巴勒斯坦人：修订间差异

维基百科，自由的百科全书
交互式浏览历史
←上一版本下一版本→
删除的内容 添加的内容
可视化wikitext
Liangent-bot（留言 | 贡献）
2,771,510次编辑
无编辑摘要
第92行： 第92行：
}}
}}



'''巴勒斯坦人'''（{{lang-ar|'''الشعب الفلسطيني'''}}，''ash-sha`b al-filasTīni''），被稱為'''巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人'''（{{lang-ar|'''الفلسطينيون'''}}，''al-filasTīnīyyūn''；{{lang-ar|'''العرب الفلسطينيون'''}}，''al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn''），泛指長期以來定居再[[巴勒斯坦]]地區的民族<ref name=Dowty>{{cite book |author=[[Alan Dowty|Dowty, Alan]] |year=2008 |title=Israel/Palestine |location=London, UK |publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]] |page=221|isbn=978-0-7456-4243-7 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221|quote=Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture.}}</ref><ref>'Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine. .Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.' Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi, ‘Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians,’ in Dhavendra Kuma (ed.) ''Genomics and Health in the Developing World,'' OUP 2012 pp.700-711, p.700.</ref><ref>[[David Ben-Gurion]] and [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] claimed that the population at the time of the Arab conquest was mainly Christian, of Jewish origins, which underwent conversion to avoid a tax burden, basing their argument on 'the fact that at the time of the Arab conquest, the population of Palestine was mainly Christian, and that during the Crusaders’ conquest some four hundred years later, it was mainly Muslim. As neither the Byzantines nor the Muslims carried out any large-scale population resettlement projects, the Christians were the offspring of the Jewish and Samaritan farmers who converted to Christianity in the Byzantine period; while the Muslim fellaheen in Palestine in modern times are descendants of those Christians who were the descendants of Jews, and had turned to Islam before the Crusaders’ conquest.’ [[Moshe Gil]], ''A History of Palestine,634-1099'' Cambridge University Press, (1983) 1997 pp.222-3</ref><ref>'The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.... Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine’s inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500-year absence.' [[Encyclopedia Britannica]], ''Palestine'',[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45060/From-the-Arab-conquest-to-1900 'From the Arab Conquest to 1900,'].</ref><ref name=palestineeb/><ref name=Lewis>{{cite book|title=Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice|author=Bernard Lewis| publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |year=1999|page=169|isbn=0-393-31839-7}}</ref><ref>'While population transfers were effected in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian periods, most of the indigenous population remained in place. Moreover, after Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70 the population by and large remained ''in situ,'' and did so again after Bar Kochba's revolt in AD 135. When the vast majority of the population became Christian during the Byzantine period, no vast number were driven out, and similarly in the seventh century, when the vast majority became Muslim, few were driven from the land. Palestine has been multi-cultural and multi ethnic from the beginning, as one can read between the lines even in the biblical narrative. Many Palestinian Jews became Christians, and in turn Muslims. Ironically, many of the forebears of Palestinian Arab refugees may well have been Jewish.'[[Michael Prior (theologian)|Michael Prior]],''Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry,'' Psychology Press 1999 p.201</ref><ref>'the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively. . .Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.' [[James Parkes (clergyman)|James Parkes]], ''Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine,''(1949) rev.ed.Penguin, 1970 pp.209-210.</ref>，巴勒斯坦人屬於[[亞非語系]]，大約有1200萬人左右。如今，只有不到一半巴勒斯坦人居住在巴勒斯坦地區（約49%）<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-19.htm
巴勒斯坦人總人口數大約有1200萬人左右。如今，只有不到一半巴勒斯坦人居住在巴勒斯坦地區<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-19.htm
|title=What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza?&nbsp;– A Presentation and a Critique
|title=What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza?&nbsp;– A Presentation and a Critique
|date=10 March 2005|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-19.htm
⚫
|date=10 March 2005|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref>，包含[[加薩走廊]]的所有人口（約160萬人），以及[[西岸]]的主要人口（約230萬人），東[[耶路撒冷]]（約20萬人）及[[以色列]]16.5%的人口。<ref name=critical/><ref>http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/end_year06e.pdf page 17.</ref>。截至[[2009年]]，巴勒斯坦人僅佔此區域49%。其中一些人被驅逐出境，其餘超過半數的巴勒斯坦人成為僑民，其中一半以上為[[無國籍人士]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Refugees into Citizens&nbsp;– Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict|last=Arzt|first=Donna E.|year=1997|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|isbn=0-87609-194-X|page=74|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=fGDPWvyPcDMC&lpg=PR6&ots=IgIu2J0kEx&dq=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&lr=&hl=iw&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&f=false}}</ref>。海外僑民約有190萬居住在鄰國[[約旦]]<ref name="PCBSJordan">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_PalestiniansEOY2012E.pdf |title=Palestinians at the end of 2012 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] |date=2009 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>，約150萬人居住在[[敘利亞]]及[[黎巴嫩]]，約25萬人居住在[[沙烏地阿拉伯]]。
|title=What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza?&nbsp;– A Presentation and a Critique
⚫
|date=10 March 2005|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref>，其中包含[[加薩走廊]]的所有人口（約160萬人）、[[西岸]]大部分的人口<ref name="WWWWestBank">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank|title=Where We Work - West Bank|date=1 January 2012|publisher=UNRWA|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>（包含東[[耶路撒冷]]的20萬人共有約230萬人，相對於50萬的猶太以色列公民），以及[[以色列]]16.5%的人口<ref name=critical/><ref>http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/end_year06e.pdf page 17.</ref>，其中一些人是被驅逐出境的難民，其餘超過半數的巴勒斯坦人成為僑民，其中一半以上為[[無國籍人士]]<ref name="WWWGazaStrip">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip|title=Where We Work - Gaza Strip|date=1 September 2013|publisher=UNRWA|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Refugees into Citizens&nbsp;– Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict|last=Arzt|first=Donna E.|year=1997|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|isbn=0-87609-194-X|page=74|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=fGDPWvyPcDMC&lpg=PR6&ots=IgIu2J0kEx&dq=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&lr=&hl=iw&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&f=false}}</ref>。海外僑民大多是在{{en-link|大離散|Palestinian diaspora}}之後遷移出巴勒斯坦的<ref>{{cite book|title=Refugees into Citizens&nbsp;– Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict|last=Arzt|first=Donna E.|year=1997|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|isbn=0-87609-194-X|page=74|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=fGDPWvyPcDMC&lpg=PR6&ots=IgIu2J0kEx&dq=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&lr=&hl=iw&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=%22stateless%20palestinians%22%20number&f=false}}</ref>，約有324萬居住在鄰國[[約旦]]<ref name="PCBSJordan">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_PalestiniansEOY2012E.pdf |title=Palestinians at the end of 2012 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] |date=2009 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>，佔了將近約旦總人口數的一半。另外，約有150萬人居住在[[敘利亞]]及[[黎巴嫩]]，約25萬人居住在[[沙烏地阿拉伯]]。在[[智利]]還有一座人口約50萬人{{en-link|巴勒斯坦社區|Palestinian community in Chile


}}，是巴勒斯坦人在阿拉伯世界外最大的僑居地。
⚫
大部分的巴勒斯坦人為[[穆斯林]]的[[遜尼派]]，但也有少數[[基督徒]]居住在[[巴勒斯坦]]的周邊地區。巴勒斯坦人主要使用「[[巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語]]」，[[以色列]]的巴勒斯坦人主要是[[希伯來文]]和[[巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語]]共用。


⚫
大部分的巴勒斯坦人為[[穆斯林]]的[[遜尼派]]，但也有少數[[基督徒]]居住在[[巴勒斯坦]]的周邊地區。巴勒斯坦人主要使用「{{en-link|巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語|Palestinian Arabic}}」，[[以色列]]的巴勒斯坦人主要是[[希伯來文]]和{{en-link|巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語|Palestinian Arabic}}共用。
[[基因]]顯示，巴勒斯坦人與[[以色列]]人有相當密切的關係，隨著[[阿拉伯人]]的征服，巴勒斯坦人逐漸涵化為[[穆斯林]]。

[[基因]]證據顯示，巴勒斯坦人與[[以色列]]人有相當密切的關係，隨著[[阿拉伯人]]的征服，巴勒斯坦人逐漸涵化為[[穆斯林]]。<ref name="gibbons2000">{{cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Ann|title=Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry|work=ScienceNOW|publisher=American Academy for the Advancement of Science|date=October 30, 2000|url=http://bric.postech.ac.kr/science/97now/00_10now/001030a.html}}. Studies cited are:{{cite journal | author = M. F. Hammer | title = Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| year = 2000 | volume = 97 | pages = 6769–6774 | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.100115997 | issue = 12 | author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> | pmid=10801975 | pmc=18733 | last3 = Wood | first3 = ET | last4 = Bonner | first4 = MR |last5 = Jarjanazi | first5 = H | last6 = Karafet | first6 = T | last7 = Santachiara-Benerecetti | first7 = S | last8 = Oppenheim | first8 = A | last9 = Jobling | first9 = MA}} and {{cite journal | author = Almut Nebel | title = High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews | journal = Human Genetics |volume = 107 | year = 2000 | pages = 630–641 | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | doi = 10.1007/s004390000426 | pmid = 11153918| last2 = Filon | first2 = D | last3 = Weiss | first3 = DA | last4 = Weale | first4 = M | last5 = Faerman | first5 = M | last6 = Oppenheim | first6 = A | last7 = Thomas | first7 = MG | issue = 6}} Another study says; "Our recent study of high-resolution microsatellite haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool."[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1274378/?tool=pubmed]</ref>


第一次廣泛使用「巴勒斯坦人」這個名詞是在[[第一次世界大戰]]後的[[民族自決]]思潮中誕生，[[民族主義者]]希望在[[巴勒斯坦]]建立一個伊斯蘭國家。巴勒斯坦人在[[1921年]][[9月21日]]的[[敘利亞]]-[[巴勒斯坦]]國會討論建國事宜。[[以色列]]建國後，巴勒斯坦人[[1948年]]和[[1967年]]的大逃亡讓「巴勒斯坦」成為「祖國」的代名詞。
第一次廣泛使用「巴勒斯坦人」這個名詞是在[[第一次世界大戰]]後的[[民族自決]]思潮中誕生，[[民族主義者]]希望在[[巴勒斯坦]]建立一個伊斯蘭國家。巴勒斯坦人在[[1921年]][[9月21日]]的[[敘利亞]]-[[巴勒斯坦]]國會討論建國事宜。[[以色列]]建國後，巴勒斯坦人[[1948年]]和[[1967年]]的大逃亡讓「巴勒斯坦」成為「祖國」的代名詞。
1964年，[[巴勒斯坦解放組織]]（Palestine Liberation Organization，簡稱PLO）成立，成為保護巴勒斯坦人民的重要組織<ref name=IMEU>{{cite web|title=Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding|date=2006–2007|accessdate=2007-07-27|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml}}</ref>。而[[巴勒斯坦民族權力機構]]（Palestinian National Authority）則是應[[奧斯陸協議]]的內容而成立，是一個名義上統治西岸和加薩走廊的巴勒斯坦人的過渡機構。
1964年，[[巴勒斯坦解放組織]]（Palestine Liberation Organization，簡稱PLO）成立，成為保護巴勒斯坦人民的重要組織<ref name=IMEU>{{cite web|title=Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding|date=2006–2007|accessdate=2007-07-27|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml}}</ref>。而[[巴勒斯坦民族權力機構]]（Palestinian National Authority）則是應[[奧斯陸協議]]的內容而成立，是一個名義上統治西岸和加薩走廊的巴勒斯坦人的過渡機構。
[[Image:Medieval Arab Palestine.jpg|thumb|西元650年到1500年的[[巴勒斯坦]]和[[敘利亞]]地圖]]


A study of high-resolution haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Israeli Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool. Since the time of the [[Muslim conquests]] in the 7th century, [[religious conversion]]s have resulted in Palestinians being predominantly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] by [[religion|religious affiliation]], though there is a significant [[Palestinian Christian]] minority of various [[Christian denomination]]s, as well as [[Druze]] and a small [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] community. Though [[Palestinian Jews]] made up part of the population of Palestine prior to the creation of the State of Israel, few identify as "Palestinian" today. [[Acculturation]], independent from conversion to [[Islam]], resulted in Palestinians being linguistically and culturally [[Arab]].<ref name=Dowty/> The [[vernacular]] of Palestinians, irrespective of religion, is the [[Palestinian Arabic|Palestinian dialect of Arabic]]. Many Arab citizens of Israel including Palestinians are [[multilingualism|bilingual]] and fluent in [[Hebrew]].

The history of a distinct [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian national identity]] is a disputed issue amongst scholars.<ref name="Likhovski"/> Legal historian Assaf Likhovski states that the prevailing view is that Palestinian identity originated in the early decades of the 20th century.<ref name="Likhovski">{{cite book|last=Likhovski|first=Assaf|title=Law and identity in mandate Palestine|year=2006|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8|page=174}}</ref> "[[Definitions of Palestinian|Palestinian]]" was used to refer to the [[nationalism|nationalist]] concept of a Palestinian people by the Arabs of Palestine in a limited way until [[World War I]].<ref name=palestineeb/><ref name="Lewis"/> The first demand for [[national independence]] of the [[Levant]] was issued by the [[Syrian–Palestinian Congress]] on 21 September 1921.<ref name=Porath117>Porath, 1974, p. 117. "On 21st September, after twenty-six days of discussion, the joint Syrian-Palestinian Congress issued a public statement to the League of Nations demanding: 1) Recognition of the independence and national rule (al-Sultan al-Qawmi) of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine"</ref> After the creation of the State of Israel, the [[1948 Palestinian exodus|exodus of 1948]], and more so after the [[1967 Palestinian exodus|exodus of 1967]], the term came to signify not only a place of origin, but also the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a [[Proposals for a Palestinian state|Palestinian state]].<ref name=palestineeb>{{cite web|title=Palestine|year=2007|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2007-08-29|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian|quote=The Arabs of Palestine began widely using the term Palestinian starting in the pre–World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves the term came to signify not only a place of origin but also, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state.}}</ref> According to [[Rashid Khalidi]], the modern Palestinian people now understand their identity as encompassing the heritage of all ages from biblical times up to the Ottoman period.<ref name="Khalidip18"/>

Founded in 1964, the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) is an umbrella organization for groups that represent the Palestinian people before the international community.<ref name=IMEU>{{cite web|title=Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding|year=2007|accessdate=2007-07-27|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml}}</ref> The [[Palestinian National Authority]], officially established as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]], is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Palestinian+Authority |title=Palestinian Authority definition |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]] |date= |accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> Since 1978, the [[United Nations]] has observed an annual [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]].
[[Image:Medieval Arab Palestine.jpg|thumb|西元650年到1500年的[[巴勒斯坦]]和[[敘利亞]]地圖]]
[[Image:Medieval Arab Palestine.jpg|thumb|西元650年到1500年的[[巴勒斯坦]]和[[敘利亞]]地圖]]


2014年1月17日 (五) 15:28的版本

巴勒斯坦人
الفلسطينيون al-Filasṭiniyyun
拉姆安拉的巴勒斯坦人，攝於1910年代。
總人口
約11,000,000人
分佈地區
 巴勒斯坦民族权力机构4,420,549[1]
 – 西岸 （包含東耶路撒冷）2,719,112[1]
 – 加薩走廊1,701,437[1]
 约旦3,240,000[2]
 以色列1,650,000[3][4]
 叙利亚630,000
 智利500,000[5][6]La Ventana – Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz". Laventana.casa.cult.cu. [2010-02-17]. </ref>
 黎巴嫩402,582
 沙烏地阿拉伯280,245
 埃及270,245
 美國255,000[7]
 洪都拉斯250,000
 阿联酋170,000
 墨西哥120,000
 卡塔尔100,000
 德国80,000[8]
 科威特80,000[9]
 薩爾瓦多70,000[10]
 巴西59,000[11]
 伊拉克57,000[12]
 葉門55,000
 加拿大50,975[13]
 澳大利亞45,000
 利比亞44,000
 英国20,000[8]
 秘魯15,000
 哥伦比亚12,000
 巴基斯坦10,500
 荷蘭9,000
 瑞典7,000[14]
 危地马拉1,400
語言
巴勒斯坦地區及以色列
巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語、希伯來語、英語、新亞拉米語和希臘語
國外巴勒斯坦人:
阿拉伯語、英語、西班牙語、葡萄牙語等。
宗教信仰
大多數：伊斯蘭教遜尼派
少部分：德魯茲教派、猶太教、基督教和其他。[15]
相关族群
黎凡特人、迦南人、海上民族與地中海民族。
閃米特人：德系猶太人、西班牙系猶太人、Mizrahim、撒馬利亞人、阿拉伯人、亞述人[16][17]


巴勒斯坦人總人口數大約有1200萬人左右。如今，只有不到一半巴勒斯坦人居住在巴勒斯坦地區[18][19]，其中包含加薩走廊的所有人口（約160萬人）、西岸大部分的人口[20]（包含東耶路撒冷的20萬人共有約230萬人，相對於50萬的猶太以色列公民），以及以色列16.5%的人口[4][21]，其中一些人是被驅逐出境的難民，其餘超過半數的巴勒斯坦人成為僑民，其中一半以上為無國籍人士[22][23]。海外僑民大多是在大離散之後遷移出巴勒斯坦的[24]，約有324萬居住在鄰國約旦[2]，佔了將近約旦總人口數的一半。另外，約有150萬人居住在敘利亞及黎巴嫩，約25萬人居住在沙烏地阿拉伯。在智利還有一座人口約50萬人巴勒斯坦社區（英语：Palestinian community in Chile），是巴勒斯坦人在阿拉伯世界外最大的僑居地。

大部分的巴勒斯坦人為穆斯林的遜尼派，但也有少數基督徒居住在巴勒斯坦的周邊地區。巴勒斯坦人主要使用「巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語」，以色列的巴勒斯坦人主要是希伯來文和巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語共用。

基因證據顯示，巴勒斯坦人與以色列人有相當密切的關係，隨著阿拉伯人的征服，巴勒斯坦人逐漸涵化為穆斯林。[25]

第一次廣泛使用「巴勒斯坦人」這個名詞是在第一次世界大戰後的民族自決思潮中誕生，民族主義者希望在巴勒斯坦建立一個伊斯蘭國家。巴勒斯坦人在1921年9月21日的敘利亞-巴勒斯坦國會討論建國事宜。以色列建國後，巴勒斯坦人1948年和1967年的大逃亡讓「巴勒斯坦」成為「祖國」的代名詞。 1964年，巴勒斯坦解放組織（Palestine Liberation Organization，簡稱PLO）成立，成為保護巴勒斯坦人民的重要組織[26]。而巴勒斯坦民族權力機構（Palestinian National Authority）則是應奧斯陸協議的內容而成立，是一個名義上統治西岸和加薩走廊的巴勒斯坦人的過渡機構。

西元650年到1500年的巴勒斯坦和敘利亞地圖


A study of high-resolution haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Israeli Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool. Since the time of the Muslim conquests in the 7th century, religious conversions have resulted in Palestinians being predominantly Sunni Muslim by religious affiliation, though there is a significant Palestinian Christian minority of various Christian denominations, as well as Druze and a small Samaritan community. Though Palestinian Jews made up part of the population of Palestine prior to the creation of the State of Israel, few identify as "Palestinian" today. Acculturation, independent from conversion to Islam, resulted in Palestinians being linguistically and culturally Arab.[27] The vernacular of Palestinians, irrespective of religion, is the Palestinian dialect of Arabic. Many Arab citizens of Israel including Palestinians are bilingual and fluent in Hebrew.

The history of a distinct Palestinian national identity is a disputed issue amongst scholars.[28] Legal historian Assaf Likhovski states that the prevailing view is that Palestinian identity originated in the early decades of the 20th century.[28] "Palestinian" was used to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by the Arabs of Palestine in a limited way until World War I.[5][29] The first demand for national independence of the Levant was issued by the Syrian–Palestinian Congress on 21 September 1921.[30] After the creation of the State of Israel, the exodus of 1948, and more so after the exodus of 1967, the term came to signify not only a place of origin, but also the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state.[5] According to Rashid Khalidi, the modern Palestinian people now understand their identity as encompassing the heritage of all ages from biblical times up to the Ottoman period.[31]

Founded in 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is an umbrella organization for groups that represent the Palestinian people before the international community.[26] The Palestinian National Authority, officially established as a result of the Oslo Accords, is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[32] Since 1978, the United Nations has observed an annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.

西元650年到1500年的巴勒斯坦和敘利亞地圖

詞源

参见：巴勒斯坦


Palastine源自於希臘文中的「帕萊斯蒂尼」Palestini (Παλαιστίνη)和阿拉伯文的Filastin (فلسطين) 。第一次使用這個名詞是在西元前5世紀希羅多德（Herodotus）所用，表示「腓尼基到埃及的海岸」[33][34][35]，希羅多德後來將住在巴勒斯坦地區的人民叫做「巴勒斯坦的敘利亞人」或是「敘利亞的巴勒斯坦人」[36]以與腓尼基人作區分。[37]

表示同一地區的人們還有古埃及語中的Peleset 或是 Purusati[38]，表示的是「海上民族（Sea Peoples）」。閃語系的亞述語，指的Palastu[39] 和希伯來文中的Plištim[40]發音十分相近，皆是表示此一區域的族群。（希伯來文普遍代表非利士人）[41]


在英屬巴勒斯坦託管地時期，巴勒斯坦人（Palestinian）指任何居住於此區域內的人民[42]。例如第二次世界大戰期間，隸屬於英國陸軍的猶太步兵旅，即被稱為「巴勒斯坦軍團（Palestinian Talmud）」。

1948年，以色列成立，「巴勒斯坦人」此用法急遽下降。1932年，由猶太人創辦的英文報紙巴勒斯坦郵報於1950年更名為「耶路撒冷郵報（Jerusalem Post）」。[43]

1968年7月，巴解的巴勒斯坦國民會議（Palestine National Council）修改了《巴勒斯坦國民憲章》（Palestine National Charter），規定「巴勒斯坦人」是指「迄1947年以前，居住於巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人，且不論是被驅逐還是繼續留下。」而在1947年後出生的人們，「只要父親是巴勒斯坦人，則不論是在海外還是境內誕生，即是巴勒斯坦人[44] 。」 注意此處的「阿拉伯人」並不是專指信仰伊斯蘭教者。也就是說，此處包含巴勒斯坦說阿拉伯語的基督徒，只要他們當時母語是阿拉伯語，像是撒馬利亞人（Samaritans）和德魯茲人（Druze），甚至包含在錫安主義進入巴勒斯坦前，長住在巴勒斯坦，且說阿拉伯語的猶太人。[44][45]

歷史

参见：巴勒斯坦和巴勒斯坦歷史

巴勒斯坦的民族運動

主条目：巴勒斯坦的民族運動
薩拉丁的獵鷹：巴勒斯坦民族權力機構的標誌以及國徽

巴勒斯坦人曾受羅馬、拜占庭帝國、倭馬亞王朝、法蒂瑪王朝、十字軍、阿尤布王朝、馬木留克王朝和鄂圖曼土耳其帝國統治，造成巴勒斯坦人時常無法認清自己的族群。直到20世紀，巴勒斯坦人才漸漸接觸他們的新身分。信仰是維持巴勒斯坦人凝聚民族主義最強烈力量，許多巴勒斯坦人以穆斯林的身分自居。縱然如此，巴勒斯坦人仍不認為自己僅是來自於阿拉伯或鄂圖曼土耳其的征服者，他們認為自己也擁有希伯來人以及迦南人的血統。 1830年代，埃及總督穆罕默德·阿里帕夏及其子易卜拉欣帕夏叛離鄂圖曼土耳其，並統治了巴勒斯坦。易卜拉欣帕夏為擴充軍備，大量徵召巴勒斯坦人從軍，造成巴勒斯坦人的不滿。1834年5月，巴勒斯坦人起義，連續攻佔了耶路撒冷、希伯倫和納布盧斯等城市，直到8月4日，易卜拉欣帕夏在希伯侖剿滅了最後一支叛軍，巴勒斯坦人歷史上第一次的起義才告一段落。

為自主奮鬥

雖然巴勒斯坦人是巴勒斯坦的主要民族，他們從來沒有對這塊土地行使主權過。第一次世界大戰前，巴勒斯坦被鄂圖曼土耳其統治；戰後由英國統治；而1948年時，以色列國又在巴勒斯坦建立。僅存的加薩和西岸又在第一次中東戰爭後分別被埃及和約旦統治。第三次中東戰爭以後，以色列獲得決定性的勝利，加薩和西岸又被以軍佔據。

經過一番奮鬥之後，巴勒斯坦人的權利已經在安全理事會中受到保護。國際法院聲明，巴勒斯坦人有權享受他們的主權，包括自決。以色列大量收購巴勒斯坦土地實施種族隔離將不被允許。希金斯法官還說：「巴勒斯坦人民有權享有其領土，行使自決權，並有他們自己的國家。」2007年10月，日本司法部決定接受巴勒斯坦民族。這項決定建議由執政黨民族事務委員會，巴勒斯坦人不應再被視為無國籍人士。2008年巴勒斯坦方面聲稱擁有巴勒斯坦國部分領土的主權。，世界上已有約100個國家承認巴勒斯坦國，最近承認巴勒斯坦國的是哥斯大黎加(2008年2月承認)。

英國託管時期(1917-1948)

印度士兵正在搜索1920年巴勒斯坦暴動的領導人

國際聯盟第22號決議文中表示巴勒斯坦不再由鄂圖曼土耳其帝國統治，並且將巴勒斯坦和外約旦暫時委託英國管理。但此舉引發巴勒斯坦人的嚴正抗議，因為在第7號決議文中表示巴勒斯坦必須依法建立獨立國家，並且由巴勒斯坦人自行管理。

1920年2月，英國將軍路易斯‧波爾斯宣布執行貝爾福宣言的內容，在巴勒斯坦建立一個猶太國家以色列後，1500人在耶路撒冷的街頭上抗議，反對英國統治及大量猶太人移民。一個月後，示威行動一發不可收拾，演變成1920年巴勒斯坦暴動。1921年5月，雅法的大型暴動造成大量猶太人或喪生。

1935年，巴勒斯坦領導人卡桑姆被殺後，他的追隨者領導了阿拉伯人起義(1936年-1939年)，巴勒斯坦人在雅法大罷工，並攻擊納布盧斯的猶太人及英國人的機構。阿拉伯高等委員會呼籲全國大罷工，停止繳交稅款，並且封鎖了自治區政府，要求結束猶太人移民和禁止出售土地給猶太人。到了1936年年底，已經演變為全國大起義。英國宣布戒嚴，解散阿拉伯高級委員會，並拘捕官員的穆斯林最高委員會背後的反抗者。到1939年，5,000名巴勒斯坦人在英國處決，超過15,000人在起義中受傷。

「消失的十年」(1948-1967)

所謂「消失的十年」，意指第一次中東戰爭之後巴勒斯坦地區大部分遭到以色列佔據，僅存的加薩走廊和西岸分別被埃及和外約旦佔領，直到1967年六月戰爭後以色列佔領巴勒斯坦全境的時期。

1948年第一次中東戰爭後，造成了1948年巴勒斯坦大流亡。巴勒斯坦人在浩劫日(Nakaba)之後，中止了政治運動，因為他們的立場在周圍國家間搖擺不定，如黎巴嫩和敘利亞。

直到1960年代，在納塞爾提出泛阿拉伯主義之後，開羅、貝魯特和大馬士革的巴勒斯坦族學生開始籌組秘密組織。

1968年至今

参见：巴勒斯坦暴力運動和巴勒斯坦解放組織

1967年，以色列在六日戰爭中決定性的勝利，使他們取得加薩和西岸。盼望藉此使在政治及軍事方面援助巴勒斯坦的國家，放棄巴勒斯坦建國的希望。但相反的，巴勒斯坦人反而在1964年由阿拉法特成立的巴勒斯坦解放組織以及法塔赫和巴勒斯坦人民解放陣線等組織中更加團結。

阿拉法特

卡拉麥戰役以及約旦黑色九月使更多巴勒斯坦人更團結。1974年，巴解組織被聯合國確認為巴勒斯坦國的唯一合法代表，且授予觀察員地位。以色列拒絕接受這項決議，且稱這是「可恥的」。 在一次演講中以色列國會副總理兼外交部長Yigal Allon略述了政府的觀點：「沒有人可以預計，我所認識所謂的巴勒斯坦解放組織是巴勒斯坦人的代表還是恐怖組織。沒有人能區分洽談者與想通過行動消滅以色列恐怖份子」。

聯合國紀念巴勒斯坦人的權利

希伯來大學的教授伊來‧普塔赫表示，早年以色列試圖凐滅巴勒斯坦人的存在及其獨特性，1948年到1980年的以色列的教科書上皆以「以色列國土中的阿拉伯人」來取代「巴勒斯坦人」。

第一次起義(1987-1993)後簽署的奧斯陸協定並未能實現巴勒斯坦國，以致於規模更龐大的第二次起義(2000-)爆發。

人口

西岸及加薩外的巴勒斯坦人


參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. [1/05/2013]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Palestinians at the end of 2012 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009 [11 November 2013]. 
  3. ^ Population, by Population Group (PDF). Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 9 March 2013 [9 April 2013]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Alan Dowty, Critical issues in Israeli society, Greenwood (2004), p. 110
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Palestine. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 [2007-08-29]. The Arabs of Palestine began widely using the term Palestinian starting in the pre–World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves the term came to signify not only a place of origin but also, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state. 
  6. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为laventana1的参考文献提供内容
  7. ^ American FactFinder. Factfinder.census.gov. [2009-04-22]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe
  9. ^ Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy. Al Monitor. 23 May 2013 [23 May 2013]. 
  10. ^ http://luterano.blogspot.com/2006/02/el-salvadors-palestinian-connection.html
  11. ^ Governo do Estado de São Paulo – Memorial do Imigrante
  12. ^ http://www.al-awdacal.org/iraq-facts.html
  13. ^ Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agg... 2.statcan.ca. [2009-04-22]. 
  14. ^ http://www.immi.se/encyklopedi/tiki-index.php?page=Palestinier
  15. ^ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved 4 September 2013
  16. ^ Hassan et al. (2008)
  17. ^ Cruciani, F; et al. Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2007, 24 (6): 1300–1311. PMID 17351267. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049Template:Inconsistent citations  Also see Supplementary Data
  18. ^ What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza? – A Presentation and a Critique. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 10 March 2005 [2010-02-06]. 
  19. ^ What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza? – A Presentation and a Critique. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 10 March 2005 [2010-02-06]. 
  20. ^ Where We Work - West Bank. UNRWA. 1 January 2012 [11 November 2013]. 
  21. ^ http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/end_year06e.pdf page 17.
  22. ^ Where We Work - Gaza Strip. UNRWA. 1 September 2013 [11 November 2013]. 
  23. ^ Arzt, Donna E. Refugees into Citizens – Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. 1997: 74. ISBN 0-87609-194-X. 
  24. ^ Arzt, Donna E. Refugees into Citizens – Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. 1997: 74. ISBN 0-87609-194-X. 
  25. ^ Gibbons, Ann. Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry. ScienceNOW. American Academy for the Advancement of Science. October 30, 2000. . Studies cited are:M. F. Hammer; et al. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000, 97 (12): 6769–6774. PMC 18733 可免费查阅. PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997.  已忽略未知参数|author-separator= (帮助) and Almut Nebel; et al. High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews. Human Genetics. 2000, 107 (6): 630–641. PMID 11153918. doi:10.1007/s004390000426.  已忽略未知参数|author-separator= (帮助) Another study says; "Our recent study of high-resolution microsatellite haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool."[1]
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?. Institute for Middle East Understanding. 2006–2007 [2007-07-27].  引用错误：带有name属性“IMEU”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  27. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Dowty的参考文献提供内容
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Likhovski, Assaf. Law and identity in mandate Palestine. The University of North Carolina Press. 2006: 174. ISBN 978-0-8078-3017-8. 
  29. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Lewis的参考文献提供内容
  30. ^ Porath, 1974, p. 117. "On 21st September, after twenty-six days of discussion, the joint Syrian-Palestinian Congress issued a public statement to the League of Nations demanding: 1) Recognition of the independence and national rule (al-Sultan al-Qawmi) of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine"
  31. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Khalidip18的参考文献提供内容
  32. ^ Palestinian Authority definition. TheFreeDictionary.com. [6 December 2013]. 
  33. ^ With the exception of Bks. 1, 105; 3.91.1, and 4.39, 2.
  34. ^ Herodotus describes its scope in the Fifth Satrapy of the Persians as follows: "From the town of Posidium, [...] on the border between Cilicia and Syria, as far as Egypt – omitting Arabian territory, which was free of tax, came 350 talents. This province contains the whole of Phoenicia and that part of Syria which is called Palestine, and Cyprus. This is the fifth Satrapy." (from Herodotus Book 3, 8th logos).[2]
  35. ^ Cohen, 2006, p. 36.
  36. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, Bks. 2:104; 3:5; 7:89.
  37. ^ Kasher, 1990, p. 15.
  38. ^ pwlɜsɜtj.John Strange, Caphtor/Keftiu: a new investigation, Brill, 1980 p. 159.
  39. ^ Thomas L.Thompson, 'Introduction:Can a History of Ancient Jerusalem and Palestine be written?,' in T.L. Thompson (ed.) Jerusalem In Ancient History And Tradition, Continuum Publishing, 2003, pp. 1-15, pp. 3-4.
  40. ^ Plištim is often compared to the semitic root palash or falash meaning "rolling and spreading" or "migratory".
  41. ^ Strange 1980 p.159.
  42. ^ Government of the United Kingdom. REPORT by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of PALESTINE AND TRANS-JORDAN FOR THE YEAR 1930. League of Nations. 31 December 1930 [2007-05-29]. （原始内容存档于February 22, 2007）. 
  43. ^ Isabel Kershner. Noted Arab citizens call on Israel to shed Jewish identity. International Herald Tribune. 8 February 2007 [2007-01-08]. 
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 The Palestinian National Charter. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. 
  45. ^ Constitution Committee of the Palestine National Council. Constitution of the State of Palestine (PDF). Jerusalem Media and Communication Center. Third Draft, 7 March 2003, revised on March 25, 2003 [2007-08-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于July 8, 2007）.  The most recent draft of the Palestinian constitution would amend that definition such that, "Palestinian nationality shall be regulated by law, without prejudice to the rights of those who legally acquired it prior to May 10, 1948 or the rights of the Palestinians residing in Palestine prior to this date, and who were forced into exile or departed there from and denied return thereto. This right passes on from fathers or mothers to their progenitor. It neither disappears nor elapses unless voluntarily relinquished."

外部連結

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=巴勒斯坦人&oldid=29879926”