雙足步行

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現存最快的雙足動物是鴕鳥[1],它們的奔跑速度可達70公里每小時(43英里每小時)[2][註 1]

雙足步行[4]雙足運動(英語:bipedalism)是動物在陸地上的一種運動方式英語terrestrial locomotion,動物通過移動兩個後或後行進。能夠進行這種運動的動物被稱為雙足動物,依照此原理製造的仿生機械人則會被稱為雙足機械人。雙足運動通常包含步行跑步跳躍

現存動物中很少有主要依靠雙足運動在陸地上移動的。哺乳動物的雙足運動歷經多次演化,目前能雙足運動的哺乳動物有袋鼠科更格盧鼠英語Dipodomyinae, 跳兔[5]彈鼠穿山甲人族猿猴(南猿人類),此外還有幾個現已滅絕的種類,這些動物各自獨立演化出了雙足運動的能力。三疊紀期間,有幾個主龍類動物(有鱷魚恐龍)也發展出了雙足運動能力,其中雙足恐龍在日常生活中已雙足運動為主。現代的鳥類就是由完全憑靠雙足移動的獸腳亞目演化而來。

有的現生動物會短時間切換為雙足運動模式。有的蜥蜴在奔跑時會雙足移動以躲避天敵。許多靈長類在探索四周、覓食時會雙足站立,不過也有時候會雙足步行一段距離。一些樹棲靈長類物種(如長臂猿大狐猴)在下地時會改為完全雙足運動。許多動物在打架或交配時會雙足站立。有的動物在求偶、警戒、嚇唬競爭者或捕食者時會雙足站立,但不會靠雙足四處移動。

參見[編輯]

[編輯]

  1. ^ 紅大袋鼠可以以類似的速度短距離移動[3]

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ Stewart, D. A Bird Like No Other. National Wildlife英語National Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation英語National Wildlife Federation. 2006-08-01 [2014-05-30]. (原始內容存檔於2012-02-09). 
  2. ^ Davies, S.J.J.F. Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Hutchins, Michael (編). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 8 2nd. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group: 99–101. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7876-5784-0. 
  3. ^ Penny, M. The Secret World of Kangaroos. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. 2002: 22 [2021-09-26]. ISBN 978-0-7398-4986-6. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-16). 
  4. ^ bipedalism - 雙足步行. 國家教育研究院. [2021-09-26]. (原始內容存檔於2021-09-26). 
  5. ^ Heglund, NC; Cavagna, GA; Taylor, CR. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. III. Energy changes of the centre of mass as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1982, 97: 41–56. PMID 7086349. doi:10.1242/jeb.97.1.41. 

拓展閱讀[編輯]

  • Darwin, C., "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex", Murray (London), (1871).
  • Dart, R. A., "Australopithecus africanus: The Ape Man of South Africa" Nature, 145, 195–199, (1925).
  • Dawkins, R., "The Ancestor's Tale英語Ancestor's Tale", Weidenfeld and Nicolson (London), (2004).
  • DeSilva, J., 「First Steps: How Upright Walking Made Us Human」 Harper Collins (New York), (2021)
  • Hewes, G. W., "Food Transport and the Origin of Hominid Bipedalism" American Anthropologist, 63, 687–710, (1961).
  • Hunt, K. D., "The Evolution of Human Bipedality" Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 183–202, (1994).
  • Isaac, G. I.英語Glynn Isaac, "The Archeological Evidence for the Activities of Early African Hominids" In:Early Hominids of Africa (Jolly, C.J. (Ed.)), Duckworth (London), 219–254, (1978).
  • Jablonski, N.G.; Chaplin, G. Origin of Habitual Terrestrial Bipedalism in the Ancestor of the Hominidae. Journal of Human Evolution. 1993, 24 (4): 259–280. doi:10.1006/jhev.1993.1021. 
  • Lovejoy, C. O. The Origin of Man. Science. 1981, 211 (4480): 341–350. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..341L. PMID 17748254. doi:10.1126/science.211.4480.341. 
  • Tanner, N. M., "On Becoming Human", Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), (1981)
  • Wescott, R.W. Hominid Uprightness and Primate Display. American Anthropologist. 1967, 69 (6): 738. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.6.02a00110. 
  • Wheeler, P. E. (1984) "The Evolution of Bipedality and Loss of Functional Body Hair in Hominoids." Journal of Human Evolution, 13, 91–98,
  • Vrba, E. The Pulse that Produced Us. Natural History. 1993, 102 (5): 47–51. 

外部連結[編輯]