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罗盘座:修订间差异

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[[羅盤座T]]位于天狗五东北方向约四度<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Motz | first1 = Lloyd | last2 = Nathanson | first2 = Carol | year = 1988 | title = The Constellations | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-385-17600-2 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/constellations00motz/page/383 383–384] | access-date = 2021-03-26 | url = https://archive.org/details/constellations00motz/page/383}}</ref>,是[[白矮星]]与[[紅矮星]]组成的联星系,以1.8小时为公园周期相互围绕旋转。白矮星质量约为太阳八成,联星系离地约1.55万光年。<ref name="Chesneau 2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Chesneau | first1 = O. | last2 = Meilland | first2 = A. | last3 = Banerjee | first3 = D. P. K. | last4 = Le Bouquin | first4 = J.-B. | last5 = McAlister | first5 = H. | last6 = Millour | first6 = F. | last7 = Ridgway | first7 = S. T. | last8 = Spang | first8 = A. | last9 = ten Brummelaar | first9 = T. | last10 = Wittkowski | first10 = M. | last11 = Ashok | first11 = N. M. | last12 = Benisty | first12 = M. | last13 = Berger | first13 = J.-P. | last14 = Boyajian | first14 = T. | last15 = Farrington | first15 = Ch. | last16 = Goldfinger | first16 = P. J. | last17 = Merand | first17 = A. | last18 = Nardetto | first18 = N. | last19 = Petrov | first19 = R. | last20 = Rivinius | first20 = Th. | last21 = Schaefer | first21 = G. | last22 = Touhami | first22 = Y. | last23 = Zins | first23 = G. | year = 2011 | title = The 2011 outburst of the recurrent nova T Pyxidis. Evidence for a face-on bipolar ejection | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 534 | id = L11 | page = 5 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117792 | bibcode = 2011A&A...534L..11C | arxiv = 1109.4534}}</ref>罗盘座T是[[再发新星]],基准亮度仅14等,1890、1902、1920、1944、1966和2011年都增至七等星。估计爆发是由白矮星引收伴星物质并按周期喷发所致。<ref name="AAVSOT">{{cite web | url = https://www.aavso.org/vsots_tpyx | title = T Pyxidis: Enjoy the Silence | last = Davis | first = Kate | date = 2011-04-19 | work = Variable Star of the Month | publisher = American Association of Variable Star Observers | access-date = 2021-03-26 | dead-url = no | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20210309095604/https://www.aavso.org/vsots_tpyx | archive-date = 2021-03-09}}</ref>
[[羅盤座T]]位于天狗五东北方向约四度<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Motz | first1 = Lloyd | last2 = Nathanson | first2 = Carol | year = 1988 | title = The Constellations | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-385-17600-2 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/constellations00motz/page/383 383–384] | access-date = 2021-03-26 | url = https://archive.org/details/constellations00motz/page/383}}</ref>,是[[白矮星]]与[[紅矮星]]组成的联星系,以1.8小时为公园周期相互围绕旋转。白矮星质量约为太阳八成,联星系离地约1.55万光年。<ref name="Chesneau 2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Chesneau | first1 = O. | last2 = Meilland | first2 = A. | last3 = Banerjee | first3 = D. P. K. | last4 = Le Bouquin | first4 = J.-B. | last5 = McAlister | first5 = H. | last6 = Millour | first6 = F. | last7 = Ridgway | first7 = S. T. | last8 = Spang | first8 = A. | last9 = ten Brummelaar | first9 = T. | last10 = Wittkowski | first10 = M. | last11 = Ashok | first11 = N. M. | last12 = Benisty | first12 = M. | last13 = Berger | first13 = J.-P. | last14 = Boyajian | first14 = T. | last15 = Farrington | first15 = Ch. | last16 = Goldfinger | first16 = P. J. | last17 = Merand | first17 = A. | last18 = Nardetto | first18 = N. | last19 = Petrov | first19 = R. | last20 = Rivinius | first20 = Th. | last21 = Schaefer | first21 = G. | last22 = Touhami | first22 = Y. | last23 = Zins | first23 = G. | year = 2011 | title = The 2011 outburst of the recurrent nova T Pyxidis. Evidence for a face-on bipolar ejection | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 534 | id = L11 | page = 5 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117792 | bibcode = 2011A&A...534L..11C | arxiv = 1109.4534}}</ref>罗盘座T是[[再发新星]],基准亮度仅14等,1890、1902、1920、1944、1966和2011年都增至七等星。估计爆发是由白矮星引收伴星物质并按周期喷发所致。<ref name="AAVSOT">{{cite web | url = https://www.aavso.org/vsots_tpyx | title = T Pyxidis: Enjoy the Silence | last = Davis | first = Kate | date = 2011-04-19 | work = Variable Star of the Month | publisher = American Association of Variable Star Observers | access-date = 2021-03-26 | dead-url = no | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20210309095604/https://www.aavso.org/vsots_tpyx | archive-date = 2021-03-09}}</ref>

[[罗盘座TY]]是视星等以3.2天周期在6.85至7.5范围变动的[[食雙星]]<ref name="AAVSOTY">{{cite web | url = https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27245 | title = AK Pyxidis | last = Watson | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20200806174335/http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27245 | first = Christopher | date = 2010-01-04 | work = The International Variable Star Index | publisher = American Association of Variable Star Observers | access-date = 2021-03-26 | archive-date = 2020-08-06 | dead-url = no}}</ref>,两个星体光谱等级都是G5IV,直径分别是太阳2.2和1.2倍<ref name="Strassmeier">{{cite journal | title = Starspots | last= S trassmeier | first = Klaus G. | year = 2009 | journal = The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–308 | doi = 10.1007/s00159-009-0020-6 | bibcode = 2009A&ARv..17..251S}}</ref>,以3.2天轨道周期围绕彼此旋转<ref>{{cite journal | title = The G-type eclipsing binary TY Pyxidis. | last1 = Andersen | first1 = J. | last2 = Popper | first2 = D. M. | year = 1975 | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 39 | pages = 131–134 | bibcode = 1975A&A....39..131A }}</ref>。罗盘座TY属[[獵犬座RS型變星]],是[[星斑]]活动显著的联星系<ref name="AAVSOTY" />,距地球184±5光年<ref name="van Leeuwen2007" />。该变星辐射X射线,科研人员分析辐射变幅后认为两星间有形成物质环并相互吸收<ref name="Pres 1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Pres | first1 = Pawel | last2 = Siarkowski | first2 = Marek | last3 = Sylwester | first3 = Janusz | year = 1995 | title = Soft X-ray imaging of the TY Pyx binary system - II. Modelling the interconnecting loop-like structure | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 275 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–55 | bibcode = 1995MNRAS.275...43P | doi = 10.1093/mnras/275.1.43}}</ref>。[[罗盘座RZ]]也是食双星,两星形成都不到20万年且均为光谱等级B7V的炽热蓝白星体,尺寸均为太阳约2.5倍,其中一颗光度约太阳五倍,另一颗约四倍<ref>{{cite journal | title = RZ Pyxidis – an early-type marginal contact binary | last1 = Bell | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Malcolm | first2 = G. J. | journal = [[皇家天文學會月報|Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | issn = 0035-8711 | volume = 227 | issue = 2 | year = 1987 | pages = 481–500 | bibcode = 1987MNRAS.227..481B | doi = 10.1093/mnras/227.2.481}}</ref>。罗盘座RZ还是[[天琴座β型變星]],亮度以0.66天为周期在8.83到9.72视星等变化<ref name="AAVSORZ">{{cite web | url = https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27199 | title = RZ Pyxidis | last = Watson | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20200806143327/http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27199 | first = Christopher | date = 2010-01-04 | work = The International Variable Star Index | publisher = American Association of Variable Star Observers | access-date = 2021-03-26 | archive-date = 2020-08-06 | dead-url = no}}</ref>。


== 注释 ==
== 注释 ==

2021年3月26日 (五) 06:29的版本

罗盘座
Pyxis
星座
Pyxis
縮寫Pyx
所有格Pyxidis
象徵物指南针
赤經9h
赤緯−30°
家族幻之水族
象限SQ2
面積221平方度 (65th)
主要恆星3
拜耳/佛氏
恆星
10
行星的恆星3
亮度3m以上的恆星0
距離在10秒差距(32.62光年)內的恆星1
最亮星天狗五 (3.68m)
最近的恆星格利泽318
(30.13 ly, 9.55 pc)
梅西爾天體0
流星雨0
鄰接星座长蛇座
船尾座
船帆座
唧筒座
可以看見的緯度範圍: +50°至−90°之間
最適合觀賞的月份:三月

罗盘座是黯淡的南天小星座,由法国天文学家尼可拉·路易·拉卡伊18世纪划分,88个现代星座。星座原名“Pyxis”是拉丁语Pyxis Nautica”的简写,意为指南针,与代表圆规圆规座对应。銀河平面经过罗盘座,星座中最亮的三颗星分别是天狗五天狗四天狗六且基本排成直线。3.68的天狗五是罗盘座最亮恒星,离地约880光年,光度约为太阳2.2万倍。

罗盘座距代表伊阿宋阿爾戈英雄船只的老南船座恒星很近,后来南船座拆分成代表龙骨或船体的船底座,代表船尾及尾部甲板的船尾座,代表船帆的船帆座約翰·赫歇爾19世纪提议把罗盘座更名“桅杆座”,但未获采纳。

天狗五东北方向约四度的羅盤座T再发新星,最隔几十年就会增亮至七等星。三个恒星系包含系列行星银晕中的罗盘座球状星团中地球约13万光年,人类本认为银晕内不包含球狀星團,估计罗盘座球状星团是从大麦哲伦星系逃出。[1]

历史

罗盘座在长蛇座室女座巨蟹座间中途位置的星宿一以南不远,北纬53度线以南完整可见,每年二到三月在南半球夜间最清晰

中国古代天文学天狗五天狗四天狗六与附近的唧筒座恒星组成星官天庙,代表纪念皇帝先祖的天上庙宇[2]

法国天文学家尼可拉·路易·拉卡伊好望角停留两年观察并分类上万颗南天恒星,在1752年划分罗盘座并取名“la Boussole[3][4]。他在欧洲无法观测的南天球星空划出14个星座,其中13个用象征啟蒙時代的科学仪器命名[注 1] Lacaille Latinised the name to Pixis [sic] Nautica on his 1763 chart.[5]。古希腊人用罗盘座四颗主要恒星代表神话中伊阿宋阿爾戈英雄船只(南船座)的船帆[6]

德国天文学家约翰·波得在1801年星图上把罗盘座附近恒星划为测定索座,但未获后人采纳[7]。1844年,約翰·赫歇爾提议把罗盘座更名桅杆座,打算恢复南船座,弗朗西斯·贝利跟进提议,但本杰明·阿普索普·古尔德又恢复拉卡伊命名的罗盘座[5]

简介

罗盘座可以肉眼观察

罗盘座覆盖220.8度夜空,占0.535%,在88年现代星座排第65,北纬52度以南才能看到完整星座[8][注 2],并以每年二到三月在南半球夜间最清晰[9]。星座北接长蛇座、西挨船尾座、南星船帆座,东靠唧筒座。1922年,国际天文联会确定以三字母缩写“Pyx”代指罗盘座。[10]比利时天文学家尤金·德爾波特1930年正式划分星座边界,罗座座呈八条边组成的多边形(见文首信息框)。星座在赤道坐標系統赤经位于8h 27.7m至9h 27.6m范围,赤纬在−17.41°−37.29°之间。[11]

拉卡伊用拜耳命名法为罗盘座恒星分配希腊字母α到λ,其中跳过ι和κ。罗盘属航海仪器,不是“南船”上必不可少的部分,与拜耳命名法为南船座分配的希腊字母无关,南船座18世纪细分为船底座船尾座船帆座,希腊字母跟随命名恒星,同样与罗盘座无关。[5]罗盘座是黯淡的小星座,最亮的三颗星分别是天狗五、天狗四和天狗六且基本排成直线[12],星座内共有41颗星亮点不低于6.5视星等[注 3][8]

显著特点

恒星

左下角的南船座船帆上便是罗盘座

3.68视星等的天狗五是罗盘座最亮星体[14],离地880±30光年[15],属光谱等级B1.5III的蓝白巨星光度约达太阳太阳2.2万倍,直径9.4±0.7倍。估计该星约在1500万年前形成,拥有12.1±0.6倍太阳质量[16]宇宙塵埃令亮度下降三成,否则应该能达到3.31视星等[14]。3.97视星等的天狗四亮度仅次于天狗五,是光谱等级G7Ib-II的黄亮巨星超巨星,光度约为太阳435倍[17],距地球420±10光年[15],相隔九弧秒还有12.5视星等的伴星[18]。4.02视星等的天狗六离地207±2光年[15],是光谱等级K3III的橙巨星,已在核心的氢耗尽后逐渐冷却并膨胀,直径达到太阳3.7倍[19]

拉卡伊在星图上标示羅盤座κ但没分配希腊字母,古尔德后来觉得该星亮度足够,所以分配字母κ[5]。4.62视星等的橙巨星罗盘座κ光谱等级K4/K5III[20],距地球560±50光年[15],光度约为太阳965倍[17],相距2.1弧秒处还有十等星[21]羅盤座θ是光谱等级M1III的紅巨星和半规则变星,已测得13天和98.3天两种亮度变化周期,平均亮度4.71视星等[22]。该星离地500±30光年[15],已膨胀到54倍太阳直径[19]

哈勃空间望远镜所拍羅盤座T,显示过去喷发的物质

羅盤座T位于天狗五东北方向约四度[23],是白矮星紅矮星组成的联星系,以1.8小时为公园周期相互围绕旋转。白矮星质量约为太阳八成,联星系离地约1.55万光年。[24]罗盘座T是再发新星,基准亮度仅14等,1890、1902、1920、1944、1966和2011年都增至七等星。估计爆发是由白矮星引收伴星物质并按周期喷发所致。[25]

罗盘座TY是视星等以3.2天周期在6.85至7.5范围变动的食雙星[26],两个星体光谱等级都是G5IV,直径分别是太阳2.2和1.2倍[27],以3.2天轨道周期围绕彼此旋转[28]。罗盘座TY属獵犬座RS型變星,是星斑活动显著的联星系[26],距地球184±5光年[15]。该变星辐射X射线,科研人员分析辐射变幅后认为两星间有形成物质环并相互吸收[29]罗盘座RZ也是食双星,两星形成都不到20万年且均为光谱等级B7V的炽热蓝白星体,尺寸均为太阳约2.5倍,其中一颗光度约太阳五倍,另一颗约四倍[30]。罗盘座RZ还是天琴座β型變星,亮度以0.66天为周期在8.83到9.72视星等变化[31]

注释

  1. ^ 唯一的例外是山案座,以桌山命名。另外13个除罗盘座外分别是唧筒座雕具座圆规座天炉座时钟座显微镜座矩尺座南极座绘架座网罟座玉夫座望远镜座[5]
  2. ^ 技术上来说北纬52到72度也看到部分矩尺座,但只高于地平线几度的恒星无论通过何等手段都无法观测[8]
  3. ^ 6.5视星等是肉眼在城乡结合位置理想夜空条件下能看到的光线最微弱天体[13]

参考资料

  1. ^ Irwin, M. J.; Demers, Serge; Kunkel, W. E. The PYXIS Cluster: A Newly Identified Galactic Globular Cluster. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1995, 453: L21. Bibcode:1995ApJ...453L..21I. doi:10.1086/513301. 
  2. ^ Ridpath, Ian. Pyxis. Star Tales. Self-published. 1988 [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-23). 
  3. ^ Ridpath, Ian. Lacaille's Southern Planisphere of 1756. Star Tales. Self-published. [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-12). 
  4. ^ Lacaille, Nicolas Louis. Relation abrégée du Voyage fait par ordre du Roi au cap de Bonne-espérance. Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. 1756: 519–592 [589] [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-04). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Wagman, Morton. Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. 2003: 6–7, 261–262. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. 
  6. ^ Ridpath, Ian. Eyewitness Companions: Astronomy. London, England: DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley). 2006: 210. ISBN 978-0-7566-4845-9. 
  7. ^ Ridpath, Ian. Lochium Funis. Star Tales. Self-published. 1988 [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-03). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ridpath, Ian. Constellations: Lacerta–Vulpecula. Star Tales. self-published. [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-12). 
  9. ^ Sasaki, Chris; Boddy, Joe. Constellations: the stars and stories. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2003: 96 [2021-03-26]. ISBN 978-1-4027-0800-8. 
  10. ^ Russell, Henry Norris. The New International Symbols for the Constellations. Popular Astronomy. 1922, 30: 469. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R. 
  11. ^ Pyxis, Constellation Boundary. The Constellations (International Astronomical Union). [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-24). 
  12. ^ Moore, Patrick; Tirion, Wil. Cambridge Guide to Stars and Planets. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1997: 118 [2021-03-26]. ISBN 978-0-521-58582-8. 
  13. ^ Bortle, John E. The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale. Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation. 2001-02 [2019-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-08). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Kaler, Jim. Alpha Pyxidis. Stars. University of Illinois. [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-05). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 van Leeuwen, F. Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2007, 474 (2): 653–664. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. arXiv:0708.1752可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. 
  16. ^ Nieva, María-Fernanda; Przybilla, Norbert. Fundamental properties of nearby single early B-type stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014, 566: 11. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A...7N. arXiv:1412.1418可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423373. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Boyer, M. L. Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2012, 427 (1): 343–357. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M. arXiv:1208.2037可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. 
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