他莫昔芬
| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Nolvadex, others[1] |
| 其他名稱 | TMX; ICI-46474 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682414 |
| 核准狀況 | |
| 懷孕分級 | |
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥 |
| 藥物類別 | 選擇性雌激素受體調節劑 |
| ATC碼 | |
| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
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| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 生物利用度 | ~100%[7][8] |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | >99% (人類血清白蛋白)[7][9] |
| 药物代谢 | 肝臟 (CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2D6)[7][14][10] |
| 代謝產物 | • N-Desmethyltamoxifen[10][11] • 安多昔芬 (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen)[10][11] • 阿非昔芬 (4-hydroxytamoxifen)[10][11] •N,N-Didesmethyltamoxifen[10] • 諾安多昔芬 (4-hydroxy-N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen)[10] • 其他結合物[10][12][13] |
| 生物半衰期 | 5–7天[7][10] |
| 排泄途徑 | 糞便: 65% 尿液: 9% |
| 识别信息 | |
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| CAS号 | 10540-29-1 54965-24-1 |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank |
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| ChemSpider | |
| UNII |
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| KEGG | |
| ChEBI |
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| ChEMBL | |
| PDB配體ID | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.004 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C26H29NO |
| 摩尔质量 | 371.52 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
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他莫昔芬(INN:tamoxifen),以Nolvadex(有"諾瓦得士"的中文譯名)等品牌名稱於市場上銷售,是一種選擇性雌激素受體調節劑 (SERM),針對女性和男性個體中具乳癌發病高風險族群的預防性投藥 。[15]它也正被研究用於治療其他類型的癌症。[15]此藥物曾被用於治療麥昆–奧爾布賴特症候群(多骨纖維發育不良症候群)。[16]針對乳癌,他莫昔芬通常需要每天口服,持續五年。[16]
使用後的嚴重的副作用有子宮癌、中風、視力問題和肺栓塞的風險略微增加。[16]常見的副作用有月經不規律、體重減輕和熱潮紅。[16]如果個體在懷孕或是進行母乳哺育期間服用,可能會對所懷胎兒,或是嬰兒造成傷害。[16]它是一種選擇性雌激素受體調節劑,作用機制是減少乳癌細胞的生長。[16][17]它屬於三苯乙烯化合物家族。[18]
他莫昔芬最初由英國女性化學家多拉·理查森於1962年合成 。[19][20]它已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[21]市場上已有他莫昔芬的通用名藥物(學名藥)供應。[16]它在2020年是美國排名第317位最常被處方的藥物,累計開立處方量箋的數量超過90萬張。[22][23]
醫學用途
[编辑]經痛
[编辑]經痛指的是在月經期間的疼痛,通常集中在下腹部,但常擴散至背部和大腿內側。這是一種常見的婦科疾病,可能嚴重影響日常生活和福祉。他莫昔芬已被確認並用於有效改善血流、降低子宮收縮力,可緩解經痛患者的疼痛。[24][25]
乳癌
[编辑]他莫昔芬用於治療更年期(停經)前及更年期後女性的早期與晚期雌激素受體陽性 (ER+) 乳癌。[26]他莫昔芬會增加停經後出血、子宮內膜息肉與增生及子宮內膜癌的風險。若與釋放左炔諾孕酮的子宮內避孕系統併用,可能會在1至2年後增加陰道出血的機率,但能稍微減少子宮內膜息肉與增生,卻不一定能減少子宮內膜癌。[27]此外,它是男性乳癌最常用的荷爾蒙療法。[28]美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)亦核准其用於預防高風險女性患病的風險。[29]他莫昔芬的療效主要受雌激素受體 (ER) 狀態影響,這是觀察其比例效益的關鍵預測指標。此藥物進一步獲准用於減少對側(另一側乳房)的癌症。進行五年輔助治療可顯著降低15年內的復發率與死亡率,目前建議總使用期為10年。[30][31]
於2006年進行的一項名為STAR的臨床研究指出雷洛昔芬亦能有效降低乳癌發病率。追蹤 6.75年後的更新結果顯示,雷洛昔芬在預防侵入性乳癌方面的效力維持在他莫昔芬的76%,服用雷洛昔芬的女性較服用他莫昔芬者的子宮癌風險減少45%,血栓風險減少25% 。[32][33][34]
不孕症
[编辑]他莫昔芬被用於誘導排卵,以治療患有排卵障礙的不孕症女性。[35]通常在女性月經週期的第三到第七天給藥。[35]
他莫昔芬對於患有不孕症的男性,可透過拮抗雌激素受體(ER),解除對下視丘-垂體-性腺軸的抑制,進而增加黃體成長激素 (LH) 與濾泡刺激素 (FSH) 的分泌,並提升睪丸的睪酮產量,因此改善生育能力。[36]一些在動物模型的研究提出他莫昔芬可能對精子品質以及攝護腺與性腺健康產生負面影響。[37][38]
男性乳房發育症
[编辑]男性乳腺發育症主因為雌激素活性過高或是雄激素不足而導致。[39][40]他莫昔芬可預防及治療此症,針對底層雌激素刺激提供特異性治療。[41]研究證實每日兩次服用10毫克治療一個月,能顯著縮小乳房體積並緩解疼痛,且無明顯毒性。[41]雖然縮小程度僅為部分,顯示或需更長療程,對於特定病例,他莫昔芬是比手術更安全有效的選擇。
性早熟
[编辑]他莫昔芬對於治療女孩和男孩的外周性性早熟症十分有用,例如由麥昆–奧爾布賴特症候群所引起者。[42][43][44]研究發現它能降低患有性早熟女孩的生長速度和骨骼發育成熟率,進而改善這些個體的最終身高 。[42][43]
市售劑型
[编辑]
市面上銷售的他莫昔芬有片劑或是口服溶液兩種形式。[45][46]
禁忌症
[编辑]他莫昔芬具有多項禁忌症,包括已知對他莫昔芬或其他成分過敏、正在進行併用型香豆素類抗凝劑治療的個體,以及具有靜脈血栓栓塞歷史(包括深靜脈血栓或肺栓塞)的女性 .[14]
副作用
[编辑]美國衛生及公共服務部(HHS)下屬的健康照護研究與品質管理局(AHRQ)於2009年9月發佈的一份報告指出,用於治療乳癌的他莫昔芬、雷洛昔芬和替勃龍能顯著降低中年及老年女性罹患侵入性乳癌的風險,但同時也會增加不良副作用的風險。[47]
子宮內膜癌
[编辑]他莫昔芬屬選擇性雌激素受體調節劑。[48]其藥理特性具雙重性:在乳腺組織為拮抗劑,但在子宮內膜則為部分促效劑,長期使用可能使子宮內膜癌風險增加二至四倍,故常規療程多定為五年。[49]研究指出其可能透過激活PI3K訊號促進子宮癌化。[50]美國癌症協會已將其列為已知致癌物,強調其在預防乳癌復發之餘,亦存在誘發子宮癌的風險。[51][52][53]
心血管與代謝
[编辑]他莫昔芬治療停經後女性時,與血清脂質譜(Lipid profiles)的益處有關。然而,來自臨床試驗的長期數據未能證明其具有心血管保護作用。[54]他莫昔芬對於某些女性可能導致血液中三酸甘油酯濃度迅速升高。此外,血栓栓塞的風險會增加,特別是在重大手術期間、手術後即刻或長期臥床不動的期間。[55]研究顯示使用他莫昔芬會略微增加深靜脈血栓、肺栓塞和中風的風險。[56]
肝毒性
[编辑]他莫昔芬與多起肝毒性案例相關。[57]目前已有多種不同類型的肝毒性案例報導。[57]此外,他莫昔芬可能會在肥胖和體重超重的女性中誘發代謝功能障礙相關脂肪性肝病(但在體重正常的女性中則不然),在每日使用20毫克的劑量情況下,一年後的平均發生率約為40%。[58]
藥物過量
[编辑]目前尚未有人類急性過量服用他莫昔芬的案例報告。[14]在劑量範圍研究中,對女性施用極高劑量的他莫昔芬(例如300毫克/平方公尺)後發現,會產生急性神經毒性,包括顫抖、反射亢進、步態不穩以及頭暈。[14]這些症狀在治療後的三到五天內出現,並在停藥後的二到五天內消失。[14]研究中未觀察到永久性神經毒性的跡象。[14]在極高劑量的他莫昔芬下,也觀察到QT間期延長的現象。[14]針對他莫昔芬過量,目前尚無特定的解毒劑,[14]治療應以症狀緩解為原則。[14]
藥物交互作用
[编辑]他莫昔芬的療效高度依賴CYP2D6酵素將其轉化為活性代謝物,約7-10%的女性因基因變異導致代謝緩慢,進而影響臨床預後。[59][60][61]研究顯示基因分型與生物標誌物篩選能有效識別高風險患者。[62][63]此外,合併使用強效CYP2D6抑制劑類抗憂鬱藥(如帕羅西汀、氟西汀、舍曲林)會因競爭酵素而大幅降低他莫昔芬效力,使復發風險增加120%,其中帕羅西汀更可能使死亡風險增加達67%。[64][65][66]相較之下,喜普妙或來普昂因不競爭該酵素,不會增加復發風險。[7]臨床建議在開立處方前進行基因檢測,並謹慎選擇併用藥物以確保治療成功。[67][68]
藥理學
[编辑]藥效學
[编辑]選擇性雌激素受體調節劑活性
[编辑]
他莫昔芬是一種選擇性雌激素受體調節劑(SERM),具備組織特異性的雙重作用:在乳腺組織中作為拮抗劑以抑制基因轉錄,[70]在骨骼中則作為促效劑預防骨質疏鬆,此發現直接建立SERM的概念。[71][72]他莫昔芬在藥理上屬前體藥物,需經代謝產生活性強30-100倍的安多昔芬與阿非昔芬。[10][73]其中安多昔芬因濃度較高而被視為體內最主要的活性形式。[11][74]
其抗癌機制在於競爭性結合雌激素受體 (ER),招募NCoR等共阻遏蛋白進入核複合物,讓細胞停滯於G0/G1期。[75]其療效受PAX2與AIB-1蛋白比例調節,前者輔助抑制ERBB2 (HER2) 表現,後者過高則可能導致耐藥性與癌症生長。[76][77]他莫昔芬在停經後女性具抗促性腺作用,但在停經前女性則會誘發雌激素激增6倍,可能削弱其抗雌激素效力。[78]此外,它能劑量依賴性地降低IGF-1水平並調節SHBG,顯示其廣泛的代謝調節能力。[78][78]
其他活性
[编辑]他莫昔芬及其代謝物除傳統的SERM活性外,還展現出多樣的生物藥理活性。其代謝物阿非昔芬可結合G蛋白偶聯雌激素受體 (GPER) ,[79]並拮抗雌激素相關受體gamma (ERRgamma) 。[80]另一代謝物諾安多昔芬則具備強效的競爭性芳香酶抑制能力。[81]
在非雌激素路徑方面,他莫昔芬是強效的蛋白激酶C (PKC) 抑制劑,這解釋其在雙相情緒障礙症中的治療潛力。[82]此外,它也是P-醣蛋白(P-gp) 的抑制劑。[14]於2018年進行的一項的研究發現它能與多巴胺轉運體 (DAT) 結合,作為非典型多巴胺再攝取抑制劑 (DRI),能阻斷苯丙胺(安非他命)誘發的多巴胺釋放,為開發興奮劑依賴治療藥物提供新方向。[83][84]最新研究 (2025) 進一步揭示它能與微管蛋白結合並抑制其聚合,顯示其具有潛在的細胞骨架調節作用。[85]
藥物代謝動力學
[编辑]吸收
[编辑]他莫昔芬在口服後會經由腸道迅速且廣泛地吸收。[7][8]其口服生物利用度接近100%,顯示其在腸道與肝臟中的首渡作用代謝極少。[7]他莫昔芬在服用後的三到七小時後達到血中峰值。[86][7]通常在每日給藥3到4週後可達到穩定狀態濃度,但有時可能需要長達16週。[7][13]每日服用他莫昔芬達8週後,活性代謝物阿非昔芬可達到穩定狀態。[13][9]單次口服40毫克後,他莫昔芬的峰值濃度為65奈克/毫升。每日服用20毫克的穩定狀態濃度則為310奈克/毫升。[7]他莫昔芬在每日1至20毫克的劑量範圍內,其血中濃度呈現明顯的劑量依賴性 。[7][87]安多昔芬的濃度約比阿非昔芬高出5到10倍,且個體間差異極大。[10][11]據報導,在每日接受20毫克他莫昔芬治療的CYP2D6正常代謝者中,安多昔芬的穩定狀態濃度為10.8至15.9奈克/毫升。[10]就循環濃度而言,他莫昔芬最豐富的代謝物有N-去甲基他莫昔芬 (N-desmethyltamoxifen)、N,N-二去甲基他莫昔芬 (N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen)、(Z)-安多昔芬以及他莫昔芬 N-氧化物 (Tamoxifen N-oxide) 。[12][88]
分佈
[编辑]他莫昔芬的分佈體積為50至60升/公斤,其清除率估計為每小時1.2至5.1升。[7][86]在動物與人類研究中,已在乳房、子宮、肝臟、腎臟、肺部、胰臟及卵巢組織中發現高濃度的他莫昔芬。[7]研究發現子宮中的他莫昔芬濃度比循環系統高出2至3倍,[7]而在乳房中的濃度則比循環系統高出10倍。[87]他莫昔芬與活性代謝物阿非昔芬的血漿蛋白結合率均大於99%。[9]他莫昔芬的大部分與白蛋白結合。[7]僅白蛋白一項就結合98.8%的他莫昔芬,而其他血漿蛋白的參與程度並不高。[89]
代謝
[编辑]他莫昔芬屬前體藥物,主要由肝臟細胞色素P450酵素代謝。[7][14]約92%經由CYP3A4/CYP3A5代謝為N-去甲基他莫昔芬,隨後轉化為關鍵活性成分安多昔芬,僅7% 轉化為阿非昔芬。[11]另一活性代謝物為諾安多昔芬。[10]代謝過程包含葡萄糖醛酸與硫酸結合反應。[10]他莫昔芬可能抑制自身代謝,且安多昔芬的生成高度依賴CYP2D6的活性。[7][11]
排泄
[编辑]他莫昔芬具有較長的生物半衰期,通常為5至7天,範圍介於4至11天之間。[7][10][86]同樣地,阿非昔芬的半衰期為14天。[9]相反地,安多的半衰期為50至70小時(2–3天) 。[10]他莫昔芬與阿非昔芬的長半衰期歸因於它們極高的血漿蛋白結合率以及腸肝循環 。[9]他莫昔芬及其代謝物在停止治療後,仍會在循環系統中持續存在至少6週 。[9]他莫昔芬經由膽汁分泌並從糞便中排出,而極少量則經由尿液排出。[7]
化學
[编辑]他莫昔芬是一種三苯乙烯家族的非類固醇SERM,其結構源自類己烷雌酚 (Diethylstilbestrol-like) 雌激素以及抗雌激素,如氯三烯雌醚和乙胺氧三苯乙醇。[90][91][92][93]最初合成的是可洛米分 ,隨後才開發出他莫昔芬。[90][92][93]他莫昔芬與其他三苯乙烯類藥物在結構上密切相關,例如可洛米分、納福昔定、奧培米芬、托瑞米芬以及許多其他藥物。[94][95]其他SERM(如雷洛昔芬)在結構上則與他莫昔芬及其他三苯乙烯類藥物明顯不同。[95]
歷史
[编辑]他莫昔芬的誕生源於1962年帝國化學工業原來目的為開發事後避孕藥的計畫。由化學家Dora Richardson首次合成此化合物 (ICI-46,474),雖避孕效果不彰,卻被發現能誘導排卵。[96][19]即便早期面臨專利保護缺失與公司內部對癌症治療市場的冷漠,該公司內分泌學家Arthur Walpole仍堅持推動其在乳癌領域的研究。[20][97]
在1970年代,隨著美國醫學家猶大·福克曼發現血管新生在癌症中的作用,他莫昔芬被納入著名的"Navy方案(包含他莫昔芬在內的聯合用藥將一隻名為Navy的狗所罹患的癌症治癒)",並證實具備獨立於雌激素受體拮抗路徑外的抗血管新生效果。[98][99]相較於早期MER-25等高毒性抗雌激素藥物,他莫昔芬展現出溫和的副作用與確切療效。[100][101]此藥物在維吉爾·克雷格·喬丹等專家的研究下,從失敗的避孕藥成功轉型為乳癌治療的"金標準"及化學預防先驅。[102][103]
SERMs的藥理機制在1980年代被完整破解,確認其在早期乳癌結合化學療法後能顯著提升生存率 。[104] [105]雖然帝國化學董事會一度認為"癌症治療沒有市場",但臨床上的成功與患者的正向發展最終扭轉企業態度。[19]1998年國際學術組織早期乳癌試驗協作組(Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group,簡稱EBCTCG)的統合分析最終奠定此藥物在早期乳癌治療中的核心地位。[106]
社會與文化
[编辑]品牌名稱
[编辑]他莫昔芬以Nolvadex和Soltamox等品牌名稱於市場上銷售,並在全球各地擁有許多其他的品牌名稱。[1][107]
經濟學
[编辑]他莫昔芬於2001年的全球銷售額約為10.2億美元。[108]此藥物的學名藥自2002年專利到期開始已在全球普及。截至2004年,他莫昔芬是全球銷量最大的治療乳癌荷爾蒙藥物。[109]
研究
[编辑]他莫昔芬在罹患麥昆–奧爾布賴特症候群的個體中能延緩骨齡閉合以改善預測身高,但動物實驗顯示其可能誘導生長板細胞凋亡,引發發育疑慮。[110][111]臨床上亦被探索用於治療後腹腔纖維化等罕見硬化症。[112]此外,它是Cre-Lox重組技術中誘導基因表達的關鍵研究工具 。[113]在精神醫學領域,他莫昔芬透過抑制蛋白激酶C(PKC酵素)展現治療雙相障礙躁狂發作的潛力,其強效代謝物安多昔芬已進入III期臨床試驗。[114][115]
引用文獻
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延伸閱讀
[编辑]- Dean L. Tamoxifen Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype. Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al (编). Medical Genetics Summaries. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 2014. PMID 28520357. Bookshelf ID: NBK247013.
外部連結
[编辑]- Tamoxifen citrate. National Cancer Institute. 2006-10-05.