猛獸有蹄類
外觀
猛獸有蹄大目![]() 化石時期:
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科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
演化支: | 獸形類 Theriimorpha |
演化支: | 獸型類 Theriiformes |
演化支: | Trechnotheria |
演化支: | 歧獸類 Cladotheria |
演化支: | 原磨楔齒類 Prototribosphenida |
演化支: | Zatheria |
演化支: | 磨楔齒類 Tribosphenida |
亞綱: | 獸亞綱 Theria |
下綱: | 真獸下綱 Eutheria |
演化支: | 有胎盤類 Placentalia |
高目: | 北方真獸高目 Boreoeutheria |
總目: | 勞亞獸總目 Laurasiatheria |
演化支: | 有陰囊類 Scrotifera |
大目: | 猛獸有蹄大目 Ferungulata Simpson, 1945[1] |
亞群 | |
異名 | |
猛獸有蹄類(學名:Ferungulata)是有胎盤類下的一個演化支,包含了猛獸類與泛有蹄類,與翼手目為姊妹群,兩者共同組成有陰囊類。
傳統的猛獸有蹄類是由喬治·蓋洛德·辛普森於1945年建立[1],包括了食肉目、奇蹄目、偶蹄目、管齒目、近蹄類及其他化石物種。
辛普森對於猛獸有蹄類的建立系完全根據於生物形態學,但現今依據分子系統發生學的研究已推翻了當初的分類結果[3][4][5],並將辛普森原先認定的有蹄類分到兩獨立演化支下-非洲獸總目與勞亞獸總目,僅剩下偶蹄目與奇蹄目被保留在猛獸有蹄類中,其他包含在猛獸有蹄類下的演化支還包括原先的食肉目,並加入了鱗甲目,另外原先被辛普森所建立的鯨目現也改被分類至偶蹄目下,並改名為鯨下目。
猛獸有蹄類內部的演化關係[6][7][8][9][5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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本分支圖係根據於線粒體DNA、核DNA、蛋白質及化石紀錄 |
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Simpson, George Gaylord. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1945, 85: 350 [2022-09-18]. hdl:2246/1104. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-29).
- ^ Arnason U., Gullberg A., Janke A. (1999.) "The mitochondrial DNA molecule of the aardvark, Orycteropus afer, and the position of the Tubulidentata in the eutherian tree." Proc R Soc Lond B 266:339–345
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Waddell; et al. Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant (PDF). Systematic Biology. 1999, 48 (1): 31–53 [4 October 2011]. PMID 12078643. doi:10.1080/106351599260427
. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-03-13).
- ^ Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, K.; Yang, G. Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals. Systematic Biology. 2012, 61 (1): 150–164. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 3243735
. PMID 21900649. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
- ^ O』Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013.) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Science 339:6120:662-667.
- ^ Burger, Benjamin J. The Systematic Position of the Saber-Toothed and Horned Giants of the Eocene: The Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata) (PDF). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 75th Annual Meeting. Dallas. 2015-10-15 [2020-02-20]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-20). Conference abstract (p. 99) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Explanation and conclusions: YouTube上的Episode 17: Systematic position of the Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata).
- ^ Orliac, M. J.; o'Leary, M. A. The inner ear of Protungulatum (Pan-Euungulata, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2016, 23 (4): 337–352 [2022-09-18]. S2CID 33676627. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9327-z. (原始內容存檔於2021-07-12).
- ^ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
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