公民權
| 個人的法律地位 |
|---|
 |
| 概念 |
| 類別 |
| 社會政治學 |
公民權（英語：Citizenship）是指作为一个主权国家之成员的身份以及对其效忠的义务[1][a]。
尽管在当今的英语世界中，公民权这一概念常常与国籍（nationality）所混淆[3][4][5]，但国际法通常不使用“公民身份”一词来指代国籍[6][7]；这两者在概念上是集体成员身份的不同维度[8]。
一般来说，公民权不存在有效期一说，可允许个人在政治实体内工作、居住和投票，并认同该政治实体，可能还可以获得护照。但亦可能因歧视性法律，例如褫奪公權和种族隔离，使一些公民沦为二等公民。历史上，各个国家的人口大多由臣民组成[9]，而公民权则是一种特殊的身份，它起源于城市人口的特权，例如城市和共和国（特别是古代城邦）中男性公民享有的权利，由此产生了公民体（civitas）以及市民阶层或资产阶级。此后，各国对公民权的范畴进行了扩大，使其大部分国民享有公民权，但各国公民所享有的权利程度有所不同。
注释
[编辑]- ^ Helen Irving has noted that the term allegiance came to be employed as a synonym for citizenship to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the citizen to the state has increasingly become intended.[2]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-10-13 [2023-10-03].
- ^ Irving, Helen. Allegiance, Citizenship and the Law: The Enigma of Belonging. Elgar Studies in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 2022: 2-3. ISBN 978-1-83910-254-7.
- ^ Citizenship and Participation — Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people. Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people. 2011-08-23 [2023-10-03].
- ^ Votruba, Martin. Nationality, ethnicity in Slovakia.. Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. [2013-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-25）.
- ^ Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (PDF). UNHCR and IPU. 2005 [2020-07-16].
|issue=被忽略 (帮助) - ^ International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration (PDF). International Organization for Migration. 2019-06-19: 143–144. ISSN 1813-2278 （英语）.
- ^ Rütte, Barbara von, Citizenship and Nationality: Terms, Concepts and Rights, The Human Right to Citizenship (Brill Nijhoff), 2022-12-19: 11–57 [2023-11-27], ISBN 978-90-04-51752-3 （英语）
- ^ Sassen, Saskia. 17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship. Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (编). Handbook of Citizenship Studies. SAGE Publications. 2002: 278 [2016-05-06]. ISBN 978-0-7619-6858-0. （原始内容存档于2021-09-30）.
- ^ Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-10-13 [2023-10-03].
拓展阅读
[编辑]- Weber, Max. Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities. Chapter 3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. 1998: 43–49. ISBN 978-0-8166-2880-3.
- Zarrow, Peter, Fogel, Joshua A.; Zarrow, Peter G. , 编, Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe: 3, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7656-0098-1
- Lawrance, Benjamin N.; Stevens, Jacqueline (编). Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness. Duke University Press. February 2017. ISBN 9780822362913.
- Mann, Jatinder (编). Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand. Politics of Citizenship and Migration Series 2nd. Springer International Publishing. October 12, 2023. ISBN 9783031343575.
- Parker, Kunal M. Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 5 September 2015. ISBN 9781139343282. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139343282.
- Bosniak, Linda. The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. September 28, 2023. ISBN 9780691138282. JSTOR j.ctt7s254.
- Kochenov, Dimitry. Citizenship. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. The MIT Press. November 12, 2019. ISBN 9780262537797.
- Pocock, J. G. A. Shafir, Gershon , 编. The Citizenship Debates. Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in Queen's Quarterly 99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. 1998: 31. ISBN 978-0-8166-2880-3.
- Archibugi, Daniele. The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4008-2976-7.
- Brooks, Thom. Becoming British: UK Citizenship Examined. Biteback. 2016.
- Beaven, Brad, and John Griffiths. "Creating the Exemplary Citizen: The Changing Notion of Citizenship in Britain 1870–1939," Contemporary British History (2008) 22#2 pp 203–225 doi:10.1080/13619460701189559
- Carens, Joseph. Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness. Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-829768-0.
- Heater, Derek. A Brief History of Citizenship
. NYU Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8147-3672-2. - Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E.; Walton-Roberts, Margaret. The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2015. ISBN 9780812247176.
- Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-829091-9.
- Maas, Willem. Creating European Citizens. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-5486-3.
- Mukherjee, Riya. Citizenship in Dalit and Indigenous Australian Literatures. Routledge. 2024. ISBN 9781003300892. OCLC 1381208006. doi:10.4324/9781003300892.
- Marshall, T.H. Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge University Press. 1950.
- Shue, Henry. Basic Rights. 1950.
- Smith, Rogers. Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-52003-4.
- Somers, Margaret. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0.
- Soysal, Yasemin. Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press. 1994.
- Turner, Bryan S. Citizenship and Social Theory. Sage. 1994. ISBN 978-0-8039-8611-4.
- Young, Iris Marion. Polity and group difference: A critique of the ideal of universal citizenship. Ethics. January 1989, 99 (2): 250–274. JSTOR 2381434. S2CID 54215809. doi:10.1086/293065.
- Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri; et al (编). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2023. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. September 5, 2023. 已忽略未知参数
|orig-date=(帮助)
外部链接
[编辑]| 關於公民權 的圖書館資源 |
维基语录上有关公民權的语录
维基词典中的词条「公民權」
维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：公民權- BBC PSHE & Citizenship 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-06-19.
- The Life in the UK Citizenship Test Report by Thom Brooks
- Leydet, Dominique. Citizenship. 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》.
- Citizenship Laws of the World (PDF). United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service. March 2001 [2007-03-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-04-04）.
