CCR5
CCR5(C-C chemokine receptor type 5),中文名:趨化因子受體5[7]或趨化因子C-C亞族受體5[8],也稱為CD195。是白血球表面的一種蛋白質,因此也稱為CCR5蛋白質,R5型HIV進入並感染宿主細胞的過程需要藉助CCR5蛋白質,控制CCR5蛋白質的基因稱為CCR5基因,該基因在人體內的基因座是3p21.31(意為位於3號染色體短臂的2區-1帶-子帶31上)。[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
某些人群的基因組中含有此基因的一個突變型,稱為CCR5-Δ32,與普通CCR5基因相比,有一段長為 32 鹼基對的缺失,其表達產物無法被HIV識別和結合,因此可對R5型HIV引起的愛滋病免疫,[10][11][12][13][14][15]但對於僅使用CXCR4受體蛋白的X4型HIV卻沒有免疫能力[16][17]。CCR5的另外一種突變CCR5-893(−)亦同樣對部分愛滋病具有免疫作用[18]。
功能
[編輯]CCR5是一種G蛋白偶聯受體,屬於整合型膜蛋白的β趨化因子受體家族成員[7][19][20],在CC趨化因子組中起趨化因子受體的作用[19]。
CCR5主要在T細胞,巨噬細胞,樹突細胞,嗜曙紅顆粒白血球,小膠質細胞和乳腺癌或前列腺癌的細胞亞群中表達。[21][22]CCR5在癌症變性過程中被選擇性誘導表達,且不在正常乳腺或前列腺上皮細胞中表達。大約50%的人類乳腺癌表達了CCR5,主要是三陰性乳腺癌。[21]CCR5抑制劑阻斷了表達CCR5的乳腺癌細胞和前列腺癌細胞的轉移,表明CCR5或可作為一種新的治療靶點。[21][22][23]最近的研究表明,CCR5在癌細胞亞群中表達,具有癌症幹細胞的特徵,後者已知可激發對治療的抗性,而CCR5抑制劑可以增強現有化療技術的細胞殺傷作用[24]。
CCR5在正常免疫中的作用尚不清楚[25],《複雜疾病遺傳學》(Genetics of Complex Disease)這一本書籍指出:「一般而言,CCR5並不會影響免疫反應,但它在對西尼羅河病毒感染的免疫反應中扮演重要的角色」[26]。CCR5-Δ32基因雖對部分愛滋病具有免疫作用,但一篇2015年的綜述指其與多發性硬化相關[27],不過在整體研究中它跟自體免疫性疾病的關係存有矛盾[28]。其跟腫瘤的關係則欠詳細記錄[29]。此外CCR5-Δ32可能會使攜帶者在感染西尼羅河病毒後出現更嚴重的神經系統疾病[26]。
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ 與CCR5相關的疾病;在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.
- ^ 對CCR5起作用的藥物;在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160791 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079227 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 邱磊. 超氧化物歧化酶介导趋化因子受体 5 的功能. 第二軍醫大學. [2018-12-02]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-03).
- ^ 朱平,王彥宏,樊春梅,張浩,黃向陽,吳振彪,/冷南. 趋化因子受体 CCR5 及其配体在类风湿关节炎患者滑液及滑膜中的表达. 中華醫學雜誌. 2001, (17) [2018-12-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-03).
- ^ GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160791 Summary - Homo sapiens. Ensembl. [2018-11-27]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-21) (英國英語).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 de Silva E, Stumpf MP. HIV and the CCR5-Delta32 resistance allele. FEMS Microbiology Letters. Dec 2004, 241 (1): 1–12. PMID 15556703. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.040.
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- ^ 12.0 12.1 Allers K, Hütter G, Hofmann J, Loddenkemper C, Rieger K, Thiel E, Schneider T. Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation. Blood. Mar 2011, 117 (10): 2791–9. PMID 21148083. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591.
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- ^ Schweneker, Marc; Bachmann, André S; Moelling, Karin. JM4 is a four-transmembrane protein binding to the CCR5 receptor. FEBS Letters. 2005-03-14, 579 (7): 1751–58 [2018-12-02]. PMID 15757671. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.02.037. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-15) (英語).
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