柯克阿特达坂

柯克阿特达坂
(黑卡子达坂)
柯克阿特达坂 ; (黑卡子达坂)
	Kirgizjangal Pass
	有许多发夹弯的往西行景色
海拔	4,909米（16,106英尺）
穿過	219国道 (新藏公路)
位置	中国新疆叶城县和皮山县
山脉	昆仑山脉
坐标	36°25′52″N 77°34′44″E / 36.431°N 77.579°E坐标：36°25′52″N 77°34′44″E / 36.431°N 77.579°E
	柯克阿特达坂 ; (黑卡子达坂)

柯克阿特达坂^[1]^[2] 也将其称为黑卡子达坂(Heiqiazi Pass)^[hqz]是一个沿着 219国道（G219）有许多发夹弯的山口。^[3]达坂连接西部的叶尔羌河河谷和东部的喀拉喀什河河谷。北起叶城县的旧G219国道零公里石碑，达坂位于309公里（192英里）。^[4] 在叶城县麻扎村与和田县赛图拉镇之间，靠近两县交界处。西方媒體消息來源通常將其称为柯尔克孜丛林达坂(Kirgizjangal Pass) ^[5]

历史[编辑]

Kirgizjangal这个名字指的是附近历史上臭名昭著的黑黑子将杆的位置（Chinese: 黑黑子将杆/黑黑孜江干^[6]^[hhz])，字面意思是“柯尔克孜丛林”或“柯尔克孜灌木丛”。^[7]位于约10公里（6英里）向西，是印度和新疆南部塔里木盆地之间旅行商队最好避开的位置。在清朝征服新疆之前，该地区居住着游牧的柯尔克孜族。^[7]该地区的柯尔克孜人被称为土匪。他们会抢劫商队并将其队员卖给巴达克山当奴隶。^[8]当清朝在 1700 年代后期首次控制该地区时，他们将柯尔克孜人逐出该地区。^[7]然而，当清政府在 1850 年代至 1870 年代的太平天国之乱和同治陕甘回乱期间削弱了对地区的控制时，柯尔克孜人又回来了。^[8]再加上这些叛乱的经济影响，导致印度和塔里木盆地之间商队路线沿线的贸易减少。^[9]

该地区有许多用于建造国道维修队的建筑物，其中许多现在已被废弃。^[4]近年来，一些采矿作业开始在达坂以西生产菱铁矿和潜在的铜。^[10]^[11]

参见[编辑]

注记[编辑]

^hqz -中文名称有多种变体，音标也有多种排列。在汉语中，字符卡是一个有多种读音的。字符子在此上下文中是一个小型修饰符，因此可以删除。此外，达坂意为“山口”，有时拼音为“大坂” 。(^[hqz]可以代表为黑卡子)。
^hhz -在汉语中，“黑黑子”是柯尔克孜族的古字。^[12]

参考[编辑]

^ Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology. Proceedings of the Symposium on Mountain Glaciology relating to Human Activity held at Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, 26-30 August 1991. International Glaciological Society. 1992: 136 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-0-946417-08-7. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）. Kekeate Pass
^ Frank van Rijn. De gouden capuchon. Uitgeverij Elmar. 2007: 51 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-90-389-1729-0. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）（德语）. Kekeate-La
^ Kirgizjangal Pass. dangerousroads.org. [28 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）. Kirgizjangal Pass ... The road to the summit is called 219 National Road, also known as Tibet-Xinjiang Highway. Construction of this road started in 1951, was completed in 1957 and fully paved with asphalt in 2013. ... It’s a great climb with many switchbacks.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 骑行新藏线d5：黑恰道班k288 -黑恰达坂k309-赛图拉遗址k350-三十里营房k364. 不止骑行川藏线攻略 (buzhiqixing.com). 2019-03-09 [28 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-14）（中文）. 黑恰达坂k309 ... K324路过废弃道班 ... K340处的道班也是废弃道班
^ Stephen Lioy; Bradley Mayhew; Megan Eaves. Lonely Planet Tibet. Lonely Planet Global Limited. 1 May 2019: 311 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-1-78868-583-2. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）. The road turns east and climbs over the Kirgizjangal Pass (4930m) to the large village of Xaidulla (Sai Tula; 3700m)
^ 黑黑子将杆 (杆). 历史地名. guoxuedashi.com. [28 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-28）（中文）. 在今新疆叶城县东南叶尔羌河东岸黑恰道班。清宣统《新疆图志》卷9： “可卡提达坂山口……又十里至黑黑子将杆，柴足草缺。”
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. University Press. 1843: 299 [2022-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）. a placed called Kirghiz thicket, where are the remains of some ruined edifices, that tribe having been resident here before the country was subjected to China: being in the habit of plundering the Kafilas they were expelled. After passing Kirghiz Jangal ...
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Hayward, G. W. Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 1870, 40: 33. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1798640. doi:10.2307/1798640. The Kirghiz of Sarikol and Pamir Khurd formerly frequented this pasture ground, used to commit many depredations on the caravans of the merchants trading between Leh and Yarkand. ... Their last great raid took place three years ago, when a band of 120 armed men attacked a large caravan ... their property was seized, and the merchants themselves were sold as slaves into Badakhshan.
^ Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India. Printed at the Government Press. 1862: 69 [2022-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-05）. the trade of Le has within the last fifteen years, considerably diminished. The civil war in China is one principal cause of the decline. ... the road between Le and Yarkand is not efficiently protected as formerly, and the Kirghiz robbers from Kunjad, in the winter frequently attack the armed caravans.
^ YANG Jinzhong; CHEN Wei; WANG Hui. Delineation of iron formation in Wenquangou Group along Heiqia Pass in West Kunlun metallogenic belt. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources. 2017, 29 (3) [27 January 2020]. doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2017.03.28 （中文）.
^ Qiao Gengbiao; Wang Ping; Wu Yuezhong; Du Wei; Li Shanglin; Chen Denghui; Zhao Xiaojian. Generality on Metallogenic Regularity of Karakorum Metallogenic Belt in Xinjiang. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition). 2015, 45 (4) [27 January 2020]. doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201504111. （原始内容存档于2020-01-28）（中文）. 黑黑孜江干菱铁矿 ... 黑黑孜江干铜矿点
^ 李长林; 张小曼. 张西曼集. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 1 October 2010: 52 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-7-5438-6846-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-15）. Kirghiz——汉之坚昆,唐之黠戛斯,现称:吉尔吉斯,黑黑子

[Geocryology1992-1] Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology. Proceedings of the Symposium on Mountain Glaciology relating to Human Activity held at Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, 26-30 August 1991. International Glaciological Society. 1992: 136 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-0-946417-08-7. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）. Kekeate Pass

[Rijn2007-2] Frank van Rijn. De gouden capuchon. Uitgeverij Elmar. 2007: 51 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-90-389-1729-0. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）（德语）. Kekeate-La

[3] Kirgizjangal Pass. dangerousroads.org. [28 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）. Kirgizjangal Pass ... The road to the summit is called 219 National Road, also known as Tibet-Xinjiang Highway. Construction of this road started in 1951, was completed in 1957 and fully paved with asphalt in 2013. ... It’s a great climb with many switchbacks.

[buzhiqixing_d5-4] 4.0 ^4.1 骑行新藏线d5：黑恰道班k288 -黑恰达坂k309-赛图拉遗址k350-三十里营房k364. 不止骑行川藏线攻略 (buzhiqixing.com). 2019-03-09 [28 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-14）（中文）. 黑恰达坂k309 ... K324路过废弃道班 ... K340处的道班也是废弃道班

[PlanetLioy2019-5] Stephen Lioy; Bradley Mayhew; Megan Eaves. Lonely Planet Tibet. Lonely Planet Global Limited. 1 May 2019: 311 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-1-78868-583-2. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）. The road turns east and climbs over the Kirgizjangal Pass (4930m) to the large village of Xaidulla (Sai Tula; 3700m)

[6] 黑黑子将杆 (杆). 历史地名. guoxuedashi.com. [28 January 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-28）（中文）. 在今新疆叶城县东南叶尔羌河东岸黑恰道班。清宣统《新疆图志》卷9： “可卡提达坂山口……又十里至黑黑子将杆，柴足草缺。”

[Ireland1843-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. University Press. 1843: 299 [2022-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-25）. a placed called Kirghiz thicket, where are the remains of some ruined edifices, that tribe having been resident here before the country was subjected to China: being in the habit of plundering the Kafilas they were expelled. After passing Kirghiz Jangal ...

[Hayward1870-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Hayward, G. W. Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 1870, 40: 33. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1798640. doi:10.2307/1798640. The Kirghiz of Sarikol and Pamir Khurd formerly frequented this pasture ground, used to commit many depredations on the caravans of the merchants trading between Leh and Yarkand. ... Their last great raid took place three years ago, when a band of 120 armed men attacked a large caravan ... their property was seized, and the merchants themselves were sold as slaves into Badakhshan.

[9] Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India. Printed at the Government Press. 1862: 69 [2022-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-05）. the trade of Le has within the last fifteen years, considerably diminished. The civil war in China is one principal cause of the decline. ... the road between Le and Yarkand is not efficiently protected as formerly, and the Kirghiz robbers from Kunjad, in the winter frequently attack the armed caravans.

[10] YANG Jinzhong; CHEN Wei; WANG Hui. Delineation of iron formation in Wenquangou Group along Heiqia Pass in West Kunlun metallogenic belt. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources. 2017, 29 (3) [27 January 2020]. doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2017.03.28 （中文）.

[11] Qiao Gengbiao; Wang Ping; Wu Yuezhong; Du Wei; Li Shanglin; Chen Denghui; Zhao Xiaojian. Generality on Metallogenic Regularity of Karakorum Metallogenic Belt in Xinjiang. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition). 2015, 45 (4) [27 January 2020]. doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201504111. （原始内容存档于2020-01-28）（中文）. 黑黑孜江干菱铁矿 ... 黑黑孜江干铜矿点

[12] 李长林; 张小曼. 张西曼集. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 1 October 2010: 52 [2022-03-25]. ISBN 978-7-5438-6846-5. （原始内容存档于2022-04-15）. Kirghiz——汉之坚昆,唐之黠戛斯,现称:吉尔吉斯,黑黑子

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