有陰囊類：修订间差异
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小 清理跨語言連結猛獸有蹄類成為內部連結:編輯摘要的red link經繁簡轉換後存在 |
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| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|古新世|現今}} |
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|古新世|現今}} |
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| image = Scrotifera.png |
| image = Scrotifera.png |
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| authority = Waddell et al., 1999<ref name="Waddell1999" /> |
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| authority = Waddell et al., 1999<ref name="Waddell1999">{{Cite journal |last=Waddell |first=Peter J. |last2=Cao |first2=Ying |last3=Hauf |first3=Jöerg |last4=Hasegawa |first4=Masami |date=1999-03-01 |editor-last=Olmstead |editor-first=R. |title=Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=31–53 |doi=10.1080/106351599260427 |pmid=12078643 |issn=1076-836X |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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| subdivision_ranks = 亞群 |
| subdivision_ranks = 亞群 |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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* [[翼手目]] |
* [[翼手目]] |
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* [[猛獸有蹄類]] |
* [[猛獸有蹄類]] |
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| synonyms = * Variamana {{small|(Springer, 2005)}}<ref> |
| synonyms = * Variamana {{small|(Springer, 2005)}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langer |first=P. |date=2006-09-01 |title=The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2005.08.007 |journal=Mammalian Biology |language=en |volume=71 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2005.08.007 |issn=1618-1476}}</ref> |
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'''有陰囊類'''（[[學名]]：{{lang|la|Scrotifera}}），又稱'''脈獸類'''<ref name="中国古脊椎动物志">{{cite book |author=孟津, 王元青, 李传夔 |title=中国古脊椎动物志: 第三卷–基干下孔类· 哺乳类: 第二册 (总第十五册)–原始哺乳类 |year=2015 |publisher=[[科学出版社]] |location=[[北京]] |isbn=978-7-03-046741-6}}</ref>，是[[有胎盤類]]下的一個演化支，包含了[[翼手目]]、[[猛獸有蹄類]]及牠們的共同祖先。根據[[分子系統發生學]]研究，有陰囊類是[[真盲缺目]]的[[姊妹群]]<ref name="Waddell1999"/>，兩者共同組成[[勞亞獸總目]]。有陰囊類的[[最近共同祖先]]被認為是約於8,550萬年前<ref name="Zhou2012"/>至7,310萬年前<ref name="dosReis2012">{{Cite journal |last=dos Reis |first=Mario |last2=Inoue |first2=Jun |last3=Hasegawa |first3=Masami |last4=Asher |first4=Robert J. |last5=Donoghue |first5=Philip C. J. |last6=Yang |first6=Ziheng |date=2012-09-07 |title=Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=279 |issue=1742 |
'''有陰囊類'''（[[學名]]：{{lang|la|Scrotifera}}），又稱'''脈獸類'''<ref name="中国古脊椎动物志">{{cite book |author=孟津, 王元青, 李传夔 |title=中国古脊椎动物志: 第三卷–基干下孔类· 哺乳类: 第二册 (总第十五册)–原始哺乳类 |year=2015 |publisher=[[科学出版社]] |location=[[北京]] |isbn=978-7-03-046741-6}}</ref>，是[[有胎盤類]]下的一個演化支，包含了[[翼手目]]、[[猛獸有蹄類]]及牠們的共同祖先。根據[[分子系統發生學]]研究，有陰囊類是[[真盲缺目]]的[[姊妹群]]<ref name="Waddell1999">{{Cite journal |last=Waddell |first=Peter J. |last2=Cao |first2=Ying |last3=Hauf |first3=Jöerg |last4=Hasegawa |first4=Masami |date=1999-03-01 |editor-last=Olmstead |editor-first=R. |title=Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant |url=http://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/48/1/31/1657448 |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/106351599260427 |issn=1076-836X |pmid=12078643}}</ref>，兩者共同組成[[勞亞獸總目]]。有陰囊類的[[最近共同祖先]]被認為是約於8,550萬年前<ref name="Zhou2012" />至7,310萬年前<ref name="dosReis2012">{{Cite journal |last=dos Reis |first=Mario |last2=Inoue |first2=Jun |last3=Hasegawa |first3=Masami |last4=Asher |first4=Robert J. |last5=Donoghue |first5=Philip C. J. |last6=Yang |first6=Ziheng |date=2012-09-07 |title=Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=279 |issue=1742 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=PMC3396900 |pmid=22628470}}</ref>開始分歧，演化出不同物種。 |
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== 詞源 == |
== 詞源 == |
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== 系統發生 == |
== 系統發生 == |
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2006年，根據基因研究與分子系統研究分析另提出了{{le|飛馬猛獸類|Pegasoferae}}（包含翼手目、[[食肉目]]、[[奇蹄目]]與[[鱗甲目]]），作為有陰囊類下的演化支與[[偶蹄目]]的姊妹群<ref>{{Cite journal | |
2006年，根據基因研究與分子系統研究分析另提出了{{le|飛馬猛獸類|Pegasoferae}}（包含翼手目、[[食肉目]]、[[奇蹄目]]與[[鱗甲目]]），作為有陰囊類下的演化支與[[偶蹄目]]的姊妹群<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Hidenori |last2=Hasegawa |first2=Masami |last3=Okada |first3=Norihiro |date=2006-06-27 |title=Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0603797103 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=103 |issue=26 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603797103 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=PMC1479866 |pmid=16785431}}</ref>。這個單系群的假說並未獲得太大的支持，且之後的研究認為飛馬猛獸類並非是自然分組<ref name="Zhou2012">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Xuming |last2=Xu |first2=Shixia |last3=Xu |first3=Junxiao |last4=Chen |first4=Bingyao |last5=Zhou |first5=Kaiya |last6=Yang |first6=Guang |date=2012-01-01 |title=Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals |url=https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/61/1/150/1678583 |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |issn=1076-836X |pmc=PMC3243735 |pmid=21900649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsagkogeorga |first=Georgia |last2=Parker |first2=Joe |last3=Stupka |first3=Elia |last4=Cotton |first4=James A. |last5=Rossiter |first5=Stephen J. |date=2013-11-18 |title=Phylogenomic Analyses Elucidate the Evolutionary Relationships of Bats |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(13)01130-5 |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=22 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=24184098}}</ref>。 |
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{{cladogram |
{{cladogram |
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|title=有陰囊類內部的演化關係<ref name="Waddell1999"/><ref name="Waddell2001">Peter J. Waddell, Hirohisa Kishino, Rissa Ota (2001.) [https://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW01/GIW01F15.pdf "A Phylogenetic Foundation for Comparative Mammalian Genomics"] Genome Informatics 12: 141–154</ref><ref name="Zhou2012"/><ref name="O’Leary2013"> |
|title=有陰囊類內部的演化關係<ref name="Waddell1999"/><ref name="Waddell2001">Peter J. Waddell, Hirohisa Kishino, Rissa Ota (2001.) [https://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW01/GIW01F15.pdf "A Phylogenetic Foundation for Comparative Mammalian Genomics"] Genome Informatics 12: 141–154</ref><ref name="Zhou2012"/><ref name="O’Leary2013">{{Cite journal |last=O'Leary |first=Maureen A. |last2=Bloch |first2=Jonathan I. |last3=Flynn |first3=John J. |last4=Gaudin |first4=Timothy J. |last5=Giallombardo |first5=Andres |last6=Giannini |first6=Norberto P. |last7=Goldberg |first7=Suzann L. |last8=Kraatz |first8=Brian P. |last9=Luo |first9=Zhe-Xi |last10=Meng |first10=Jin |last11=Ni |first11=Xijun |date=2013-02-08 |title=The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1229237 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=339 |issue=6120 |doi=10.1126/science.1229237 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name="Zachos2020">{{Cite book|chapter=Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances|title=Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-00281-7_6|publisher=Springer International Publishing|date=2020|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-030-00280-0|pages=31–48|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-00281-7_6|language=en|first=Frank E.|last=Zachos|editor-first=Klaus|editor-last=Hackländer}}</ref><ref name="Xue2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lv |first=Xue |last2=Hu |first2=Jingyang |last3=Hu |first3=Yiwen |last4=Li |first4=Yitian |last5=Xu |first5=Dongming |last6=Ryder |first6=Oliver A. |last7=Irwin |first7=David M. |last8=Yu |first8=Li |date=2021-04-01 |title=Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790320303377 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=157 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107065 |issn=1055-7903}}</ref> |
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|caption=本[[分支圖]]係根據於粒線體DNA、核DNA、蛋白質及化石紀錄 |
|caption=本[[分支圖]]係根據於粒線體DNA、核DNA、蛋白質及化石紀錄 |
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2022年10月12日 (三) 15:10的版本
有阴囊类 化石时期：
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
| 演化支： | 獸形類 Theriimorpha |
| 演化支： | 獸型類 Theriiformes |
| 演化支： | Trechnotheria |
| 演化支： | 歧獸類 Cladotheria |
| 演化支： | 原磨楔齒類 Prototribosphenida |
| 演化支： | Zatheria |
| 演化支： | 磨楔齒類 Tribosphenida |
| 亚纲： | 獸亞綱 Theria |
| 下纲： | 真獸下綱 Eutheria |
| 演化支： | 有胎盤類 Placentalia |
| 高目： | 北方真兽高目 Boreoeutheria |
| 总目： | 勞亞獸總目 Laurasiatheria |
| 演化支： | 有阴囊类 Scrotifera Waddell et al., 1999[1] |
| 亞群 | |
| 異名 | |
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有陰囊類（學名：Scrotifera），又稱脈獸類[3]，是有胎盤類下的一個演化支，包含了翼手目、猛獸有蹄類及牠們的共同祖先。根據分子系統發生學研究，有陰囊類是真盲缺目的姊妹群[1]，兩者共同組成勞亞獸總目。有陰囊類的最近共同祖先被認為是約於8,550萬年前[4]至7,310萬年前[5]開始分歧，演化出不同物種。
詞源
統計數理研究所的彼得·瓦德爾解釋了有陰囊類的命名詞源如下：
有陰囊類一詞來自於陰囊，指的是成年雄性個體位於體外內含睪丸的囊狀物。有陰囊類下除卻部分水生物種與穿山甲（不具有陰囊但睪丸的位置接近體表）的幾乎所有物種陰囊均位於陰莖後方，且明顯可見。陰囊被認為是有陰囊類的共祖性狀，這項特徵幾乎無法在哺乳動物的其他類群中觀察到，除了靈長目[1]。
系統發生
2006年，根據基因研究與分子系統研究分析另提出了飛馬猛獸類（包含翼手目、食肉目、奇蹄目與鱗甲目），作為有陰囊類下的演化支與偶蹄目的姊妹群[6]。這個單系群的假說並未獲得太大的支持，且之後的研究認為飛馬猛獸類並非是自然分組[4][7]。
| 有陰囊類內部的演化關係[1][8][4][9][10][11] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 本分支圖係根據於粒線體DNA、核DNA、蛋白質及化石紀錄 |
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參見
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hauf, Jöerg; Hasegawa, Masami. Olmstead, R. , 编. Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant. Systematic Biology. 1999-03-01, 48 (1). ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 12078643. doi:10.1080/106351599260427 （英语）.
- ^ Langer, P. The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. Mammalian Biology. 2006-09-01, 71 (5). ISSN 1618-1476. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2005.08.007 （英语）.
- ^ 孟津, 王元青, 李传夔. 中国古脊椎动物志: 第三卷–基干下孔类· 哺乳类: 第二册 (总第十五册)–原始哺乳类. 北京: 科学出版社. 2015. ISBN 978-7-03-046741-6.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang. Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals. Systematic Biology. 2012-01-01, 61 (1). ISSN 1076-836X. PMC 3243735
. PMID 21900649. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089 （英语）.
- ^ dos Reis, Mario; Inoue, Jun; Hasegawa, Masami; Asher, Robert J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Yang, Ziheng. Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2012-09-07, 279 (1742). ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3396900 . PMID 22628470. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 （英语）.
- ^ Nishihara, Hidenori; Hasegawa, Masami; Okada, Norihiro. Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2006-06-27, 103 (26). ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1479866 . PMID 16785431. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603797103 （英语）.
- ^ Tsagkogeorga, Georgia; Parker, Joe; Stupka, Elia; Cotton, James A.; Rossiter, Stephen J. Phylogenomic Analyses Elucidate the Evolutionary Relationships of Bats. Current Biology. 2013-11-18, 23 (22). ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 24184098. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 （英语）.
- ^ Peter J. Waddell, Hirohisa Kishino, Rissa Ota (2001.) "A Phylogenetic Foundation for Comparative Mammalian Genomics" Genome Informatics 12: 141–154
- ^ O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Xijun. The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals. Science. 2013-02-08, 339 (6120). ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1229237 （英语）.
- ^ Zachos, Frank E. Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances. Hackländer, Klaus (编). Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2020: 31–48. ISBN 978-3-030-00280-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00281-7_6 （英语）.
- ^ Lv, Xue; Hu, Jingyang; Hu, Yiwen; Li, Yitian; Xu, Dongming; Ryder, Oliver A.; Irwin, David M.; Yu, Li. Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2021-04-01, 157. ISSN 1055-7903. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107065 （英语）.
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