藏語文法
藏語文法（Tibetan grammar、藏語：བོད་སྐད་）描述標準藏語之詞法，句法，及漢藏語系的其他文法特徵。標準藏語是屬於作通格語言的語言類型。名詞一般都是沒有顯示其文法數量，不過都顯示出格位。形容詞從來沒有標示出且跟隨在名詞之後。指示代詞也跟隨在名詞之後，但被標示出文法數量來。動詞在藏文法形態而言可能最複雜的部分。藏語文法所描述的話語只有是指西藏中部，尤其是拉薩市及周邊地區的口語；但使用的拼寫法反映出古典藏文，而不是口語發音。
名詞及格
[編輯]自然性別可以通過詞彙之別來表示，比如：གཡག་ <gyag> "犛牛(雄)，" འབྲི་ <'bri> "犛牛(雌)"。人類或動物名詞的性別，可以經由後綴來區別。
通格
[編輯]通格指名詞的未標記形式。可以用作不及物動詞的主詞、及物動詞的受詞、情感動詞的感受者。
作格
[編輯]名詞(依字尾的形態)接 ས་ <-s> 、 གིས་ <gis>、ཀྱིས་ <kyis>、 ཀྱིས་ <kyis> 形成作格。作格一般用於標記及物動詞的施事者和感知動詞的感知者。此外也常用於表示工具。
離格
[編輯]離格總是會加上 ནས་<NAS>後綴。它標誌着遠離名詞的方向。離格有時也可以當作作格的功能以標示動作的主事者。
代詞
[編輯]人稱代詞
[編輯]代詞有三個人稱，第二及第三人稱各有三種語義表達方式，且三個人稱格各有：單數、雙數及多數的表達方式。
| 單數 | 雙數 | 多數 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人稱 | ང་ <nga> | ང་གཉིས་ <nga-gnyis> | ང་ཚོ་ <nga-tsho> | |
| 第二人稱 | 一般表示 | རང་ <rang> | རང་གཉིས་ <rang-gnyis> | རང་ཚོ་ <rang-tsho> |
| 尊稱表示 | ཁྱེད་རང་ <khyed-rang> | ཁྱེད་རང་གཉིས་ <khyed-rang-gnyis> | ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ <khyed-rang-tsho> | |
| 貶義表示 | ཁྱོད་ <khyod> | ཁྱོད་གཉིས་ <khyod-gnyis> | ཁྱོད་ཚོ་ <khyod-tsho> | |
| 第三人稱 | 一般表示 | ཁོང་ <khong> | ཁོང་གཉིས་ <khong-gnyis> | ཁོང་ཚོ་ <khong-tsho> |
| 熟捻 (男性) | ཁོ་(རང་) <kho-(rang)> | ཁོ་(རང་)གཉིས་ <kho-(rang)-gnyis> | ཁོ་(རང་)ཚོ་ <kho-(rang)-tsho> | |
| 熟捻 (女性) | མོ་(རང་) <mo-(rang)> | མོ་(རང་)གཉིས་ <mo-(rang)-gnyis> | མོ་(རང་)ཚོ་ <mo-(rang)-tsho> |
動詞曲折
[編輯]在現代口語藏語動詞裏有一到三個語幹。是為現在-將來時詞幹、過去時詞幹與祈使詞幹。然而，許多動詞只在書寫系統中存在詞幹的區別，口語中則只有一個詞幹，並且主要由助動詞幫助區別文法意義。與名詞和代詞類似，動詞的變位也是在詞幹的基礎上附着詞綴。
係詞
[編輯]必要的係詞
[編輯]有三種基本係詞：斷定性 རེད་<red>，[1]啟示性 རེད་བཞག་<red-bzhag>，以及向自我性 ཡིན་<yin>。
註釋
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- H. A. Jäschke. Tibetan–English Dictionary reprint. LONDON: Taylor and Francis. 1881: 671 [2011-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-20）.(Original from Oxford University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary. LONDON: Printed by Unger Brothers (T. Grimm). 1881: 671 [2011-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-20）.(Original from Harvard University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. Heinrich Wenzel , 編. Tibetan grammar. Volume 7 of Trübner's collection of simplified grammars 2. LONDON: Trübner & co. 1883: 104 [2011-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-20）.(Original from Harvard University)
- Graham Sandberg. Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet .... Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and co. 1894: 372 [2011-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-19）.(Original from Harvard University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary. 1866: 158 [2011-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-19）.(Original from Oxford University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke, A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects, London: Hardinge Simpole, 1865, 2004 [Compendium ed.], ISBN 1-84382-077-3 . " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover./ First edition published in Kye-Lang in Brit. Lahoul by the author, in manuscript, in 1865.
- Naga, Sangye Tandar. (2010). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language" In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 561–566.
- Nicolas Tournadre and Sangda Dorje, Manual of Standard Tibetan, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-55939-189-8.
- Sarat Chandra Das, Tibetan–English Dictionary (With Sanskrit Synonyms), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000, ISBN 81-208-1713-3. (Reprint of the Calcutta : Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1902 edition.)
- Hodge, Stephen, An Introduction to Classical Tibetan, Orchid Press, 2003, ISBN 974-524-039-7.
- Bernard, Theos C., A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, Santa Barbara, California: Tibetan Text Society, 1946
延伸閱讀
[編輯]* Bernard, Theos C., A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, Santa Barbara, California: Tibetan Text Society, 1946.
- Das, Sarat Chandra, Tibetan–English Dictionary (with Sanskrit Synonyms), Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1902.. Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Dehli, ISBN 81-208-1713-3.
- Hodge, Stephen, An Introduction to Classical Tibetan, Orchid Press, 2003, ISBN 974-524-039-7.
- Jäschke, Heinrich August, A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects, London: Hardinge Simpole, 1865, 2004 [Compendium ed.], ISBN 1-84382-077-3. " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover./ First edition published in Kye-Lang in Brit. Lahoul by the author, in manuscript, in 1865.
- ——. Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary. 1866 [2011-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-19）.(Original from Oxford University)
- ——. A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary. London: Unger Brothers (T. Grimm). 1881.
- ——. Heinrich Wenzel , 編. Tibetan grammar. Trübner's collection of simplified grammars 7 2nd. London: Trübner & co. 1883.
- Kopp, Teresa Kunkel. 1998. Verbalizers in Lhasa Tibetan. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
- Naga, Sangye Tandar. (2010). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language" In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 561–566.
- Sandberg, Graham. Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and co. 1894.(Original from Harvard University)
- Tournadre, Nicolas; Dorje, Sangda, Manual of Standard Tibetan, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-55939-189-8.
