食鱼动物

食鱼动物（piscivore/ˈpɪsɪvɔːr/）是指以鱼类为主食的肉食动物。鱼类为早期四足类（两栖类）的主食，再来为食虫动物，直到演化成爬虫类才出现草食性动物。^[1]

某些动物如海狮和短吻鳄并不完全以鱼类为食，同样也会捕捉水中的无脊椎动物或是陆地生物。但有些动物如兔唇蝠科的蝙蝠、恒河鳄则完全只以鱼类为食。另外有些动物，如章鱼、鱿鱼、蜘蛛、鲨鱼、鲸豚、灰熊、美洲豹、狼、蛇、乌龟、海鸥等，也会捕捉鱼类为食，但仅占所有食物来源的一部分而已。

食鱼动物能够帮助将一个生态系统的能量移转至另一个生态系统，。在阿拉斯加一带的灰熊以鲑鱼为食，而进食后排放在森林的粪便与鲑鱼的残骸，可以将来自海洋的高价值养份（包括大量的氮以及磷）带到溪边的林地中，滋养当地其他的动植物；借此将海洋生态系统的养分传递至森林生态系统、湖泊生态系统与溪流生态系统之中。^[2]

食鱼动物英文 piscivore 的 pisci 字首来自拉丁文 piscis ，意思为“鱼”。

现存的食鱼动物范例[编辑]

已绝种的食鱼动物范例[编辑]

部分已绝种的动物透过化石的状态分析得以认定其为食鱼动物，甚至部分种类直接保留了以鱼类为主食的直接证据。

重爪龙（一种颅骨形似鳄鱼的恐龙，在其化石胃部的位置曾发现鳞齿鱼属（英语：lepidotes）鱼类的鳞片化石）^[5]
棘龙（为重爪龙的近亲，且其吻端具有力学感受器，可以感知水中猎物的游动）^[5]^[6]
薄煎饼鳄（其扁平的头部被认为适合咬住并吞噬不经意游过的鱼类，就像现存的扁鲨）^[7]
无齿翼龙（其喙上与胃中留有鱼类的残骸）^[8]
薄板龙（薄板龙拥有长颈、立体视觉与尖牙，适合突入鱼群并精准咬住目标，且其化石中曾发现鱼的鳞片与牙齿）^[9]
剑射鱼（一具4公尺长的剑射鱼标本在其胃中保有一条长1.8公尺的鳃腺鱼）^[10]
鸟掌翼龙（尤其颚部与牙齿构造分析其为食鱼动物）

参见[编辑]

鱼素者

参考文献[编辑]

^ Sahney, S., Benton, M. J. & Falcon-Lang, H. J. Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica (PDF). Geology. 2010, 38 (12): 1079–1082 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. （原始内容存档于2011-10-11）.
^ Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska (PDF). Ecosystems. 2006, 9 (2): 167–180 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-26）.
^ Bright, Michael. The private life of sharks : the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2000. ISBN 0-8117-2875-7. ^{[页码请求]}
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Hart, Paul. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148: Blackwell Publishing. 2002: 267–283. ISBN 0632054123.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Sereno, Paul C.; Beck, Allison L.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Gado, Boubacar; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Lyon, Gabrielle H.; Marcot, Jonathan D.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Sadleir, Rudyard W.; Sidor, Christian A.; Varricchio, David D.; Wilson, Gregory P.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science. 1998, 282 (5392): 1298–302. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1298S. PMID 9812890. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298.
^ Dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Cioffi, A. A neurovascular cavity within the snout of the predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus. 1st International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. 26 May 2009 [22 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-11）.
^ Devlin, Hannah. Meet Boar, Rat and Pancake: the ancient, giant crocodiles found in Sahara. Times Online. November 20, 2009.
^ Bennett, S.C. The Pterosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk. The Earth Scientist. 1994, 11 (1): 22–25.
^ Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America, Part I. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1869, 14: 44–55 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60482. （原始内容存档于2017-11-08）.
^ Xiphactinus audax Leidy. [2018-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-30）.

[SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse-1] Sahney, S., Benton, M. J. & Falcon-Lang, H. J. Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica (PDF). Geology. 2010, 38 (12): 1079–1082 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. （原始内容存档于2011-10-11）.

[Helfield2006-2] Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska (PDF). Ecosystems. 2006, 9 (2): 167–180 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-26）.

[3] Bright, Michael. The private life of sharks : the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2000. ISBN 0-8117-2875-7. ^{[页码请求]}

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Hart, Paul. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148: Blackwell Publishing. 2002: 267–283. ISBN 0632054123.

[sereno-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Sereno, Paul C.; Beck, Allison L.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Gado, Boubacar; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Lyon, Gabrielle H.; Marcot, Jonathan D.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Sadleir, Rudyard W.; Sidor, Christian A.; Varricchio, David D.; Wilson, Gregory P.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science. 1998, 282 (5392): 1298–302. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1298S. PMID 9812890. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298.

[DalSasso2009-6] Dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Cioffi, A. A neurovascular cavity within the snout of the predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus. 1st International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. 26 May 2009 [22 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-11）.

[7] Devlin, Hannah. Meet Boar, Rat and Pancake: the ancient, giant crocodiles found in Sahara. Times Online. November 20, 2009.

[bennett1994niobrara-8] Bennett, S.C. The Pterosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk. The Earth Scientist. 1994, 11 (1): 22–25.

[Synopsis-9] Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America, Part I. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1869, 14: 44–55 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60482. （原始内容存档于2017-11-08）.

[Xiphactinus_audax_Leidy-10] Xiphactinus audax Leidy. [2018-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-30）.

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