bessière, M. Guéroult, L.B.L. Lim, D.J. Marshall, M. Hossaert-McKey & L. Gaume 2010. Flower-scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes rafflesiana''. ''Journal of Ecology'' '''98'''(4): 845–856. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01665.x}}
 * Dixon, W.E. 1889. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922524 ''Nepenthes''.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922524 |date=20131015030537 }} ''[[园丁纪事|The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', series 3, '''6'''(144): 354.
-* Frazier, C.K. 2000. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fXTYbZOIvU Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') and their hybrids]. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
+* Frazier, C.K. 2000. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fXTYbZOIvU Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') and their hybrids] {{Wayback|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fXTYbZOIvU |date=20140522104435 }}. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
 * Gaume, L. & Y. Forterre 2007. A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants. ''PLoS ONE'' '''2'''(11): e1185. {{DOI|10.1371/journal.pone.0001185}}
 * Gaume, L. & B.D. Giusto 2009. Adaptive significance and ontogenetic variability of the waxy zone in ''Nepenthes rafflesiana''. ''Annals of Botany'' '''104'''(7): 1281–1291. {{DOI|10.1093/aob/mcp238}}
@@ 第212行： / 第212行： @@
 * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. ''[[苏门答腊的猪笼草野外指南|A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra]]''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
 * Hooker, J.D. 1859. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12906432 XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'', with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12906432 |date=20130703194740 }}. ''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' '''22'''(4): 415–424. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x}}
-* Kitching, R.L. 2000. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B4F2XYMmRG0C ''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata'']. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
+* Kitching, R.L. 2000. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B4F2XYMmRG0C ''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B4F2XYMmRG0C |date=20121113173602 }}. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 * Korthals, P.W. 1839. [[关于猪笼草属|Over het geslacht ''Nepenthes'']]. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. ''Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde''. Leiden. pp.&nbsp;1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
 * Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. ''Plant Biology'' '''15'''(3): 611–615. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00709.x}}
@@ 第218行： / 第218行： @@
 * Lee, C.C. 2000. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn3Jr20mySk Recent ''Nepenthes'' Discoveries] {{Wayback|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn3Jr20mySk |date=20140605173342 }}. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
 * Lim, S.H., D.C.Y. Phua & H.T.W. Tan 2000. Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of ''Nepenthes''. ''Biologia Plantarum'' '''43'''(1): 153–155. {{DOI|10.1023/A:1026535920714}}
-* Lindley, J. 1849. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32083236 Familiar botany. — The pitcher plant.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1849(37): 580–581.
+* Lindley, J. 1849. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32083236 Familiar botany. — The pitcher plant.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32083236 |date=20200524141627 }} ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1849(37): 580–581.
-* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.] [pp.&nbsp;279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.] ''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' '''75'''(3): 279–391.
+* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 |date=20131228130100 }} [pp.&nbsp;279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 |date=20131228130100 }} ''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' '''75'''(3): 279–391.
 * {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2001. {{PDFlink|[http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.]}} In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp.&nbsp;244–253.
 * {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] ''Berita Biologi'' '''8'''(5): 335–341. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131228140619/http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/view.html?idm=39057 Abstract]
-* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2008. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 Penelitian ekologi ''Nepenthes'' di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah]. [Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(1): 67–73. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 Abstract] <!---->
+* {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2008. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 Penelitian ekologi ''Nepenthes'' di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah] {{Wayback|url=http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 |date=20160304025237 }}. [Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(1): 67–73. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 |date=20130912085709 }} <!---->
 * Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. [https://archive.is/20120708125245/http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/ejurnal/index.php/JTL/article/view/561 Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia]. ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(3): 271–276.
 * Masters, M.T. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26129152 The cultivated species of ''Nepenthes''.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26129152 |date=20130923043952 }} ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(16): 540–542.
@@ 第233行： / 第233行： @@
 * Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''39'''(2): 478–490. {{DOI|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023}}
 * Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Singapore: Predators increase prey community diversity. ''Annals of the Entomological Society of America'' '''90'''(2): 177–183.
-* Moore, D. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 On the culture of ''Nepenthes'' at Glasnevin.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(11): 359–360.
+* Moore, D. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 On the culture of ''Nepenthes'' at Glasnevin.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 |date=20131016193222 }} ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(11): 359–360.
 * Moran, J.A. 1991. The role and mechanism of ''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' pitchers as insect traps in Brunei. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
 * Moran, J.A. 1993. Visitors to the flowers of the pitcher plant ''Nepenthes rafflesiana''. ''[[文莱博物馆杂志|Brunei Museum Journal]]'' '''8''': 73–75.
@@ 第244行： / 第244行： @@
 * Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. ''Journal of Experimental Botany'' '''61'''(5): 1365–1374. {{DOI|10.1093/jxb/erq004}}
 * Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602223803/http://www.botanicgardens.ie/herb/research/nepenthes.htm Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus ''Nepenthes'']. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JOBsiKLL-->
-* {{id icon}} Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806/pdf Pembuatan ''flash card'' dari hasil inventarisasi ''Nepenthes'' di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung]. ''Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran'' '''2'''(1): [unpaginated; 14&nbsp;pp.] [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806 Abstract] <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JC3R0wt2-->
+* {{id icon}} Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806/pdf Pembuatan ''flash card'' dari hasil inventarisasi ''Nepenthes'' di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806/pdf |date=20131229042230 }}. ''Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran'' '''2'''(1): [unpaginated; 14&nbsp;pp.] [http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/806 |date=20130629055105 }} <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JC3R0wt2-->
 * {{jp icon}} Oikawa, T. 1992. ''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' Jack. In: {{Nihongo||無憂草 – ''Nepenthes''|[[猪笼草属文献列表|Muyū kusa – ''Nepenthes'']]}}. [''The Grief Vanishing''.] Parco Co., Japan. pp.&nbsp;52–53.
 * Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Annals of Botany'' '''102'''(5): 845–853. {{DOI|10.1093/aob/mcn162}}
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 * {{id icon}} Uji, T. 2003. [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0402/D040208.pdf Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan, Kalimantan Barat.] {{Wayback|url=http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0402/D040208.pdf |date=20131228034639 }} [Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan.] ''Biodiversitas'' '''4'''(1): 112–117. <!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JO2XecuI-->
 * {{id icon}} Yogiara 2004. {{PDFlink|[http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/9139/2004yog.pdf Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (''Nepenthes'' spp.) menggunakan teknik ''terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism'' (T-RFLP) dan ''amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis'' (ARDRA).]}} M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
-* Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. [http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid]. ''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' '''11'''(1): 9–14.
+* Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. [http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid] {{Wayback|url=http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 |date=20110819044841 }}. ''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' '''11'''(1): 9–14.
 * Zulaiha Shireen bte Mohd Salleh 2009. [http://hdl.handle.net/10497/2895 Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and mineral nutrition of carnivorous pitcher plants under greenhouse conditions]. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
 <!--http://www.etour-singapore.com/pitcher-plants-in-singapore.html = http://www.webcitation.org/6MCg91W4H (where to find in Singapore)
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 == 扩展阅读 ==
 {{refbegin|2}}
-* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-636.html 莱佛士猪笼草的照片]
+* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-636.html 莱佛士猪笼草的照片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-636.html |date=20210120105759 }}
-* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-alata-477.html 翼状莱佛士猪笼草的照片]
+* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-alata-477.html 翼状莱佛士猪笼草的照片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-alata-477.html |date=20210126220928 }}
-* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-gigantea-3923.html 巨大莱佛士猪笼草的照片]
+* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-gigantea-3923.html 巨大莱佛士猪笼草的照片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-gigantea-3923.html |date=20200821122602 }}
-* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-gigantea-3923.html 白莱佛士猪笼草的照片]
+* 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中[http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-gigantea-3923.html 白莱佛士猪笼草的照片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpphotofinder.com/nepenthes-rafflesiana-var-gigantea-3923.html |date=20200821122602 }}
 * {{fr icon}} Gaume, L. N.d. [http://umramap.cirad.fr/amap3/cm/index.php?page=piege-viscoelastique-2 Piège viscoélastique] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130213100035/http://umramap.cirad.fr/amap3/cm/index.php?page=piege-viscoelastique-2 |date=2013-02-13 }}. [videos] UMR AMAP.
 :{{commons-inline|Nepenthes rafflesiana|莱佛士猪笼草}}