口腔溃疡:修订间差异

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== 病因 ==
== 病因 ==
原因尚不完全清楚,<ref name="sciencedirect" />但被认为是多因素的。<ref name="cochrane">{{Cite journal |last=Brocklehurst |first=Paul |last2=Tickle |first2=Martin |last3=Glenny |first3=Anne-Marie |last4=Lewis |first4=Michael A. |last5=Pemberton |first5=Michael N. |last6=Taylor |first6=Jennifer |last7=Walsh |first7=Tanya |last8=Riley |first8=Philip |last9=Yates |first9=Julian M. |date=2012-09-12 |title=Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) |url=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2/ |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=22972085}}</ref>有人认为,阿弗他口炎不是一个单一的实体,而是一组具有不同原因的病症。<ref name="sciencedirect" />多项研究试图确定致病微生物,但阿弗他口炎似乎是非接触传染、非感染和非性传播的。<ref name="sciencedirect" />黏膜破坏被认为是T细胞(T淋巴细胞)介导的免疫反应的结果,该免疫反应涉及[[白细胞介素]]和[[肿瘤坏死因子α]](TNF-α)的产生。<ref name="cochrane" />
已知的致病因素包括[[柑桔]]类水果(比如橘子和柠檬)、口腔物理[[创伤]]、急速[[减肥]]、[[食物过敏]]、[[免疫]]反应等等<ref name="Lewkowicz">{{cite journal |author=Lewkowicz N, Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, Kurnatowska A, Tchorzewski H.|title=Predominance of Type 1 cytokines and decreased number of CD4(+)CD25(+high)T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations |journal=Immunol Lett. |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |year=2005 | pmid=15894112 | doi = 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.01.002}}</ref>。[[维生素B1]]、[[维生素B2]]、[[维生素B6]]、[[维生素B12]]、[[锌]]、[[铁]]以及[[叶酸]](维生素B9)缺乏也可能造成复发性口内炎<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mahesh Chavan, Hansa Jain, Nikhil Diwan, Shivaji Khedkar, Anagha Shete, Sachin Durkar |title=Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a review |journal=Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine | volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01134.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0714.1978.tb01612.x}}</ref>。硝烟酯和某些[[化疗]]也被发现同口内炎相关<ref name="nonhodgkinsAdvice">{{cite web | title=Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cyberfamily—Side effects | url=http://www.nhlcyberfamily.org/effects.htm | publisher=NHL Cyberfamily | accessdate=2006-08-10 | archive-date=2006-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807093935/http://www.nhlcyberfamily.org/effects.htm | dead-url=yes }}</ref>,也有研究显示口内炎同对[[牛奶过敏]]有关联<ref name="Besu et. al.">{{cite journal |author=Besu I, Jankovic L, Magdu IU, Konic-Ristic A, Raskovic S, Juranic Z.|title=Humoral immunity to cow's milk proteins and gliadin within the etiology of recurrent aphthous ulcers? |journal=Oral Diseases |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=560-564 |year=2009 | pmid=19563417 | doi =10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01595.x}}</ref>。口内炎是[[貝歇氏症]](Behçet's disease)的典型表观症状<ref name="pmid1970380">{{cite journal
|author=
|title=Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet's disease. International Study Group for Behçet's Disease
|journal=Lancet
|volume=335
|issue=8697
|pages=1078–80
|pmid=1970380
|doi=10.1016/0140-6736 (90)92643-V
|date=May 1990}}</ref>,也常见于[[克罗恩病]](Crohn's disease)病人<ref>Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2007, Forty-Sixth Ed (2007), Edited by McPhee, SJ. MD, Papadakis, MA. MD and Tierney, LM, Jr., MD with Associate Authors - The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York, USA</ref>。口腔内物理创伤是最为常见的口内炎诱因<ref>http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40024908/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40024908/ |date=20071009150917 }}][http://www.health-disease.org/skin-disorders/aphthous-ulcer.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.health-disease.org/skin-disorders/aphthous-ulcer.htm |date=20120313143852 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Mouth_ulcers?OpenDocument |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2010-03-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212190437/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/BHCV2/BHCARTICLES.NSF/pages/Mouth_ulcers?OpenDocument |archivedate=2010-02-12 }}</ref>,比如由牙刷磨损、尖锐(比如炸薯片)或者耐磨食物(比如烤面包片)造成的刺伤或磨损、牙齿误咬(特别是常见发生于尖锐[[犬齒]])、掉牙,或者[[牙箍]]等等容易破坏口内粘膜而造成口内炎。其它致病因素比如化学灼伤或者烫伤也可导致口内炎。有研究显示使用不含[[十二烷基硫酸钠]](月桂基硫酸鈉)的牙膏能减少口内炎的发病频率<ref>{{cite journal | author = Herlofson B, Barkvoll P | title = Sodium lauryl sulfate and recurrent aphthous ulcers. A preliminary study | journal = Acta Odontol Scand | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 257–9 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7825393 | url = http://www.wealthpartners.net/pdf/0535.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.3109/00016359409029036 | access-date = 2010-03-19 | archive-date = 2007-09-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929202337/http://www.wealthpartners.net/pdf/0535.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Herlofson B, Barkvoll P | title = The effect of two toothpaste detergents on the frequency of recurrent aphthous ulcers | journal = Acta Odontol Scand | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 150–3 | year = 1996 | pmid=8811135 | doi = 10.3109/00016359609003515}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Chahine L, Sempson N, Wagoner C | title = The effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous ulcers: a clinical study | journal = Compend Contin Educ Dent | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 1238–40 | year = 1997 | pmid=9656847}}</ref>,不过也有结果显示月桂基硫酸鈉与口内炎没有相关性<ref>{{cite journal | author = Healy C, Paterson M, Joyston-Bechal S, Williams D, Thornhill M | title = The effect of a sodium lauryl sulfate-free dentifrice on patients with recurrent oral ulceration | journal = Oral Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–43 | year = 1999 | pmid=10218040}}</ref>。 一些小规模的研究表明,面筋过敏症也是口内炎的一种病因<ref name="bucci">{{cite journal | author = Bucci P, Carile F, Sangianantoni A, D'Angio F, Santarelli A, Lo Muzio L. | title = Oral aphthous ulcers and dental enamel defects in children with celiac disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-02_95_2/page/203 | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–7 | year = 2006 | pmid=16449028 | doi = 10.1080/08035250500355022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR. | title = Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature | journal = Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontics | volume = 94 | issue = 4 | pages = 474–8 | year = 2002 | pmid=12374923 | doi = 10.1067/moe.2002.127581}}</ref>,食用无面筋食物被发现对口内炎病人有益处<ref name="bucci"/>。

尚未发现口内炎同[[月经]]、[[怀孕]]或者[[停经]]有相关<ref>McCartan BE, Sullivan A: ''The association of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause with recurrent oral aphthous stomatitis: a review and critique.'' Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Sep;80(3 Pt 1):455-8. Review. PMID 1495706</ref>。抽烟者受口内炎影响较小<ref>Tüzün B, Wolf R, Tüzün Y, Serdaroğlu S. ''Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and smoking.'' Int J Dermatol. 2000 May;39(5):358-60. PMID 10849126</ref>,但戒菸後口腔潰瘍的發生率普遍提升<ref>McRobbie H, Hajek P, Gillison F. ''The relationship between smoking cessation and mouth ulcers.'' Nicotine Tob Res. 2004 Aug;6(4):655-9. PMID 15370162</ref>。


==預防==
==預防==

2022年7月17日 (日) 02:07的版本

口腔溃疡
同义词复发性阿弗他口炎、复发性口疮、复发性阿弗他溃疡
下唇口腔溃疡
症状口腔内的圆形疼痛,呈白色或灰色,边缘呈红色;

疼痛发生前有刺痛感或烧灼感;

发烧呆滞淋巴结肿大(仅限严重病例)
併發症蜂窝组织炎(细菌性皮肤感染);疲劳发烧;口腔外出现溃疡
常見始發於目视检查前1至2天
病程7-10天
肇因贝赫切特综合征乳糜泻疲劳食物过敏;HIV感染;系统性红斑狼疮;口腔损伤;口腔卫生差;压力;维生素缺乏
风险因子任何人都可能出现溃疡。
診斷方法开始癌症治疗;最近做过移植手术;开始服用新药
預防避免刺激口腔的食物,包括酸性、辛辣食物;避免嚼口香糖引起的刺激;避免使用含有十二烷基硫酸钠的口腔卫生产品,饭后用软毛刷刷牙,每天用牙线清洁。
治療漱口水;营养补充剂;口服药物
藥物地塞米松喷昔洛韦多西环素甾体伐昔洛韦
盛行率在某种程度上约20%的人
分类和外部资源
醫學專科口腔医学、​皮肤病学
ICD-9-CM528.2
MedlinePlus000998
eMedicine867080、​1075570、​909213
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

阿弗他口炎复发性阿弗他口炎是一种常见疾病,其特征是在其他健康个体中反复形成良性和非传染性口腔溃疡。非正式术语溃疡也被使用,主要在北美,它也可能指其他类型的口腔溃疡。原因尚不完全清楚,但涉及由多种因素引发的T细胞介导的免疫反应,可能包括营养缺乏、局部创伤压力激素影响、过敏、遗传易感性、某些食物、脱水或某些食品添加剂。

症状

阿弗他口炎患者没有可检测的全身症状(即口腔外)。[1]一般来说,症状可能包括前驱感觉,如烧灼感、瘙痒感或刺痛感,可能在任何病变出现前数小时出现;疼痛,这往往与溃疡的程度不成比例,并因身体接触而恶化,尤其是与某些食物和饮料(如果它们是酸性或研磨性的)。溃疡最初形成后的几天疼痛最严重,然后随着愈合的进展而消退。[2]如果舌头上有病变,说话和咀嚼可能会不舒服,软腭喉咙后部或食道上的溃疡可能会导致吞咽疼痛[2]症状仅限于病变本身。

溃疡发作通常每年发生3-6次。[3]严重疾病的特点是几乎持续的溃疡(新的病变在旧的病变愈合之前发展),并可能导致衰弱的慢性疼痛和干扰舒适的饮食。在严重的情况下,会阻止足够的营养摄入,导致营养不良和体重减轻。[2]

阿弗他溃疡通常以红斑黏膜的红色扁平区域)开始,发展为溃疡,溃疡表面覆盖着黄灰色的纤维蛋白,可以刮掉。溃疡周围有一个红色的“光环”。[4]溃疡形成的大小、数量、部位、愈合时间和发作间隔均取决于阿弗他口炎的亚型。

病因

原因尚不完全清楚,[5]但被认为是多因素的。[6]有人认为,阿弗他口炎不是一个单一的实体,而是一组具有不同原因的病症。[5]多项研究试图确定致病微生物,但阿弗他口炎似乎是非接触传染、非感染和非性传播的。[5]黏膜破坏被认为是T细胞(T淋巴细胞)介导的免疫反应的结果,该免疫反应涉及白细胞介素肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的产生。[6]

預防

良好的口腔衛生可降低口腔潰瘍的發生率,此外攝取維生素B12、鐵、鋅與葉酸也有一定效果[7]。若口腔潰瘍有明顯可避免的誘發主因,如不合嘴形的假牙或牙箍、食物過敏、刷牙用力過度等,避免這些誘因能從根本上減少口腔潰瘍的復發。但絕大多數的口腔潰瘍是不經意的口腔創傷造成的,如食物刺傷、牙齒誤咬等,針對這種誘因的預防並不實際。

治療

一般的口腔潰瘍即便不予以治療依然會於七至十四天內自行痊癒而不留疤痕,但對症治療可以舒緩患處疼痛或不適,並遏止潰瘍再受細菌感染,這些治療可以包括硝酸銀藥水、口內類固醇藥膏、抗菌漱口水止痛藥等。如果超過三週而未痊癒,應尋求醫師協助。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Scully, Crispian. 34 - Aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis). Scully, Crispian (编). Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Third Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2013-01-01: 226–234. ISBN 978-0-7020-4948-4. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4948-4.00034-9. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bruch, Jean M.; Treister, Nathaniel S. Immune-Mediated and Allergic Conditions. Clinical Oral Medicine and Pathology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 2009: 49–68. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-520-0_5. 
  3. ^ Altenburg, A.; Zouboulis, C. C. Current concepts in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Skin Therapy Letter. 2008-09, 13 (7). ISSN 1201-5989. PMID 18839042. 
  4. ^ Neville, Brad W. Oral and maxillofacial pathology 3rd. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4160-3435-3. OCLC 192042335. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 引用错误:没有为名为sciencedirect的参考文献提供内容
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Brocklehurst, Paul; Tickle, Martin; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Lewis, Michael A.; Pemberton, Michael N.; Taylor, Jennifer; Walsh, Tanya; Riley, Philip; Yates, Julian M. Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012-09-12, (9). ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22972085. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2. 
  7. ^ Mouth ulcers页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Dr Rob Hicks(於2011年1月22日讀取)

外部連結