科學統一論
科學統一論是科學哲學的一個論點，指所有的科學學科都將合為一體。
概論
[編輯]縱使物理學和社會學是不同的學科，但科學統一論說，它們原則上是科學的一部分。科學論文的統一通常與自然界中的組織層次相關聯，其中物理學是最基本的，化學的水平於物理學之上，生物學是高於化學，生物學高於生物學，如此類推。此外，細胞、生物和培養物都見於生物學，但它們代表三種不同水平的生物組織。
科學統一論提出可以視科學為一個集（例如，在讓·皮亞傑的1918年作品Recherche中），其中邏輯是數學的基礎，而數學又是力學和物理學的基礎；物理學是化學的基礎，化學是生物學的基礎，生物學是社會學、道德科學、心理學和知識理論的基礎；知識理論是建立在邏輯基礎之上的。[1]
卡爾·路德維希·馮·貝塔郎非在「一般系統理論：科學統一的新方法」（1951）以及保羅奧本海姆和希拉里·懷特哈爾·普特南在「科學作為工作假設的統一」中對科學論文的統一性進行了明確的闡述和初步論證（1958年）。 傑里福多在「特殊科學（或：科學作為一種工作假設的不統一）」（1974），保羅·費耶阿本德在「反對方法」 （1975）和後來的作品以及約翰·杜普雷在「不團結」中的着名論述。科學「（1983）和」物種的紊亂：科學不統一的形而上學基礎「 （1993）。
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Piaget, Jean. Recherche (PDF). www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch. 2006 [9 February 2017]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-13）.
進階閱讀
[編輯]- Bertalanffy, Ludwig von. General system theory: a new approach to unity of science: 1. Problems of general system theory. Human Biology. December 1951, 23 (4): 302–312. JSTOR 41448003. PMID 14907026. Bertallanfy's article was part of a section that also included, in response, Carl G. Hempel's "General system theory and the unity of science" (pp. 313–322), Robert E. Bass's "Unity of nature" (pp. 323–327), and Hans Jonas's "Comment on general system theory" (pp. 328–335).
- Boyd, Richard; Gasper, Philip; Trout, J. D. (編). The philosophy of science. A Bradford book. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1991. ISBN 0262023156. OCLC 22597466.
- Bunge, Mario. Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge. Toronto studies in philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2003. ISBN 0802088600. OCLC 52411064. doi:10.3138/9781442674356.
- Cat, Jordi. The unity of science. 扎爾塔, 愛德華·N (編). 《史丹福哲学百科全书》 Fall 2017. 2017.
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- Odum, Howard T. Energy systems and the unification of science. Hall, Charles A. S. (編). Maximum power: the ideas and applications of H.T. Odum. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 1995: 365–372. ISBN 0870813625. OCLC 31436211.
- Oppenheim, Paul; Putnam, Hilary. Unity of science as a working hypothesis. Feigl, Herbert (編). Concepts, theories and the mind–body problem. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1958: 3–36. ISBN 9780816601585. OCLC 2669746. Reprinted in Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991.
- Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel; Symons, John; Rahman, Shahid (編). Special sciences and the unity of science. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. 2012. ISBN 9789400720299. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2030-5.
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- Ruphy, Stéphanie. Scientific pluralism reconsidered: a new approach to the (dis)unity of science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2016 [2013]. ISBN 9780822944584. OCLC 951158157.
- Symons, John; Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel (編). Otto Neurath and the unity of science. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science 18. Dodrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. 2011. ISBN 9789400701427. OCLC 723045353. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4.
- Wilson, Malcolm. Aristotle's theory of the unity of science. Phoenix, supplementary volume 38. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2000. ISBN 0802047963. OCLC 43634904. doi:10.3138/9781442670990.
