阿道夫·梯也爾
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路易·阿道夫·梯也尔
Louis Adolphe Thiers |
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| 任期 1871年8月30日[1] – 1873年5月24日 |
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| 前任 | 路易·儒勒·特罗许(Louis Jules Trochu)(临时) |
| 繼任 | 帕特里斯·麦克马洪 |
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| 任期 1840年3月1日 – 1840年10月29日 |
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| 君主 | 路易·菲利普一世 |
| 前任 | 达尔马提亚公爵 |
| 繼任 | 达尔马提亚公爵 |
| 任期 1836年2月22日 – 1836年9月6日 |
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| 君主 | 路易·菲利普一世 |
| 前任 | 达尔马提亚公爵 |
| 繼任 | 路易-马修·莫莱 |
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| 出生 | 1797年4月15日 |
| 逝世 | 1877年9月3日 (80歲) |
| 國籍 | |
| 政黨 | Orléanist 保守共和党人 |
| 信仰 | 心灵主义 (Spiritualism) |
玛丽·约瑟夫·路易·阿道夫·梯也尔(Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers,1797年 – 1877年),法国政治家、历史学家。路易·菲利普时期的首相,在第二帝国灭亡后,再度掌权,因镇压巴黎公社而知名。在1871年至1873年间,他首先担任国家首脑,然后担任临时总统。在国民议会发起一次不信任动议后,他提出请辞,被接受,[2]被迫下台。他被达尔马提亚公爵代替,后者担任了前者觊觎的职位,共和国总统。1875年,在一系列立法后,第三共和正式成立。
目录 |
[编辑] 早年
梯也尔的祖母是希腊化的安德烈·舍尼埃之母伊利莎白·桑蒂-洛马卡(Élisabeth Santi-Lomaca)的姊妹。他的家族是“被大革命毁了的布商”,在他出生时,他的父亲是一个锁匠。他的母亲是Chéniers人。他接受了良好的教育:首先在马赛读预科,后来在普罗旺斯艾克斯读法律。在艾克斯,他在酒吧结识了弗朗索瓦·米涅,开始了与他的终生友谊。他对法律没有兴趣,却对文学有兴趣;一篇关于沃维纳格侯爵(marquis de Vauvenargues)的文章为他赢得了一个学术奖。在1821年初秋,梯也尔到了巴黎,很快引介为政制(Le Constitutionnel)的编辑。在接下来几年时间里,他将自己的文章集结成书。第一部在1822年的一个沙龙上推出,第二部在往比利牛斯山的旅途中推出。他所需的金钱都由斯图加特知名的出版商、政制所有人之一约翰·弗里德里希·寇塔(Johann Friedrich Cotta)提供,他向梯也尔提供了自己在政制全部或部分股息。
同时,他在自由社会变得非常知名,并开始创作著名的法國革命的歷史(Histoire de la revolution française),这开始了他的学术生涯,也增添了他的政治名声。第一、第二卷在1823年出版,而最后两卷在1827年出版。他的稿费不多,但他变得广为人知。托马斯·卡莱尔(Thomas Carlyle)作过一个知名的评论:“值得享有如此名声”("as far as possible from meriting its high reputation")。严格地说,梯也尔所有的历史著作都极不史实。但卡莱尔本人承认梯也尔是一个“活泼的人,会告诉你很多东西。”("a brisk man in his way, and will tell you much if you know nothing.")当时的法国正处于对大革命的反动时期,正在转入另一次反动,所以这本书得到了成功。
[编辑] 七月王朝
在一段时间内,梯也尔似乎坚定地选择了做一个骚人墨客(literary man),而不是一个帮闲文人(literary hack)。他甚至为通史(Histoire générale)而计划。波利尼亚克亲王在1829年8月的上台使他改变了计划,在次年初,梯也尔、阿尔芒·卡雷尔(Armand Carrel)与弗朗索瓦·米涅等人创办了新的反对派报纸,民族(Le National)。梯也尔是七月革命的其中一个漫画家,虽然他的任务并不艰巨,但是仍被赞誉为“使得路易·菲利普克服了顾忌”("overcoming the scruples of Louis Philippe")。无论如何,他接受了这个赞誉。他被认为是新王朝的其中一个激进支持者,反对他的敌人、主要的骚人墨客弗朗索瓦·基佐的政党与让他的金主,維克托·德布羅伊。一开始,梯也尔虽然角逐艾克斯选区国会议员席位,在最后,却只得到了财政部的下级职位。
在金主雅克·拉菲特下台后,他变得温和。在1832年6月的问题后,他被任命为内政部部长。他的职位在1833年被安东尼·莫里斯·阿波利奈尔·阿古(Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout)继任,在1834年,他再次担任内政部长,直到1836年,所以,这个职位,他加起来担任了四年。后来他成为了了议会主席,与实际上的首相。从此,他开始了与基佐的一系列冲突。在1833年后,他的仕途为他的婚姻所加强,他的财务得到了新贵金主的支持。[3]在1836年,梯也尔在辞去内政部长职务后,他改任外交部长,任内,他主张对西班牙展开充满活力的外交政策,却不能实践。
在1838年的争夺议会席位的选战展开前,他在意大利旅游。选战使得他在1840年3月成为议会主席与外交部长。在拿破仑的遗体返国时,他再次担任外交部长。在同年的东方危机(Oriental Crisis of 1840)中,他支持穆罕默德·阿里帕夏的外交政策,使得法国险些与其他列强爆发战争。因此,希望和平的菲利普将梯也尔革职。梯也尔在接下来的几年时间里,甚少涉足政治,埋头创作他的领事与帝国的历史(Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire),这部书的第一卷在1845年出版。
虽然,他仍然是国会议员,但是,他甚少发言,直到1846年初,他试图成为中间偏左的反对派的领袖。然后,他成为了七月王朝的一个自由主义反对派,并再次写作,继续他的领事与帝国的历史。在二月革命中,路易·菲利普委任他为首相,但遭他拒绝。很快,路易·菲利普与梯也尔都被革命浪潮淹没了。在1848年大选后,他进入立宪会议,是右翼自由主义者的领袖,社会主义者的恶敌。在二月革命后不久,虽然他尽他所能,但是仍然与被国王召见的保皇党左派奥迪隆·巴罗(Odilon Barrot)爆发了战争。他不能统领团体,所以他辞去首相一职。
[编辑] 第二共和、第二帝国
在第二共和时期,梯也尔加入了保守共和党人,此后,他一直留在党内,但从未取得职位。但他作出的叛党行为,收到了尖锐批评,尤其是在总统选举中投路易·波拿巴。其中一个批评者是尼诺·比克肖(Nino Bixio),后来与梯也尔决斗。比克肖在1850年的Falloux Laws的提出中扮演了重要角色,这个法案让神职人员在教育系统的影响力大大增强。
梯也尔在1851年12月的政变中被拘捕,并被送到马扎卡监狱(Mazas Prison),后来更被流放到国外。但在接下来的夏季里,他被允许回国。在接下来的10年里,他甚少涉足政治,大部分时间在继续领事与帝国的历史。在1863年,他再次涉足政治,在巴黎选区参选立宪会议议员。在接下来的七年时间里,他是议会内一小群反帝国主义者的发言人,这群人被认为是帝国最强大的敌人。
[编辑] 第二帝国的灭亡、巴黎公社
在1870年的外交危机中,被谴责为不爱国的梯也尔是少数反对与普鲁士开战的人。但在普法战争中,法国军队战败(在几个星期之内)。他不满早起合约,并拒绝加入决心将战争进行下去的国防政府(Government of National Defense)。
在1870年9月末到10月初间,梯也尔为求外国干预,或至少是调停,到访英国、意大利、奥地利与俄国。他的请求并未被各国接纳,就如他试图说服普鲁士宰相俾斯麦与国防政府谈判未遂一样。
当法国政府被迫投降时,梯也尔重新踏入政坛。在大选后的1871年2月17日,他成为了临时政府首脑,正式头衔为“chef du pouvoir exécutif de la République en attendant qu'il soit statué sur les institutions de la France”(法国政体决定前共和国行政首脑)。他让议员相信,和平是必要的,所以,在1871年3月1日,继续保持和平的议案以超过五比一通过。
同年3月18日,巴黎爆发一场大规模起义,梯也尔随后命令陆军夺去国民卫队的数百支大炮。他将政府、部队撤至凡尔赛。巴黎人在3月26日选出了一个激进的共和、社会主义市政府,定名为巴黎公社。
四月初,政府军与社员间爆发了战斗。双方无意和谈,战斗持续至五月,在巴黎城郊战斗。在五月二十一日,政府军突破城防,持续一个星期的巷战开始了,被称为“la Semaine Sanglante”(血腥周)。成千巴黎市民在战斗中丧生,或被军事法庭草率地处决。梯也尔常被批评为这场屠杀的命令者,但他回应道屠杀是军队开展的,并非由他命令的,而且认为这样对待叛乱者并无错处。超过一万二千人被特别军事法庭审批,其中二十三人被处决,超过四千人被流放至新喀里多尼亞。梯也尔在法国与政治左派的印象蒙上了阴影。
[编辑] 第三共和
在八月三十日,梯也尔成为了未宣布的共和国的总统。他担任这个职位超过两年。梯也尔是法国唯一一个在十八世纪出生的总统。后两位总统,路易·波拿巴与路易·儒勒·特罗许都在十九世纪出生(波拿巴在一八零八年出生,而特罗许在一八二五年出生)。
他强烈的主见与深思熟虑的性格对战后法国的重建有很大作用;他是一个保护主义者,而帝国时期的法国因为自由贸易思想,得到了巨大进步。1872年1月,梯也尔在各党反对下提出请辞,却遭到拒绝,他的管治举步维艰。
The year 1873, a parliamentary year in France, was occupied to a great extent with attacks on Thiers, essentially by the royalist majority in the National Assembly, who suspected, correctly, that Thiers was putting the weight of his enormous popularity among the electorate at the service of a future republic, which he famously described as 'the government that divides us least'. In the early spring, regulations were proposed and, on 13 April, carried, intended to restrict the executive, and especially the parliamentary, powers of the president, who was no longer to be allowed to speak in the Assembly. On 27 April a contested election in Paris, resulting in the return of a radical republican candidate, Barodet, was regarded as a grave disaster for the Thiers government, because it convinced the royalists that France was moving too far to the Left. The principal royalist leader, the Duc de Broglie, proposed a motion of no confidence in the government, which was carried by sixteen votes in a house of 704. Thiers at once resigned (24 May), expecting that he would have his resignation rescinded or that he would be immediately re-elected. To his shock the resignation was accepted and a professional soldier, Marshal Patrice de Mac-Mahon, was elected to the provisional presidency instead.
[编辑] 晚年
He survived, after his fall, for four years, continuing to sit in the Assembly and, after the dissolution of 1876, in the Chamber of Deputies, and sometimes, though rarely, speaking. He was also, on the occasion of this dissolution, elected senator for Belfort, which his exertions had saved for France; but he preferred the lower house, where he sat as of old for Paris. On 16 May 1877, he was one of the "363" who voted for no confidence in the Broglie ministry (thus paying his debts), and he took a considerable part in organizing the subsequent electoral campaign as an ally of the Republicans. But he was not to see its success, suffering a fatal stroke at St. Germain-en-Laye on 3 September.
Thiers was buried in Cimetière du Père Lachaise, an ironic resting place since one of the bloodiest battles of the Commune took place within the cemetery walls. Annually, the French Left holds a ceremony at the Communards' Wall to mark the anniversary of the occasion. Thiers' tomb has occasionally been the object of vandalism.
Thiers had long been married, and his wife and sister-in-law, Mlle Félicie Dosne, were his constant companions; but he left no children and had had only one, a daughter who long predeceased him. He had been a member of the Academy since 1834. His personal appearance was remarkable, and not imposing, for he was very short, with plain features, ungainly gestures and manners, very near-sighted, and of disagreeable voice; yet he became (after wisely giving up an attempt at the ornate style of oratory) a very effective speaker in a kind of conversational manner, and in the epigram of debate he had no superior among the statesmen of his time except Lord Beaconsfield.
Thiers was by far the most gifted and interesting of the group of literary statesmen which formed a unique feature in the French political history of the 19th century. There are only two who are at all comparable to him, Guizot and Lamartine; and as a statesman he stands far above both. Nor is this eminence merely due to his great opportunity in 1870; for Guizot might under Louis Philippe have almost made himself a French Robert Walpole, at least a French Palmerston, and Lamartine's opportunities after 1848 were, for a man of political genius, unlimited. But both failed; Lamartine almost ludicrously, whereas Thiers, under difficult conditions, achieved a striking if not a brilliant success. But even when the minister of a constitutional monarch his intolerance of interference or joint authority, his temper at once imperious and devious, his inveterate inclination towards underhand rivalry and cabals for power and place, showed themselves unfavourably. His constant tendency to inflame the aggressive and chauvinistic spirit of his country was not based on any sound estimate of the relative power and interests of France, and led his country more than once to the verge of a great calamity. In opposition, both under Louis Philippe and under the empire, and even to some extent in the last four years of his life, his worst qualities were always evident. But with all these drawbacks he conquered and will retain a place in what is perhaps the highest, as it is certainly the smallest, class of statesmen: the class of those to whom their country has had recourse in a great disaster, who have shown in bringing her through that disaster with constancy, courage, devotion and skill and have been rewarded by as much success as the occasion permitted.
As a man of letters Thiers is much less well known. He has not only the fault of diffuseness, which is common to so many of the best-known historians of his century, but others as serious or more so. The charge of dishonesty is one never to be lightly made against men of such distinction as his, especially when their evident confidence in their own infallibility, their faculty of ingenious casuistry, and the strength of will which makes them (unconsciously, no doubt) close their minds to all inconvenient facts and inferences. But it is certain that from Thiers' treatment of the men of the first revolution to his treatment of the Battle of Waterloo, constant, angry and well-supported protests against his unfairness were not lacking. Although his research was undoubtedly wide-ranging, its results are by no means always accurate, and even his admirers find inconsistencies in his style. These characteristics reappear (accompanied, however, by frequent touches of the epigrammatic power above mentioned, which seems to have come to Thiers the orator or journalist easier than to the historian) in his speeches, which after his death were collected in many volumes by his widow. Sainte-Beuve, whose notices of Thiers are generally kind, says of him, "M. Thiers sait tout, tranche tout, parle de tout," and this omniscience and "cocksureness" (to use the word of a British Prime Minister contemporary with this prime minister of France) are perhaps the chief pervading features both of the statesman and the man of letters.
His histories, in many different editions, and his speeches, as above, are easily accessible; his minor works and newspaper articles have not, we believe, been collected in any form. Several years after his death appeared Deux opuscules (1891) and Melanges inedits (1892), while Notes et souvenirs, 1870–73, were published in 1901 by "F. D.", his sister-in-law and constant companion, Mlle Dosne. Works on him, by Laya, de Mazade, his colleague and friend Jules Simon, and others, are numerous.
[编辑] 注脚
[编辑] 来源
- 本條目部分或全部内容出自已经处于公有领域的《大英百科全書第十一版》,劍橋大學出版社,1911年版,休·克里斯霍姆纂。
[编辑] 进阶阅读
- François J. Le Goff, The life of Louis Adolphe Thiers, 1879.
- Paul de Rémusat, Thiers, 1889.
[编辑] 外部链接
| 官銜 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 前任: Marthe Camille Bachasson, comte de Montalivet |
内政部部长 1832年 – 1832年 |
繼任: Antoine, comte d'Argout |
| 前任: Antoine, comte d'Argout |
内政部部长 1834年 |
繼任: Hugues Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano |
| 前任: beforeHugues Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano |
内政部部长 1834年 – 1836年 |
繼任: Marthe Camille Bachasson, comte de Montalivet |
| 前任: 維克托·德布羅伊 |
法国首相 1836年 |
繼任: 路易-马修·莫莱 |
| 前任 尼古拉斯·让·德迪乌·苏尔特,达尔马提亚公爵 |
外交部部长 1840年 |
繼任 弗朗索瓦·基佐 |
| 前任: 尼古拉斯·让·德迪乌·苏尔特,达尔马提亚公爵 |
法国首相 1840年 |
繼任: 尼古拉斯·让·德迪乌·苏尔特,达尔马提亚公爵 |
| 前任: 路易-马修·莫莱 |
法国首相 1848年 |
繼任: 无 |
| 前任: Louis Jules Trochu |
法国总统 1871年 – 1873年 |
繼任: 帕特里斯·麦克马洪 |
| 統治者頭銜 | ||
| 前任: 拿破仑三世与Josep Caixal i Estradé |
安道尔大公 1871年 – 1873年 与Josep Caixal i Estradé |
繼任: 帕特里斯·麦克马洪与Josep Caixal i Estradé |
| 文化職務 | ||
| 前任: François Andrieux |
座位号38 法兰西学术院 1833年 – 1877年 |
繼任: Henri Martin |
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