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电子亲合能

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在一般化學與原子物理學中，电子亲合能（或电子亲和势、电子亲和力，electron affinity，Eea）的定義是，將單個電子結合到電中性的氣態原子或分子上所釋放的能量[1]：

X(g) + e− → X−(g) + Eea

注意在此定義下，大多數元素原子的電子親和能為正數，即結合電子的過程是放熱的。這裏定義的電子親和能的正負號選取和一般熱力學的定義相反。

在固態物理學之中，對於一表面的電子親合能定義不同。

元素的電子親合能

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並非所有的元素的電子親合能均為正，電子親合能為正表示其 -1 價的離子需吸收能量才能解离為電中性的原子。若其陰離子較不穩定，容易變成原子，則其電子親合能較低。反之，对应阴离子稳定的原子有更高的电子亲和能。元素中氯的電子親合能最高，预测锘的電子親合能最低。一般來說，非金屬的電子親合能都比金屬高。

总的来说，同一周期从左至右，價殼層電子递增，使得原子穩定性上昇，原子半径递减，对电子的吸引能力渐强，因而電子親合能递增；同族元素从上到下，因原子半径的增大，而且總電子數增加，原子穩定性下降，元素电负性值递减。实际上，随核电荷数递增或同族元素从上到下，电子亲和能的变化并不单调。

带有电子亲合能数据的元素周期表

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下列数据以kJ/mol为单位。括号内为预测值。

週期 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 电子层 Ｏ族电子数
族 I A 0
1 73
H
氢 		(−48)
He
氦




K




2
II A III A IV A V A VI A VII A
2 60
Li
锂 		(−48)
Be
铍 		27
B
硼 		122
C
碳 		−7
N
氮 		141
O
氧 		328
F
氟 		(−116)
Ne
氖



L
K



8
2
3 53
Na
钠 		(−40)
Mg
镁 		42
Al
铝 		134
Si
硅 		72
P
磷 		200
S
硫 		349
Cl
氯 		(−96)
Ar
氩


M
L
K


8
8
2
III B IV B V B VI B VII B VIII I B II B
4 48
K
钾 		2
Ca
钙 		17
Sc
钪 		7
Ti
钛 		51
V
钒 		65
Cr
铬 		(−50)
Mn
锰 		15
Fe
铁 		64
Co
钴 		112
Ni
镍 		119
Cu
铜 		(−58)
Zn
锌 		29
Ga
镓 		119
Ge
锗 		78
As
砷 		195
Se
硒 		325
Br
溴 		(−96)
Kr
氪

N
M
L
K

8
18
8
2
5 47
Rb
铷 		5
Sr
锶 		30
Y
钇 		42
Zr
锆 		89
Nb
铌 		72
Mo
钼 		(53)
Tc
锝 		101
Ru
钌 		110
Rh
铑 		54
Pd
钯 		126
Ag
银 		(−68)
Cd
镉 		37
In
铟 		107
Sn
锡 		101
Sb
锑 		190
Te
碲 		295
I
碘 		(−77)
Xe
氙
O
N
M
L
K
8
18
18
8
2
6 46
Cs
铯 		14
Ba
钡 		镧系 17
Hf
铪 		32
Ta
钽 		79
W
钨 		6
Re
铼 		104
Os
锇 		151
Ir
铱 		205
Pt
铂 		223
Au
金 		(−48)
Hg
汞 		31
Tl
铊 		34
Pb
铅 		91
Bi
铋 		(136)
Po
钋 		233
At
砹 		(−68)
Rn
氡 		P
O
N
M
L
K 		8
18
32
18
8
2
7 (47)
Fr
钫 		(10)
Ra
镭 		锕系
Rf
𬬻
Db
𬭊
Sg
𬭳
Bh
𬭛
Hs
𬭶
Mt
鿏
Ds
𫟼 		(151)
Rg
𬬭
Cn
鿔 		(67)
Nh
鿭
Fl
𫓧 		(35)
Mc
镆 		(75)
Lv
𫟷 		(166)
Ts
鿬 		(8)
Og
鿫




 
镧系元素 54
La
镧 		58
Ce
铈 		11
Pr
镨 		9
Nd
钕 		12
Pm
钷 		16
Sm
钐 		11
Eu
铕 		21
Gd
钆 		13
Tb
铽 		1
Dy
镝 		33
Ho
钬 		30
Er
铒 		99
Tm
铥 		(−2)
Yb
镱 		23
Lu
镥
锕系元素 (34)
Ac
锕 		59
Th
钍 		(53)
Pa
镤 		30
U
铀 		(46)
Np
錼 		(−48)
Pu
鈽 		(10)
Am
鋂 		(27)
Cm
锔 		(−165)
Bk
鉳 		(−97)
Cf
锎 		(−29)
Es
锿 		(34)
Fm
镄 		(94)
Md
钔 		(−223)
No
锘 		(−30)
Lr
铹
碱金属 碱土金属 镧系元素 锕系元素 过渡金属
主族金属 类金属 非金属 卤素 稀有氣體

列表及参考资料

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Z 符号 元素 电子亲和能（eV） 电子亲和能（kJ/mol） 参考资料
1 1H 氢 0.754 195(19) 72.769(2) [2]
1 2H 氘 0.754 67(4) 72.814(4) [3]
2 He 氦 −0.5(2) −48(20) 预测[4]
3 Li 锂 0.618 049(22) 59.632 6(21) [5]
4 Be 铍 −0.5(2) −48(20) 预测[4]
5 B 硼 0.279 723(25) 26.989(3) [6]
6 12C 碳 1.262 122 6(11) 121.776 3(1) [7]
6 13C 碳 1.262 113 6(12) 121.775 5(2) [7]
7 N 氮 −0.07 −6.8 [4]
8 16O 氧 1.461 112 97(9) 140.975 970(9) [8]
8 17O 氧 1.461 108(4) 140.975 5(3) [9]
8 18O 氧 1.461 105(3) 140.975 2(3) [9]
9 F 氟 3.401 189 8(24) 328.164 9(3) [10][11]
10 Ne 氖 −1.2(2) −116(19) 预测[4]
11 Na 钠 0.547 926(25) 52.867(3) [12]
12 Mg 镁 −0.4(2) −40(19) 预测[4]
13 Al 铝 0.432 83(5) 41.762(5) [13]
14 Si 硅 1.389 521 2(8) 134.068 4(1) [14]
15 P 磷 0.746 609(11) 72.037(1) [15]
16 32S 硫 2.077 104 2(6) 200.410 1(1) [14]
16 34S 硫 2.077 104 5(12) 200.410 1(2) [16]
17 Cl 氯 3.612 725(28) 348.575(3) [17]
18 Ar 氩 −1.0(2) −96(20) 预测[4]
19 K 钾 0.501 459(13) 48.383(2) [18]
20 Ca 钙 0.024 55(10) 2.37(1) [19]
21 Sc 钪 0.179 380(23)† 17.307 6(22) [20]
22 Ti 钛 0.075 54(5)† 7.289(5) [21]
23 V 钒 0.527 66(20)† 50.911(20) [22]
24 Cr 铬 0.675 928(27)† 65.217 2(26) [20]
25 Mn 锰 −0.5(2) −50(19) 预测[4]
26 Fe 铁 0.153 236(35)† 14.785(4) [23]
27 Co 钴 0.662 255(47)† 63.897 9(45) [24]
28 Ni 镍 1.157 16(12) 111.65(2) [25]
29 Cu 铜 1.235 78(4) 119.235(4) [26]
30 Zn 锌 −0.6(2) −58(20) 预测[4]
31 Ga 镓 0.301 166(15)† 29.058 1(15) [27]
32 Ge 锗 1.232 676 4(13) 118.935 2(2) [28]
33 75As 砷 0.804 486(3) 77.621 1(3) [29]
34 Se 硒 2.020 667(5) 194.964 8(5) [30]
35 Br 溴 3.363 588(3) 324.536 9(3) [10]
36 Kr 氪 −1.0(2) −96(20) 预测[4]
37 Rb 铷 0.485 916(21) 46.884(3) [31]
38 Sr 锶 0.052 06(6) 5.023(6) [32]
39 Y 钇 0.311 29(22)† 30.035(21) [20]
40 Zr 锆 0.433 28(9)† 41.806(9) [33]
41 Nb 铌 0.917 40(7)† 88.516(7) [34]
42 Mo 钼 0.747 23(8)† 72.097(8) [20]
43 Tc 锝 0.55(20) 53(20) 预测[35]
44 Ru 钌 1.046 27(2)† 100.950(3) [20]
45 Rh 铑 1.142 89(20) 110.27(2) [25]
46 Pd 钯 0.562 14(12) 54.24(2) [25]
47 Ag 银 1.304 47(3) 125.862(3) [26]
48 Cd 镉 −0.7(2) −68(20) 预测[4]
49 In 铟 0.38392(6) 37.043(6) [36]
50 Sn 锡 1.112 070(2) 107.298 4(3) [37]
51 Sb 锑 1.047 401(19) 101.059(2) [38]
52 Te 碲 1.970 875(7) 190.161(1) [39]
53 127I 碘 3.059 046 5(37) 295.153 1(4) [40]
53 128I 碘 3.059 052(38) 295.154(4) [41]
54 Xe 氙 −0.8(2) −77(20) 预测[4]
55 Cs 铯 0.4715983(38) 45.5023(4) [42]
56 Ba 钡 0.144 62(6) 13.954(6) [43]
57 La 镧 0.557 546(20)† 53.795(2) [44]
58 Ce 铈 0.600 160(27)† 57.906 7(26) [45]
59 Pr 镨 0.109 23(46)† 10.539(45) [46]
60 Nd 钕 0.097 49(33)† 9.406(32) [46]
61 Pm 钷 0.129 12.45 [47]
62 Sm 钐 0.162 15.63 [47]
63 Eu 铕 0.116(13) 11.2(13) [48]
64 Gd 钆 0.212(30)† 20.5(29) [20]
65 Tb 铽 0.131 31(80)† 12.670(77) [46]
66 Dy 镝 0.015(3) 1.45(30) [49]
67 Ho 钬 0.338 32.61 [47]
68 Er 铒 0.312 30.10 [47]
69 Tm 铥 1.029(22) 99(3) [50]
70 Yb 镱 −0.02 −1.93 预测[35]
71 Lu 镥 0.238 8(7)† 23.04(7) [51]
72 Hf 铪 0.178 0(7)† 17.18(7) [52]
73 Ta 钽 0.328 859(23)† 31.730 1(22) [20]
74 W 钨 0.816 500(82)† 78.780 3(80) [20]
75 Re 铼 0.060 396(64)† 5.827 3(62) [53]
76 Os 锇 1.077 661(24)† 103.978 5(24) [20]
77 Ir 铱 1.564 057(12)† 150.908 6(12) [54]
78 Pt 铂 2.125 10(5) 205.041(5) [55]
79 Au 金 2.308 610(25) 222.747(3) [56]
80 Hg 汞 −0.5(2) −48(20) 预测[4]
81 Tl 铊 0.320 053(19) 30.880 4(19) [57]
82 Pb 铅 0.356 721(2) 34.418 3(3) [58]
83 Bi 铋 0.942 362(13) 90.924(2) [59]
84 Po 钋 1.40(7) 136(7) 计算得到[60]
85 At 砹 2.415 78(7) 233.087(8) [61]
86 Rn 氡 −0.7(2) −68(20) 预测[4]
87 Fr 钫 0.486 46.89 预测[62][35]
88 Ra 镭 0.10 9.648 5 预测[63][35]
89 Ac 锕 0.35 33.77 预测[35]
90 Th 钍 0.607 69(6)† 58.633(6) [64]
91 Pa 镤 0.55 53.03 预测[65]
92 U 铀 0.314 97(9)† 30.390(9) [66]
93 Np 镎 0.48 45.85 预测[65]
94 Pu 钚 −0.50 −48.33 预测[65]
95 Am 镅 0.10 9.93 预测[65]
96 Cm 锔 0.28 27.17 预测[65]
97 Bk 锫 −1.72 −165.24 预测[65]
98 Cf 锎 −1.01 −97.31 预测[65]
99 Es 锿 −0.30 −28.60 预测[65]
100 Fm 镄 0.35 33.96 预测[65]
101 Md 钔 0.98 93.91 预测[65]
102 No 锘 −2.33 −223.22 预测[65]
103 Lr 铹 −0.31 −30.04 预测[65]
111 Rg 𬬭 1.565 151.0 计算得到[67]
113 Nh 鿭 0.69 66.6 计算得到[68]
115 Mc 镆 0.366 35.3 计算得到[68]
116 Lv 𫟷 0.776 74.9 计算得到[68]
117 Ts 鿬 1.719 165.9 计算得到[68]
118 Og 鿫 0.080(6) 7.72(58) 计算得到[69]
119 Uue 0.662 63.87 计算得到[62]
120 Ubn 0.021 2.03 计算得到[70]
121 Ubu 0.57 55 计算得到[35]

† 2025年发现通过测量电子速度，得到电子亲和能的方法有误差[29]，因此所有用此方法得到的电子亲和能（用†注明）都有必要重新测量。

分子的电子亲合能

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電子親合能 Eea 的定義也可以延伸到分子。如苯和萘的電子親合能為負值，而蒽 、菲、芘的電子親合能為正值。電腦模擬實驗證實六氰基苯 C6(CN)6 的電子親合能較富勒烯要高。[71]

列表及参考资料

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分子 电子亲合能
(kJ/mol) 		参考资料
雙原子分子  
溴分子 244 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氯氣 227 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氟氣 297 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
碘分子 246 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氧氣 43 CRC Handbook
溴化碘 251 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氯化鋰 59 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
一氧化氮 2 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
三原子分子  
二氧化氮 222 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
二氧化硫 105 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
多原子分子  
苯 −110 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
1,4-苯二酮 129 CRC Handbook
三氟化硼 255 CRC Handbook
硝酸 59 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
硝基甲烷 38 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
三氯化磷 134 Janousek & Brauman (1979)
六氟化硫 138 CRC Handbook
四氰乙烯 278 CRC Handbook
六氟化鎢 264 CRC Handbook
六氟化鈾 280 CRC Handbook

参见

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参考资料

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参考书目

[编辑]
  • CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd Edn. (1981); Weast, Robert C. (ed)). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section E, General Physical Constants; Electron Affinities".
  • Janousek, B. K.; Brauman, J. I. (1979). in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry (Bowers, M. T. (Ed.)), Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. p. 53.

外部链接

[编辑]
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