世俗國家
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世俗國家或地區 有國教的國家 不明确或不詳 |
世俗國家(英語:Secular state)是指一些對於宗教事務持中立的國家,與之相對的是宗教國家。沒有對任何一種個別的宗教習俗持贊成或反對的態度,也是沒有類似國教的宗教。一個世俗國家也視信奉不同宗教的人為平等的個體,不會偏袒或歧視信奉個別宗教的人,保障宗教自由及言論自由。
定義
[编辑]世俗國家理論上保障宗教自由,並實行政教分離,也指一些防止宗教組織干預和控制政府權力的國家,更有法令保護任何一種宗教,包括少數宗教免受歧視。
在某些世俗國家中,有在比例上相當多的人信奉同一種宗教(如土耳其);而某些則有很大的宗教多元性(如印度)。有些國家在建國時已自我定位為世俗國家、但仍相當多的人信奉一種宗教(如菲律賓),也有些是經過世俗化才成為世俗國家(如法國),還有不少在法律上實行政教分離、但保持國教(如馬來西亞)。在近代歷史上,世俗化的進程是給予人民宗教自由為開始、再後而廢止國教、停止使用公帑資助宗教團體、使法律脫離宗教的控制、開放教育系統(而不強制任何宗教)、接受公民自由改宗信仰、以及是容許信奉不同宗教的人擔任政治領袖的。此外,原有的宗教假日不受到影響,而公共機構運作也不會受到宗教團體的影響和控制。
在世界上,多數的政權已經成為世俗國家、包括不少的君主國與共和國。可是仍有不少自稱世俗的政權仍然是不完全世俗化,不設國教的國家仍對部分宗教組織給予保障。以天主教為國教的國家為例,法國、西班牙、葡萄牙等國家機構曾經長時間以天主教節日為公眾假期,會停止工作、上課,而天主教會學校的教師甚至是教堂的教理問答,仍往往是由公家支薪的。一些伊斯蘭教徒為主的國家如土耳其雖然是世俗國家,但在教育上仍具有伊斯蘭成分。
又例如越南共和國(南越),名義上是世俗國家,且人口多數是佛教徒,但因領導人吳廷琰篤信天主教,屢屢殺害比丘,導致釋廣德等多位法師自焚抗議,民眾大規模的反政府運動不斷,吳廷琰政權的殘忍,也失去同樣篤信天主教的美國總統肯尼迪支持,華府向駐越大使小亨利·卡波特·洛奇發了243號電報(Cable 243),決定不再支持吳廷琰,這推動了楊文明的1963年南越政變,也導致了吳廷琰之死。其中也包括緬甸联邦共和国,一個以佛教徒為主的國家,大力殘害與種族滅絕信奉回教的羅興亞人。
世俗國家列表
[编辑]這是截至2011年,世俗國家的不完全列表:
宪法明载的世俗国家
[编辑]阿尔巴尼亚 (憲法第7條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
安哥拉 (憲法第8條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
澳大利亞 (憲法第116項(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
阿塞拜疆 (憲法第7條 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
白俄羅斯 (憲法第16條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
贝宁 (憲法第2條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
巴西 (憲法第19條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
布吉納法索 (憲法第31條)
布隆迪 (憲法第1條)
喀麦隆 (憲法序言(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
加拿大 (加拿大权利与自由宪章)
佛得角 (憲法第48條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
乍得 (憲法第1條)
中华人民共和国 (憲法第36條 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
中華民國 (憲法第13條 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
刚果民主共和国 (憲法第1條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
刚果共和国 (憲法第1條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
克罗地亚 (憲法第41條 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
古巴 (憲法第8條)
賽普勒斯 (憲法第18條 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
北賽普勒斯 (憲法第1條)
韩国 (憲法第20條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
捷克 (基本權利及基本自由憲章)
爱沙尼亚 (憲法第40條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
衣索比亞 (憲法第11條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
法國 (憲法第2條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
加彭 (憲法第2條)
冈比亚 (憲法第1條)
俄羅斯 (憲法第14條)
格鲁吉亚 (憲法第9條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
几内亚 (憲法第1條)
几内亚比绍 (憲法第1條)
匈牙利 (憲法第60條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
印度 (憲法序言(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
日本 (憲法第20條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
哈萨克斯坦 (憲法第1條)
吉尔吉斯斯坦 (憲法第1條)
拉脫維亞 (憲法第99條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
利比里亚 (憲法第14條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
马达加斯加 (憲法第1條 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
马里 (憲法序言 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
墨西哥 (憲法第130條)
密克羅尼西亞聯邦 (憲法第4項第2條(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
菲律賓 (憲法第2條)
美国(宪法第一修正案)
其他的世俗国家
[编辑]智利
以色列
蒙古国
尼泊尔
新西兰
朝鮮民主主義人民共和國
波蘭
葡萄牙
羅馬尼亞
斯洛伐克
西班牙
斯洛維尼亞
南非
立陶宛
盧森堡
新加坡
瑞典
瑞士
塔吉克斯坦
东帝汶
土耳其
土库曼斯坦
乌拉圭
乌兹别克斯坦
越南
南蘇丹
保加利亚
塞爾維亞
塞内加尔
庫克群島
巴勒斯坦國
蒙特內哥羅
叙利亚
比利时
奥地利
波黑
烏克蘭
印度尼西亞
前世俗國家列表
[编辑]孟加拉国(1971-1976)
巴基斯坦(1947-1956)
伊朗(1925-1979)
阿富汗(1919-1996,阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國成立前)
埃及(1952-1970)
伊拉克(1932-1968,复兴党政权成立前)
萨摩亚(1962-2017)
各大洲自我描述的世俗国家列表
[编辑]非洲
[编辑]亚洲
[编辑]欧洲
[编辑]阿尔巴尼亚[44]
奥地利[45]
白俄羅斯[46]
比利时[47]
波黑[48]
保加利亚[49]
捷克[50]
爱沙尼亚[51]
法國[52]
德国
匈牙利[53]
愛爾蘭[54]
義大利[55]
科索沃[56] 2
拉脫維亞[57]
荷蘭
北馬其頓
波蘭
葡萄牙
塞爾維亞[58]
斯洛伐克[59]
斯洛維尼亞[60]
西班牙[61]
瑞典[62]
烏克蘭
美洲
[编辑]安地卡及巴布達 [63]
阿根廷 [64]
巴哈马[65]
巴巴多斯 [66]
伯利兹 [67]
玻利维亚 [68]
巴西 [69]
加拿大 [70]
智利[71]
哥伦比亚[72]
古巴[73]
多米尼克 [74]
多米尼加[75]
厄瓜多尔[76]
薩爾瓦多[77]
格瑞那達 [78]
危地马拉[79]
圭亚那[80]
海地[81]
洪都拉斯[82]
牙买加[83]
墨西哥[84]
尼加拉瓜[85]
巴拉圭 [86]
巴拿马[87]
秘魯[88]
圣基茨和尼维斯[89]
圣卢西亚[90]
圣文森特和格林纳丁斯[91]
苏里南[92]
千里達及托巴哥[93]
美国[94]
乌拉圭[95]
委內瑞拉[96]
南美洲
[编辑]具体介绍
[编辑]大洋洲
[编辑]具体介绍
[编辑]澳大利亞
斐济
- 2013年斐济宪法第4条明确规定斐济是世俗国家。 它在说明“宗教信仰是个人的”和“ 教堂与国家的分离和国家的分离的同时,保证了宗教自由。”[121]
密克羅尼西亞聯邦
- 密克罗尼西亚联邦宪法第IV条第2节规定:“不得通过任何有关宗教信仰建立或损害宗教自由行使的法律,除非可以向非宗教学校提供资助。 -宗教目的。”[122]
新西兰
注釋
[编辑]- ^ 尽管美国某些州保留的法律名义上会阻止无神论者任职(例如阿肯色州,马里兰州,密西西比州,田纳西州,南卡罗来纳州和德克萨斯州),但由于这些法律在美国最高法院被宣布违宪,因此这些法律不可执行 案件“ 托卡索诉沃特金斯案”,理由是他们违反了合众国宪法。
- ^ 美国参议院的确接受了任命的美国参议院牧师的祈祷。许多牧师以违反政教分离国家为由,进行了许多尝试来取消这一立场。美国效忠誓言包含“在上帝之下的一个国家”。 美国的官方座右铭是“ 我们信靠上帝”。
- ^ Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.[108] However, the states retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.[109]
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
fn1
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- ^ Religion and the US Constitution: The First Amendment. Cornell Law School. [9 May 2022].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uruguay. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Venezuela. United States Department of State. [5 March 2023].
- ^ Article 19 of the Brazilian Constitution. [2010-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-27).
- ^ Since 1925 by the Chilean Constitution of 1925 (article 10), and 1980 Chilean Constitution Article 19, Section 6º. [2019-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2006-12-07).
- ^ Religion and the Secular State in Colombia (PDF). [2019-12-19]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-11-04).
- ^ Articles 1, 11, 26, and 66.8 of the Ecuadorian Constitution (PDF). [2019-12-19]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-08-13).
- ^ Article 50° of the Peruvian Constitution. [2019-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2007-03-24).
- ^ Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, Chapter III, Article 5.. [2019-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17).
- ^ Article 8 of the Cuban Constitution. [2007-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2007-04-21).
- ^ Honduras: Constitución de 1982. [18 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-01).
- ^ Honduras - THE CONSTITUTION. [20 October 2018]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-21).
- ^ Honduras's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2013 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), constituteproject.org.
- ^ 美国和现今的利比亚之间的的黎波里条约第11条中有一条规定:“在任何意义上,美利坚合众国政府都不以基督教为基础。”
- ^ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015].
- ^ Puls, Joshua. The Wall of Separation: Section 116, the First Amendment and Constitutional Religious Guarantees (PDF). Federal Law Review. 1998: 160.
- ^ Article 4 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji explicitly provides that Fiji is a secular state. It guarantees religious liberty, while stating, "religious belief is personal", and, "religion and the State are separate." Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期6 February 2016., 2013
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ Section 2 of Article IV of the Micronesian constitution provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes." Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia.
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-30).
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Fiji (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2013
- ^ Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia. [2007-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-10).
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Georgia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ Northern Cyprus Constitution (PDF). [29 January 2022].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Russia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Turkey. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
參見
[编辑]外部連結
[编辑]- (英文) 世俗主義101 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文) 對自由世俗國家的威脅與挑戰,Ingemund Hägg著