斯堪的纳维亚半岛
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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| 本文是斯堪的納維亞系列 |
| 地理 |
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| 維京時代 |
| 政治實體 |
| 歷史 |
| 其他 |
斯堪的纳维亚半岛（丹麥語：Skandinaviske halvø，瑞典語：Skandinaviska halvön，挪威語：Den skandinaviske halvøy），位于欧洲西北角，其濒临波罗的海、挪威海及北欧巴伦支海，与俄罗斯和芬兰北部接壤，北至芬兰，斯堪的纳维亚半岛有两个国家即西部的挪威和南边的瑞典，斯堪的纳维亚山脉（基阿連山脈，Scandinavian Mountains）横恒于两个国家之间，整个半岛长1850公里，面积75万平方公里，是欧洲最大的半岛，半岛西部属山地，西部沿岸陡峭，多岛屿和峡湾；东、南部地势较平整，半岛的气候属温带气候，其北端严寒。
目录 |
[编辑] 地理
斯堪的纳维亚半岛是欧洲最大的半岛，整个半岛长约1850千米，宽度在370到805千米之间。
两国以斯堪的纳维亚山脉为界，半岛濒临诸多水域包括东侧的波罗的海 （含波的尼亚湾）, 自治的 奥兰群岛 位于瑞典[1] ，芬兰和哥得蘭島之间.
最高点位于挪威的Glittertinden，海拔2470米，但其顶峰的冰川部分已经融化[來源請求]，面前最高点是位于挪威的Galdhøpiggen,，海拔2469米。欧洲大陆最大的冰川 Jostedalsbreen，就在这些山脉中。半岛有大约四分之一的区域位于北极圈以北，最北点为Cape Nordkyn。
半岛气候分布多样，北部是冻土带和亚寒带气候(Dfc)，西北部海岸到罗弗敦群岛北部是凉爽的亚寒带海洋性气候(Cfc)，中部是湿润大陆性气候(Dfb)，南部和西南部为海洋性气候(Cfb)[2] 区域木材，铁和铜矿藏资源丰富，瑞典南部有优良的农场。在北海和大西洋的挪威沿岸发现了大规模油田和天然气矿藏。
大部分人口集中在半岛南部；最大的几个城市是瑞典的Stockholm 和 Gothenburg, 以及挪威的 Oslo.[3]
[编辑] 地质概况
斯堪的纳维亚半岛占据了部分波罗的地盾, 这一稳定和巨大的地壳(crust segment)成份是古老的晶体变质岩。绝大部分地层土壤受大陆冰川作用被刮离，最为显著的是北部地区，那里地盾距地表最近. 在这些刷离，海平面上升和气候变化影响下， 耕地面积只占很少的比例 (挪威3%)。[4] 冰川加深河谷，当冰层融化时，海水倾入，就形成了著名的峡湾。冰川南部贮存着大量的沉积物，构成了(configuring)非常多样的自然景观(chaotic landscape)。[5]
尽管波罗的地盾很大程度上非常稳定且不受临近的地质构造影响，但几乎四千米冰层的重量致使岩层下陷。冰层消失后，岩层再次上升，这种趋势现在还在以每个世纪一米的速度持续。 [5] 另一方面，南部地区趋于下陷，在低地国家和丹麦地区引发洪水。
晶体底层和土壤剥离暴露了多种矿产资源，如铁，铜，镍，锌，银和金。
[编辑] People
The first recorded human presence in the southern area of the peninsula and Denmark dates from 12,000 years ago.[6] As the ice sheets from the glaciation retreated, the climate allowed a tundra biome that attracted reindeer hunters. The climate warmed gradually up, favoring the growth of perennial trees first, and then deciduous forest which brought animals like aurochs. Groups of hunters-fishers-gatherers started to inhabit the area since the Mesolithic (8200 BC), up to the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic (3200 BC).
The northern and central part of the peninsula is partially inhabited by the Sami, often referred to as "Lapps" or "Laplanders". In the earliest recorded periods they occupied the arctic and subarctic regions as well as the central part of the peninsula as far south as Dalarna, Sweden. They speak the Sami language, a non-Indo-European language of the Finno-Ugric family, which is related to Finnish and Estonian. The other inhabitants of the peninsula, according to ninth century records, were the Norwegians on the west coast of Norway, the Danes in what is now southern and western Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Svear in the region around Mälaren as well as a large portion of the present day eastern seacoast of Sweden and the Geats in Västergötland and Östergötland. These peoples spoke closely related dialects of an Indo-European language, Old Norse. Although political boundaries have shifted, these peoples still are the dominant populations in the peninsula in the early 21st century.[7]
[编辑] Political development
Although the Nordic countries look back on more than 1000 years of history as distinct political entities, the international boundaries came late and emerged gradually. It was not until the middle of 17th century that Sweden secured an outlet on the Kattegat and control of the south Baltic coast. The Swedish and Norwegian boundaries were finally agreed to and marked out in 1751. The Finnish and Norwegian border on the peninsula was established after extensive negotiation in 1809, and the common Norwegian-Russian districts were not partitioned until 1826. Even then the borders were still fluid, with Finland gaining access to the Barents Sea in 1920, but ceding this territory to Russia in 1944.[8]
Denmark, Sweden and Russia dominated political relations within the Scandinavian Peninsula for centuries, with Iceland, Finland and Norway only gaining full independence in the 20th century.
[编辑] 引用
- ^ Nordic FAQ Geography of Sweden
- ^ Glossary of American climate terminology in terms of Köppens classification
- ^ Scandinavia．FactMonster.com．於2004年3月21日查閱．
- ^ Hobbs, Joseph J. and Salter, Christopher L.Essentials Of World Regional Geography,p. 108.Thomson Brooks/Cole.2005.ISBN 0-534-46600-1
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Ostergren, Robert C., Rice, John G. The Europeans. Guilford Press. 2004.ISBN 0-89862-272-7
- ^ Tilley, Christopher Y. Ethnography of the Neolithic: Early Prehistoric Societies in Southern Scandinavia, p. 9, Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-521-56821-8
- ^ Sawyer, Bridget and Peter（1993）．Medieval Scandinavia: from conversion to Reformation, circa 800-1500．ISBN 0816617384．
- ^ Sømme, Axel (Ed.)（1961）．The Geography of Norden．Oslo：Den Norske nasjonalkommittee for geographi．ISBN none．
[编辑] 参見
